• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2009

It was evaluated the inhibitory action of quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronopyranoside (QGC) on reflux esophagitis and gastritis in rats. QGC was isolated from the herba of Rumex Aquaticus. Reflux esophagitis or gastritis was induced surgically or by administering indomethacin, respectively. Oral QGC decreased ulcer index, injury area, gastric volume, and acid output and increased gastric pH as compared with quercetin. Furthermore, QGC significantly decreased gastric lesion sizes induced by exposing the gastric mucosa to indomethacin. Malondialdehyde levels were found to increase significantly after inducing reflux esophagitis, and were reduced by QGC, but not by quercetin or omeprazole. These results show that QGC can inhibit reflux esophagitis and gastritis in rats.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-30
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• 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the precipitating factors of amputation as initial treatment in diabetic foot patients. Materials and Methods: Between March, 1994 and February 2003, 41 cases (37 patients) diabetic foot patients who had diabetic ulcer, pyogenic inflammation and gangrene and followed up over 1 year were collected. Among them, We evaluate the precipitating factors of amputation for average 39.6months (12-118months). Results: Among many factors, Wagner classification, pulse volume recording of toes, Ankle-Brachial Index and Albumin level are statistically significant in amputation patients. Conclusion: In determining the amputation of diabetic foot as initial treatment, the trauma history, circulation of foot and serum albumin level are important precipitating factors. So the education about preventing even minor trauma and maintaining good nutrition state decrease the amputation rate in diabetic foot patients.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2005

Crohn's disease of the perineum is notably resistant to treatment. We describe our experiences of tacrolimus ointment application in three patients with intractable perianal Crohn's disease. At the time of diagnosis patients showed anal fissure with ulcer, anal fistula, or perianal abscess, respectively. These lesions did not respond to steroid, metronidazole, mesalazine, or azathioprine, though the pediatric Crohn's disease activity index was markedly improved during the treatment period (4 to 12 months). Topical tacrolimus was applied and resulted in marked healing and a rapid granulation of cavity edges within 6 weeks to 3 months. Topical tacrolimus at a low dose shows a promise for the management of childhood perianal Crohn's disease. Further controlled studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of this treatment.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.92-102
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• 2018

Purpose: This study investigated the validity of the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) as a predictor of periodontal disease (PD) over a 12-year period. Methods: Nationwide representative samples of 149,785 adults aged ${\geq}60$ years with PD (International Classification of Disease, 10th revision [ICD-10], K052-K056) were derived from the National Health Insurance Service-Elderly Cohort during 2002-2013. The degree of comorbidity was measured using the CCI (grade 0-6), including 17 diseases weighted on the basis of their association with mortality, and data were analyzed using multivariate Cox proportional-hazards regression in order to investigate the associations of comorbid diseases (CDs) with PD. Results: The multivariate Cox regression analysis with adjustment for sociodemographic factors (sex, age, household income, insurance status, residence area, and health status) and CDs (acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebral vascular accident, dementia, pulmonary disease, connective tissue disorders, peptic ulcer, liver disease, diabetes, diabetes complications, paraplegia, renal disease, cancer, metastatic cancer, severe liver disease, and human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) showed that the CCI in elderly comorbid participants was significantly and positively correlated with the presence of PD (grade 1: hazard ratio [HR], 1.11; P<0.001; grade ${\geq}2$: HR, 1.12, P<0.001). Conclusions: We demonstrated that a higher CCI was a significant predictor of greater risk for PD in the South Korean elderly population.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.431-445
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• 2000

