• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

The numerous changes made during the Japanese colonial rule became the basis of the current housing in Korea. Therefore, in order to understand the modern Korean housing, it is essential to understand what the Korean traditional life styles admitted or changed, and how the foreign culture of that time influenced the Korean housing under the Japanese colonial rule. Content analysis through literature review was utilized for the study, and specific sources were research papers, books, magazines, newspapers, and novels. The period during the Japanese invasion was the most active era of modernization in the Korean history. For the housing culture, especially, it can be considered as the most significant period that accepted new housing cultures that replaced the old traditional housing. The Japanese and the Western styles of housing were introduced, new materials and collective production methods were used, and the symbol of the current urban housing in Korea, multi-family dwelling, was constructed. In conclusion, the Koreans did not directly use the Japanese and western housing culture, which were constructed during the Japanese colonial period. They were adapted and altered into Korean style, and eventually, produced various eclectic housing styles.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.236-249
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• 2022

이 연구는 일제강점기의 교사 윤재천(尹在千)이 언급한 조선의 초등 과학교육에 대한 내용을 분석한 것이다. 윤재천은 대한제국 말에 태어나 일제강점기와 광복을 직접 경험한 사람이었다. 일제강점기에 경성사범학교 교사였던 윤재천은 <조선의 교육 연구(朝鮮の敎育硏究)>라는 교육 전문 잡지에 과학교육에 관련된 글을 많이 게재했다. 특히 그가 1939년에 저술한 "조선의 이과교육(朝鮮の理科敎育)"은 조선인 교사가 평가한 당시의 과학교육 전반을 분석하여 보고한 기사였다. 이 연구에서는 일제강점기에 조선인 교사의 눈으로 본 조선의 과학교육의 전반적인 상황을 추적했다. 일제가 강제 점령한 식민지 상황의 조선에서 윤재천이 생각했던 과학교육의 관점은 친일적인 색채를 드러내지 않을 수 없었던 한계가 있었다.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.291-302
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• 1998

The Japanese colonial authorities promulgated the 'Nurses Ordinance(Kanhoboo Kyuchick), in 1914. It was the first act that regulated nurses' licensure in Korea. The gendarme did the administrational work of the ordinance. After the Nurses Ordinance of 1914, nurses without licenses could no longer work with the name of nurse, and Korean nursing gained a more professional status. After the March 1st Movement of 1919, Japan realized that its iron rule had to be more sophisticated. The gendarme gave way to an ordinary constabulary force. The Nurses Ordinance was amended to set the nurses quality as good as that of Japanese nurses, and the nurses licensure of Korea could also be used in Japan. In 1931 the Japanese war against China began, and the Japanese imposed military rule once again. The Nurses Ordinance was amended to 'The Korea Nurses Ordinance'. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War(1937) and of World War II in the Pacific(1941), the Japanese desperately needed additional manpower to re plenish the dwindling ranks of their military and labour forces. To produce more nurses, the colonial authorities amended the 'Korea Nurses Ordinance' and lowered the age and educational status of nurses to produce more numbers. Until the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Korea was under Japanese rule. Koreans had no say in the passing of these acts, and the colonial authority could make and pass any act at will.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2009

The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of the ideal housing for the modern family suggested by the Home Exposition (September, 1915) under the Japanese colonial rule in the macroscopic context of social change and the microscopic context of family. Through this research, we expect to have a partial understanding not only of changes in the outward appearance of traditional housing spaces during the civilization period and the early Japanese colonial rule when foreign cultures began to be introduced but also of families'residential lives and the patterns of change in people's consciousness of housing. Major conclusions from the current analysis are as follows. First, there were some changes in family paradigm induced through a home exhibition. Second, the most important factor for an ideal housing was that it must be the source of harmonic and healthy family life. Third, the importance of an appropriate space norm should be emphasized by providing the minimum size of each room. Fourth, the significance of the housing values of the economy, convenience, and hygiene should be emphasized for the ideal housing. Lastly, it was implied that for an ideal housing, the social and psychological aspects of housing must be satisfied along with the physical aspects. The limitation was that the model of ideal family housing presented in the Home Exposition cannot exclude the characteristics of the colonial perspectives in that it was followed by the model for the Japanese families.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.109-130
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• 2023

