• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.51-85
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• 1988

The understanding of the faunal sequence and palaeoenvironment of East Asia since the Late Tertiary depends mainly on the knowledge of Chinese fauna and its environmental changes. The recent Chinese researches including geology, geomorphology, climats fluctuation and loess distribution of this area have provided that the rapid uplifting of Himalayas and Qinghai/Xizang Plateau since the Lower Pleistocene was a main selective factor for the process of environmental changes in this vast territory. Although different concepts of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary have been provided, its boundary can not exceed over 2 mya. Instead of the traditional zoogeographical dicthomy in China, faunal compositions of Pleistocene are divided into three faunal zones. The knowledge of macrofaunal evolution in China are useful to understand the palaeoecology of East Asia. Palaeoenvironment of Korea during the Pleistocene Period can be reconstructed by using the analogy of the current Chinese studies.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.546-558
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify heuristically how abduction was used in a context of solving an earth-environmental problem. Thirty two groups of participants with different institutional backgrounds, i,e., inservice earth science teachers, preservice science teachers, and high school students, solved an open-ended earth-environmental problem and produced group texts in which their ways of solving the problem were written, The inferential processes in the texts were rearranged according to the syllogistic form of abduction and then analyzed iteratively so as to find thinking strategies used in the abductive reasoning. The result showed that abduction was employed in the process of solving the earth-environmental problem and that several thinking strategies were used for inferring rules from which abductive conclusions were drawn. The strategies found included data reconstruction, chained abduction, adapting novel information, model construction and manipulation, causal combination, elimination, case-based analogy, and existential strategy. It was suggested that abductive problems could be used to enhance students' thinking abilities and their understanding of the nature of earth science and earth-environmental problems.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.441-456
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated pre-service science teachers' design for lessons using analogies in the perspectives of PCK. Three pre-service science teachers at a college of education in Seoul participated in this study. After the workshop of instructional analogies in science education, they practiced lessons using analogies in teaching practices. We observed their lessons and collected all of the teaching-learning materials. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted. The analyses of the results reveal that they dealt with mapping and unshared attribute only when using main analogies in their lessons and these processes were teacher-centered. There were some cases where they failed to adequately deal with analogies including concepts beyond the curriculum. When dealing with unshared attributes, they did not tend to accept students' opinions although they thought that unshared attributes are strongly related to misconceptions. Their understanding of assessment using analogies was not high. Assessment was relatively well done when they use student-centered analogies such as physical analogies or role-playing analogies. On the bases of the results, we suggest some educational implications for pre-service science teacher education.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.229-240
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• 2006