In general the prevalence of old people is high and frequently have multiple diseases and symtoms requiring treatment. The nature of illness in the elderly has to be faced, and drugs do have an important part in the treatment of that illness. The purpose of this study were to describe health status and medication, and to provide some basic data for elderly's health education, especially for the right medication. Body mass index, self perceived health status, activities of daily living, disease and experience of past operation were surveyed to recognize the 249 elderly's actual health status. The degree of the elderly's understanding the way of medication, experience of side effects, experience of drug combination and incidence of drug adverse reaction along with drug combination were examined for medication. The aged $women(BMI; 10.7\pm13.3\%)$ overweighed the aged $men(BMI; 4.0\pm10.4\%)$. $69.0\%$ of them recognized their health good. Their activities of daily living were diminished following by the age group(p=0.0068) and relationship with self perceived health status were very significant(p=0.0005). They(192 elderly) suffered from multiple disease such as $osteoarthritis(49.5\%)$, $hypertension(32.0\%)$, gastric $disorder(16.1%)$, $diabetes(14.6\%)$, $osteomalacia(10.9\%)$, cardiovascular $disease(9.9\%)$, senile $cataract(5.7\%)$, skin $rash(5.2\%)$, liver $disease(4.2\%)$, kidney $disease(3.6\%)$, spinal cord $problem(3.6\%)$, respiratory $disease(2.1\%)$ $tuberculosis(1.0\%)\;etc(1.0\%).$ $28.3\%$ of them replied that they had an operation for appendictis senile cataract, peptic ulcer, spinal cord problem, pleurisy, hemorrhoid and the rest. Most of $them(87.4\%)$ knew the way very well how to use drugs, and $21.6\%$ of the replied 171 elderly experienced adverse drug reaction. Drug compliance rate were $high(83.6\%)$. In our study 56.9% of the 167 elderly took several medicine together. And $18.9\%$ of the 95 elderly who did drug combination had an experience of drug interaction. One person kept average 5.5 kinds of drugs at home among 243 elderly. They kept $digestives(79.4\%)$, $ointments(68.7\%)$, $vitamins(59.7\%)$, $analgesics(59.7\%)$, cold $medicines(45.3\%)$ antiarthritic $drugs(33.3\%)$, health $foods(27.7\%)$, antihypertensive $drugs(25.1\%)$, anti peptic ulcer $drugs(24.7\%)$, $laxatives(19.8\%)$, $antacids(16.5\%),\;antibiotics(l6.5\%)$, hypoglycemic $agents(10.3\%)$, cardiac $stimulants(7.0\%)$, $diuretics(4.5\%)$, antiarrhythmic $drugs(4.9\%)$, anti anginal $drugs(4.1\%)$, $hypnotics(3.3\%)$, $etc(38.3\%)$. With this result, we ascertain that polypharmacy in the elderly caused by multiple disease is common, which lead to drug interaction. So our task is to educate elderly how to use drugs in order to maximize their efficiency and to minimize their adverse effects.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.883-890
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• 1999

Long term patency of arterial graft has been better than venous graft and redo coronary artery bypass grafting has been increasing, therefore, there has been an increasing need for alternative arterial grafts except internal thoracic artery(ITA). Material and Method: Right gastroepiploic arteries(RGEA) were harvested from 100 patients who had received gastrectomy for gastric cancer or ulcer. ITAs were obtained from 10 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The length of RGEA was measured from the pyloric ring. Items of the morphometric and histologic study at the pyloric ring and sites of the 10cm and 20cm RGEA from the pyloric ring were luminal diameter, intimal thickness, medial thickness, wall thickness, degree of intimal hyperplasia, intimal thickness, medial thickness, wall thickness, degree of intimal hyperplasia, intimal thickness index, medial thickness index, and the number of discontinuities of the internal elastic lamina. Similar items were applied to the proximal site of ITAs. Result: The length of RGEA was 23${\pm}$2.7cm(range 17∼31cm). Comparing the 20cm RGEA with ITA, intimal thickness, medial thickness, wall thickness, and degree of intimal hyperplasia did not show any difference(p>0.05). However, 20cm RGEA was greater than ITA at the luminal diameter, intimal thickness index, and the number thickness and wall thickness in each site of the RGEA(pyloric ring, 10cm, 20cm) decreased from the pyloric ring to the distal sites(p<0.05). The degree of intimal hyperplasia and the number of discontinuities of the internal elastic lamina did not show any difference between the pyloric ring and 10cm, however, those of 20cm were smaller than these sites(p<0.05). RGEA had more number of discontinuities of the internal elastic lamina and rich smooth muscle cells in the media than ITA. Conclusion: The length and diameter of RGEA is good enough to reach most of the coronary arteries. Moreover, long term patency of RGEA may be improved, if anastomosed in the distal site.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

Purpose; Dysregulation of gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important in development of ulcer, atrophy and neoplasia in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of infection of H. pylori on gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in children. Methods: Histological grading by updated Sydney system, PCNA immunostaining and TUNEL method were performed in H. pylori positive (N=58) and negative (N=40) gastric biopsy specimens. Results: In H. pylori positive children, there were significantly higher grade of polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (P=0.000), chronic inflammation (P=0.000), epithelial damage (P=0.000) and lymphoid follicles (P=0.000) than in H. pylori negative children. Intestinal metaplasia was not seen in H. pylori positive children. PCNA index was significantly different between H. pylori positive children ($67.8{\pm}18.13$) and H. pylori negative children ($54.8{\pm}14.46$, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between PCNA index and H. pylori density (r=0.277, P=0.007), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.280, P=0.007) and chronic inflammation (r=0.284, P=0.006). Apoptosis index of H. pylori positive children ($0.44{\pm}0.447$) was significantly higher than of H. pylori negative children ($0.14{\pm}0.196$, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between apoptosis index and H. pylori density (r=0.472, P=0.000), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.370, P=0.001) and chronic inflammation (r=0.483, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between PCNA index and apoptosis index (r=0.353, P=0.003). Conclusion: The PCNA and apoptosis index in H. pylori positive children were significantly higher than in H. pylori negative children. This study suggested that gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important to pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in children.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2006