Objectives : The Dong-hwa Yakbang Cheobangcheol, a formulary on proprietary medicines created by Dong-hwa Pharmacy in the early 20th century was analyzed with a focus on characteristics of the formulas that were made and sold at the time. Methods : First, external features such as bibliography, table of contents, and descriptive style were examined. In content, licensure of listed formulas, ingredients, dosage form, manufacturing process, effects, properties were medically and pharmacologically analyzed. In this process, the Japanese Pharmacopeial Convention, legislation related to medicinal pharmacology during Japanese Colonial Period, and the Donguibogam were referenced. Results : In terms of form, the Dong-hwa Yakbang Cheobangcheol faithfully follows medicinal related legislation established in the Japanese Colonial Period. However, in terms of content, we could see that most of the formulas were based on the Korean Medical tradition, while Western pharmaceutical technology and chemicals were selectively integrated when necessary. Conclusions : The Dong-hwa Yakbang Cheobangcheol comprehensively displays the situation and goal of Dong-hwa Pharmacy, one of the most representative pharmaceutical companies in proprietary medicine of the early 20th century, in which it was under pressure to adapt to power for survival, while it strived to help improve the health of the people of the time by adopting strengths of both Eastern and Western medicinals.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2013

During the Japanese colonial period in the Korean Peninsula, Chosun (ethnic Korean) physicians were trained in vocational clinical schools, but Japanese physicians in medical school. Therefore, the Japanese government treated the Japanese physicians as medical doctors but Chosun physicians as dealers or traders in clinical services. This colonial discriminatory policy became a habitual concept to Korean physicians. Because of these traditional concepts regarding physicians, after the colonial period, the newly established Korean government also had the same concept of physicians. Therefore, in 1952, the Korean graduate medical education system was launched under a government clearance system with the claim of supporting medical specialties as clinical dealers or clinical businesspeople. During the last 60 years, this inappropriate customary concept and the unsuitable system have evolved into medical residency training education, and then into graduate medical education. Today graduate medical education has become inextricably linked to postdoctoral work in Korean hospitals.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.424-435
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the geological terms used in the elementary school science curriculums from 1876 to present. We collected the data of geological terminologies based on what is being used in the revised 2007 national curriculum. In this study, data was divided into three periods according to political events, "The Modern Enlightenment Period (1876~1910)", "The Japanese Colonial Period (1910~1945)", and "The Current Curriculum Period (1945~present)". During the early modern enlightenment period, translated Chinese characters' terminologies by western scholars in Qing-China were used in science books. The late modern enlightenment period, we used many translated Japanese textbooks in schools, which naturally introduced the way that Japan's terminology is used. In the Japanese colonial period, Korean students had to study science subjects written in Japanese characters, so they had used Japanese terminologies of science. After the liberation of Korea from the Imperial Japan, there was an efforts to make new Korean terminologies of geology under the new current national curriculum. However, the terminologies used in Korean textbooks ended up using and borrowing the same way that the Japanese-Sino terms of science used later.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제90권3호
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• pp.398-412
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• 2001

본 연구는 삼림법(森林法)(1908)에 규정된 지적신고제도(地籍申告制度)가 일제(日帝)의 식민지(植民地) 임지정책(林地政策)에서 어떠한 역할을 수행하였는가를 밝혀보고자 하는데 목적을 두였다. 지적신고제도(地籍申告制度)는 국유림처분정책의 하나인 부분림제도(部分林制度)의 부속물로써 시작되었다. 인간의 기본권에 해당하는 소유권을 정립시키고자 하는 지적신고제도가 한국민의 관습을 무시하고 소유권구분기준도 마련되지 않은 채 우리하게 강행되었다. 한국민은 지적신고에 대해 임야세(林野稅)를 부과하기 위한 전조(前兆)로써 인식하거나 일본인이 한국의 토지를 수탈한다고 보았다. 이 제도에 따라 신고를 했던 계층은 중산층 이상의 지식층에 속하는 자, 나면관경(那面官更)(경원(更員)) 또는 이들의 친척(親戚), 연고자(緣故者)와 측량(測量)을 담당하는 대행업자(代行業者)들로 매우 한정되었다. 특히 임지가치에 비해 측량경비가 훨씬 많이 소요되었기 때문에 원소유자조차 신고할 수 없었다. 3년간의 신고기간동안 약 52만건 220만정보가 신고 되었으며 마지막 5개월 동안 신고가 집중되었다. 그러나 총독부는 신고기간을 연장하라는 한국민의 요구를 묵살한 채 소유권 사정이나 경계 확정과 같은 후속 조치도 없이 일방적으로 종료하였다. 결국 삼림법 제19조에 따라 신고되지 않은 약 1,400만정보의 임지는 국유화되었다. 총독부의 식민지 임지정책은 (1) 총독부 초기에 대규모 국유림을 창출하고, (2) 창출된 국유림을 요존국유림과 불요존국유림으로 구분하여, (3) 불요존국유림을 일본인 중심으로 처분한다는 것이었다. 일본인에게 불요존국유림(不要存國有林)을 안정적으로 처분하기 위해서는 대량 창출된 국유림에 대한 소유권 변화를 막아야 했다. 이를 위해 일본인에게 양여(讓與)하거나 조림대부(造林貸付)해 준 산림에 대해 원소유자가 소유권을 주장할 경우 총독부는 정해진 기한내에 신고하지 않은 원소유자의 태만을 들어 붙요존림 처분을 정당화하였다. 결론적으로 총독부는 "신고주의원칙"을 통치 초기 대규모 국유림의 창출과 일본인을 중심으로 한 불요존림 처분이라는 식민지 임지정책을 강행하기 위한 족쇄로써 이용하였다.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.75-92
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• 2015