It is very important issue in information design to improve information efficiency by adapting interesting factors in changing circumstance of information communication. The concept of infotainment is utilized in designing information contents in a way of combining entertainment factors with information itself based on various media and representation technologies. The information arousing user's attention, which includes interesting factors, is persuasive message comppared to the informative message conveying only information itself. The reason why infotainment is persuasive is because it makes the user absorb deeply in the information during the process of understanding by sensorial stimuli, cognitive interest, and situational interest. The sensorial stimuli originates from the expression elements of information design. The cognitive interest from the user's intellectual activities has a try to overcome mental block when user confronts with the redundant expression in the manner of unexpectedness and inharmony. The situational interest originates from user's optimum experience by the flow of satisfaction. Therefore, the attribute of infotainment is defined with the stimuli, the redundancy, and user's satisfaction. Its design elements consist of physical factors, organizational factors, and psychological factors. The physical factors through sensorial stimuli are utilized by visual manipulation such as visual analogy or visual pun, multimedia, and moving expression. The organizational factors through redundant expression bring user's imagination by adapting storytelling, event, and interaction in the process of understanding information. The psychological factors through expression of entertainment interests such as humor, play, and game give users psychological satisfaction with the flow. In conclusion the concept of infotainment can be adapted when the design factors should be integrated with its attributes, or the conveying information should go well with its purpose and characteristics.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.249-257
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the knowledge and ability levels of middle school students in four areas: conceptual understanding, argument construction, justification schemes, and use of scientific knowledge in a causal explanation for a genetic phenomenon. A group of 162 middle school students who have taken a class titled Genetics and Evolution participated in the study. Each student answered-and justified the answer to-one question pertaining to genetics. Ability levels were rated from level 0 to level 4, with 4 being the top rating. Students were required to choose one of two competing arguments to explain whether green seed pimps and red seed pimps of the same size and shape were the same species or not. Analyzing conceptual understanding: 47% of the respondents provided the correct answer. Analyzing their abilities for constructing an argument: 75% of the students with the correct answer and 42% of the students with the incorrect answer were evaluated to be at ability level 3 or 4 for argument construction. Analyzing the students' justification schemes: "Scientific idea" and "Analogy" were the most frequently used schemes. Analyzing their use of scientific knowledge: of the students who selected the scientific idea justification scheme, 36% used the correct scientific knowledge, but the remainder used inaccurate or nonspecific scientific knowledge. These findings provide implication for encouraging argumentative writing explaining scientific phenomena regarding epistemic practice.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.461-468
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the abilities of 6th grade students to assess the relationship between spatial capability, concept of celestial motion, and science process skills, which can help find a better teaching strategy for students in understanding the concept of celestial motion. The results are as follows. First, in terms of level of accomplishment of these three skills, male students show higher level of accomplishment than female students, but significant differences are found. Second, according to the analysis of the effect of spatial capability and concept of the movement of heavenly bodies, the former has a stronger influence on the students' cognition of celestial motion. Minor elements of spatial capability that influence the conception of celestial motion are device analogy, calculation of wood cut, and revolving light. Third, spatial capability is very influential on the level of accomplishment in science process skills. Among the minor elements of spatial capability that is influential to science process skills, calculation of wood cut is the highest, especially when various elements are interactively related to each other.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 1998

The communication model has been accepted as the basic research paradigm of cartography since Board(1967) discussed the map/model analogy. In that paradigm, the function of maps was limited to the media of communication, and the functionality of maps was extremely emphasized. Therefore the model could not play its own role under the new environments such as computer, GIS, scientific visualization. Nowadays, the model has been attacked on several grounds and several alternatives have been suggested. Among the objections raised are (1) geographic visualization in which maps are considered as the tool of scientific visualization, (2) the contributions of art which are ignored in the positivist cartographic research, and (3) deconstructionist arguments which deny the scientific epistemology of map as an objective form of knowledge and recognize the textuality of maps including their metaphorical and rhetorical nature. Since a publication by McCormick et al, the scientific visualization based on the powerful computer graphics is used in a wide context. Maps are treated as the tools of scientific visualization and emphasis is on exploration of the geographic data to gain understanding and insight in the geographic visualization processes. The research on geographic visualization have stayed in the early stage of developing the conceptual model and the basic visualization tools. But, it is expected that the geographic or visual thinking which is emphasized in the geographic visualization will contribute the reestablishment of links between cartography and geography. Also, the development of scientific visualization tools and strategies will offer the opportunities to suggest a fresh idea, to synthesize information and develop holistic approaches to geographical problems.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.116-130
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difficulties of science classes experienced by newly appointed elementary school teachers in terms of science content knowledge and teaching method, and to suggest some implications for their effective adaptation. We recorded science lessons conducted by 3 beginning elementary school teachers with less than 5 years experience and also analyzed their classes and interview materials. The results were as follows. First, difficulties that they experienced in science content knowledge was the possession of scientific errors or misconceptions, the lack of awareness and confidence in scientific concepts and principles, and the possession of negative concept about learning materials. Second, difficulties that they experienced in teaching method was the absence of reorganization of the textbook contents, using closed questions, one-sided instructions and explanations by teacher, the application of incomplete analogy, and the lack of understanding about experiment activities. The implication from this study is that beginning teachers need to be provided with curriculum oriented in experiment at teachers college and to participate in various types of educational opportunities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-47
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• 2021