Great inter-variability in drug response and adverse drug reactions is related to inter-variability of drug bioavailability, drug interaction and patient's disease and physyological state that cause change in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. However, these alone do not sufficiently predict and explain inter-variability in drug response. In recent studies, it is reported that inter-variability in drug response and adverse drug reactions may largely resulted from genetically determined differences in drug absoption, distribution, metabolism and drug target proteins. Especially, the major human drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP450, N-acetyl tranferase, thiopurine S-methyl transferase, glutathione S-transferase are identified as the major gene variants that cause inter-individual variability in drug's response and adverse drug reactions. These variations may have most significant implications for those drugs that have narrow therapeutic index and serious adverse drug reactions. Therefore, the genetic variation such as polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes can affect the response of individuals to drugs that are used in the treatment of depression, psychosis, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, ulcer and gastrointestinal disorders, pain and epilepsy, among others. This review describes the pharmacogenomics of the drug metabolizing enzymes associated with the drug response and its clinical applications.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.236-236
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• 1994

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)와 고려홍삼의 항산화 성분인 maltol을 축합하여 신물질 aspalatone을 합성하고, 흰쥐에서의 지혈시간 연장 효과, 항혈소판 응집 억제 (in Vitro, ex ViVO) 효과 및 생쥐의 혈전 모델을 이용한 항혈전 (in vivo) 효과를 연구하였다. SD계 웅성 흰쥐에 15 mg/kg의 낮은 용량으로 경구투여 할 경우, aspalatone과 ASA는 각각 최소한 8일 연속투여후 지혈시간을 유의적으로 연장시켰으며 같은 용량으로 10일 간 경구투여. 하였을 때, aspalatone 투여군은 대조군에 비하여 지혈시간이 57% (p<0.005) 연장된 반면, ASA 투여군은 44% 연장되었다. 반면, aspalatone의 아세칠 기를 갖지 않는 salicylic acid maltnl ester는 같은 용량에서 지혈시간을 유의적으로 연장시키지 않았다. Aspalatone은 in vitro에서 collagen에 의해 유도된 흰쥐 혈소판 응집을 강력하게 억제하였으나 (IS$_{50}$ = 0.18 mM), ASA와 마찬가지로 ADP에 의한 응집은 억제하지 않았다. Aspalatnne과 다른 대조약물들의 ex vivo에서의 혈소판 응집 억제능은 ASA>dipyridamdle(equation omitted)aspalatone>ticlopidine의 순이었다. 1회 경구투여로 aspalatone은 생쥐의 collagen에 의한 혈전에 기인하는 치사율을 억제하였다 (ED$_{50}$ = 32mg/kg). Aspalatone을 10일 간 투여하면 유효용량이 현저히 감소하여 20 mg/kg에서 치사율을 90% (p<0.001) 억제하였으며, 이러한 항혈전 효과는 투여중단 4일 후에도 지속되었다. 또한, 경구투여시 위궤양을 유발하는 ASA (ulcer index : 29 mm 200 mg/kg p.o.)와는 다르게 aspalatone은 위궤양을 유발하지 않는다는 장점을 갖는다 (0.71 mm, 800 mg/kg p.o.). In vitro에서 malondialdehyde 생성 억제를 지표로 한 aspalatone의 항산화 활성 ($IC_{50}$/ = 0.11 mM)은 maltol ($IC_{50}$/ = 0.084 mM)과 유산하다. 이러한 실험결과를 토대로 하여 aspalatone을 위궤양을 유발하지 않는 항혈전 신약으로 개발하기 위한 연구가 진행 중이다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 1985

Pivampicillin hydrochloride is a kind of broad spectrum antibiotics with bactericidal action, and is used in many countries, although it has bitter taste, unpleasant odour and side effects of irritating gastric mucosa, nausea, penicillin allergy, etc. For the improvement of such side effects of pivampicillin hydrochloride, microcapsules, with wall of ethylcellulose, have been prepared by coacervation method. The shape was observed through the scanning electron microscope, the release of the drug into an aqueous medium was studied and the effects of core: ethylcellulose ratio were interpreted as well as making sensory evaluation of taste and odour. There was decreasing trend in dissolution rate of the drug with the increase of core: ethylcellulose ratios, and the smaller microcapsules released their contents more rapidly. A linear relationship was established between the amount of ethylcellulose and the time for 60% release of the drug, and the release pattern was found to have similar characteristics to the release of the drug from an insoluble porous matrix. The release of the drug in the artificial intestinal fluids (pH 6.8) was found to be similar to that in water, while the release in the artificial gastric juice (pH 1.2) was slightly slower. Bioavailability of microcapsule was compared with that of pivampicillin hydrochloride in rabbits using serum concentration and urinary excretion measurements. Microcapsule gave showed slightly higher serum level than pivampicillin hydrochloride from 2 hours after administration, while no significant difference was observed in the accumulated urinary excretion rate between pivampicillin hydrochloride and microcapsule. The ulcer index of pivampicillin hydrochloride administered group was 2.6, and microcapsule administered group was 1.5, while control group was 0.8. Therefore it may be concluded that microencapsulation of pivampicillin hydrochloride is a useful pharmaceutical approach to protect the gastrointestinal tract from being injured by direct contact of pivampicillin hydrochloride without any significant difference of bioavailability.