Generally, the outcomes of the historical study in some domain would be a most fundamental and basic reference for understanding the essential and core component of them. Specially in case of social science, the importance of historical research much more emphasized that would be divided into independent academic field. In Korean history including fisheries business and industry, the most remarkable historic event would be the period of Japanese colonial rule that one of the most obstacle should overcome. Though the fisheries business and industry of Korea have considerable own history, the research and study of that not so much have been performed or investigated including the period of Japanese colonial rule. Most of the existing research of fisheries history have merely focused on partial topics like 'Fishermen's Association', 'Fisheries Industry Despoliation'. And the historical study of fisheries business and industry's overall status and trend in local area except Pusan also not enough. The aims of this study are exploring the fisheries trends and status during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Tongyeong and finding out the overall major fisheries business issues that would be a better understanding the Korean fisheries industry. Achieving that Objectives, over 800 articles of media, the Japanese government-general of Korea, and other historical data were gathered, refined and analyzed. This paper focused on of major fisheries topics and issues that including overall fisheries status, trends, fisheries catches, local fisheries cooperatives and fisheries exhibition during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Tongyeong. The result of this study shows that the status of fisheries in Korea had been deteriorated for exploitation of Japanese imperialism and Japanese fisheries capitalist during that period. Though the level of Tongyeong in fisheries was very high in terms of catches ratio and population of fisherman, the distribution networks of fishermen's association was not good enough. And the Tongyeong fisheries exhibition in 1922 has positive aspects for considering both composition of organization and educational activity. Even though the results and findings would be a helpful guidelines for understanding the fisheries business trends and status under the rule of Japanese imperialism, more research and study of that should be accomplished.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.15-33
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• 2011

The late $19^{th}$ and early $20^{th}$ centuries of Korea were the times when the Confucianism (牲理學) ideology was shaken heavily under the influences of modernism and capitalism by Western and Japanese military and political-economic forces. Under such circumstances, alteration of clothing was much influenced by ideologies than changes in social structure or technological advance. In this study, an ideology was defined as "the force which drives people into a particular social order". Ideologies were postulated as an ongoing process of socialization with dialectic features rather than being a static state. Comparative analyses on conflict structures and different clothing patterns symbolizing the ideologies of the Ruling (支配) and the Opposition (對抗) were conducted. Investigating dresses as representations of ideologies is to reconsider the notion of dichotomous confrontation between the conservatives (守舊派) and the progressives (開化派) and a recognition of Koreans' passively accepting modernity during the Japanese occupation. This may also have contributed to enlightening Koreans about modernization. Here are the results. First, the theoretical review found that ideologies were represented by not only symbols of discourse, but also dresses, and that dresses embodied both physical and conceptual systems presenting differences between ideologies and their natures, Second, during the late 19th century Korea, conflict between conservatives' Hanbok (韓服) and progressives' Western suits (洋服) was found. Moderate progressives showed their identity by "Colored Clothing" (深色衣), and radical progressives by black suits with short hair (黑衣斷髮) or by western suits (洋服). The ultimate goal of both parties was a "Modern Nation". With these efforts, pale jade green coats and traditional hats symbolizing the nobleman class was eliminated within 30 years from 1880 to 1910, and then simple robes and short hair emerged. However, the powerful Japanese army had taken over the hegemony of East Asia, and Korea was sharply divided into modernization and pro-Japanese camps. Third, during the time of Japanese colonial rule, the dress codes having set by the modernization policies during the time of enlightenment were abandoned and colonial uniforms for the colonial system was meticulously introduced. During this period, Western or Japanese-style uniforms were the symbol of the ruling ideology. In the mean time, Hanbok, particularly "White Clothing (白衣)", emerged as a representation of the opposition ideology. However, due to Japan's coercive power and strong zeal for "Great orient (大東亞)", white clothing remained as a mere symbol. Meanwhile, Reformists (實力養成論者) movement toward improving quality of life followed a similar path of the Japanese policies and was eventually incorporated into the ruling ideology. Fourth, dresses as representations of ruling ideologies were enforced by organizational powers, such as organizations and laws, and binding policies, and changes in such dresses were more significant when the ruling ideologies were stronger. Clothing of the opposition ideology was expressed as an aggregation of public consciousness. During the period, the subjects of ruling ideology and the objects who were granted modernization benefits were different although their drives for colored clothing with short hair (色衣斷髮) for modernization were similar.