This study developed a big data-based STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art & Mathematics) program using WWT (World Wide Telescope), focusing on content elements of 'solar system', 'star and universe' in the 2015 revised science curriculum, and in order to find out the effectiveness of the STEAM program, analyzed creative problem solving, STEAM attitude, and STEAM satisfaction by applying it to one middle school 176 students simple random sampled. The results of this study are as follows. First, we developed a program to encourage students to actively and voluntarily participating, utilizing the astronomical data platform WWT. Second, in the paired t-test based on the difference between the pre- and post-scores of the creative problem solving measurement test, significant statistical test results were shown in 'idea adaptation', 'imaging', 'analogy', 'idea production' and 'elaboration' sub-factors except 'attention task' sub-factor (p < .05). Third, in the paired t-test based on the difference between the pre- and post-scores of the STEAM attitude test, significant statistical test results were shown in 'interest', 'communication', 'self-concept', 'self-efficacy' and 'science and engineering career choice' sub-factors except 'consideration' and 'usefulness / value recognition' sub-factors (p < .05). Fourth, in the STEAM satisfaction test conducted after class application, the average values of sub-factors were 3.16~3.90. The results indicated that students' understanding and interest in the science subject improved significantly through the big data-based STEAM program using the WWT.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1031-1031
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• 2001

The mammary gland is made up of remarkably sensitive tissue, which has the capability of producing a large volume of secretion, milk, under normal or healthy conditions. When bacteria enter the gland and establish an infection (mastitis), inflammation is initiated accompanied by an influx of white cells from the blood stream, by altered secretory function, and changes in the volume and composition of secretion. Cell numbers in milk are closely associated with inflammation and udder health. These somatic cell counts (SCC) are accepted as the international standard measurement of milk quality in dairy and for mastitis diagnosis. NIR Spectra of unhomogenized composite milk samples from 14 cows (healthy and mastitic), 7days after parturition and during the next 30 days of lactation were measured. Different multivariate analysis techniques were used to diagnose the disease at very early stage and determine how the spectral properties of milk vary with its composition and animal health. PLS model for prediction of somatic cell count (SCC) based on NIR milk spectra was made. The best accuracy of determination for the 1100-2500nm range was found using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples was 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. It has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. From the spectral changes, we learned that when mastitis occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk. It was consistent with the results we obtained further when applied 2DCOS. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of NIR milk spectra was done to assess the changes in milk composition, which occur when somatic cell count (SCC) levels vary. The synchronous correlation map revealed that when SCC increases, protein levels increase while water and lactose levels decrease. Results from the analysis of the asynchronous plot indicated that changes in water and fat absorptions occur before other milk components. In addition, the technique was used to assess the changes in milk during a period when SCC levels do not vary appreciably. Results indicated that milk components are in equilibrium and no appreciable change in a given component was seen with respect to another. This was found in both healthy and mastitic animals. However, milk components were found to vary with SCC content regardless of the range considered. This important finding demonstrates that 2-D correlation analysis may be used to track even subtle changes in milk composition in individual cows. To find out the right threshold for SCC when used for mastitis diagnosis at cow level, classification of milk samples was performed using soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and different spectral data pretreatment. Two levels of SCC - 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ and 300 000 cells/$m\ell$, respectively, were set up and compared as thresholds to discriminate between healthy and mastitic cows. The best detection accuracy was found with 200 000 cells/$m\ell$ as threshold for mastitis and smoothed absorbance data: - 98% of the milk samples in the calibration set and 87% of the samples in the independent test set were correctly classified. When the spectral information was studied it was found that the successful mastitis diagnosis was based on reviling the spectral changes related to the corresponding changes in milk composition. NIRS combined with different ways of spectral data ruining can provide faster and nondestructive alternative to current methods for mastitis diagnosis and a new inside into disease understanding at molecular level.