• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.359-362
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• 2005

In Korea, condominium apartment was supplied 50 years ago. However, the problems related to contract and selling in lots still happens. Most of these problems is due to be made a contract and selling in lots before completion of condominium. For solving these problems, it is necessary for throughgoing selling in lots and administrative guidance in time for development. Because of the problem after the selling in lots become involved not only selling in lots of developer and the contract with purchaser, but also condominium management and repair of defect processing system. As a result of consideration to development control and administrative guidance in Hawaii State, it may be had some effects like an appropriate management system, consumer protection and consumer education.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

The studies for mechanical performance development have been examined to reduce energy consumption in building construction field. However, The energy consumption using in building for heating is impacted by not only system performance but also PMV particularly at temperature and clo. Most energy using in building part is mainly consumed for heating and cooling to keep comfort temperature. Heating energy consumption is bigger than cooling energy in Korea because of temperature difference in winter in comparison with summer at apartment building. This means that energy consumption can be changed by occupancy's comfort setting temperature in apartment building. This study evaluate actual comfort temperature range by clo and examined heating energy consumption by Esp-r and CO2 reduction possibility. The results show that keeping ASHRAE standards can reduce heating energy up to 23%; also, wearing underclothes with ASHRAE standard can reduce heating energy up to 47.8%. Option 4 showing Maximum CO2 emission reduction indicates that kerosene. LNG and electricity can reduce 1.5t, 1.7t, 2.46t respectively in comparison with option 2.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

The carbon dioxide is brought from the energy consumption and regarded as a criteria material to estimate the Global Warming Potential. Building shares about 30% in national energy consumption and affects to environment as much as the energy consumption. But there is not enough data to forecast the amount of the carbon dioxide during the maintenance stage. Various factors are related with the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission such as the physical area, the building exterior area, the maintenance type and location. Among these factors, the building carbon-dioxide emission can be estimated by the overall building characteristics such as the maintenance area, the number of household, the heating type, etc., The physical amount such as the thickness of the insulation and window infiltration could explained the limited scope and might not be use to estimate the total carbon-dioxide emission energy because the each value could not include or represent the overall building. In this paper, it provided the estimation model of the carbon-dioxide emission, explained by the overall building characteristics. These factors are shown as the maintenance area, no. of household, the heating type, the volume of the building, the ratio of the window to wall area etc., For providing the estimation model of th carbon-dioxide emission, it conducted the corelation analysis to filter the variables and suggested the estimation model with the power model and multiple regression model. Most of the model have a good statistics and fitted in the curve line.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.85-96
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluated noise environment of the low-rise multi-family house in Athens, Georgia. The results of this study can be applied to the prevention of noise when planning multi-family houses, roads and cities in Korea. The subjects of this study were the place of 1m, 10m, 50m, 100m from 4-lane road ofT apartment and 233 residents lived in the low-rise multi-family houses in Athens. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The average noise level at 1m, 10m, 50m and 100m was 55.5dB, 46.7dB, 43.0dB, 43.0dB and 41.2dB respectively from 4-lane road of T apartment. From the view of the standard in this study, the physical noise was good. 2. The results of the residents subjective response on the noise were as follows. The external noise residents felt - that was a noise by operating machines, and traffic noise - ware as 2.57 on average. The noise by the daily activities, the noise of nature are a little as 2.38 on average. They were disturbed a little by the external noise. They felt the solid born sounds(average 2.49) more than airbone sound(average 2.23) by the internal noise. They are suffered worse from noise in summer and they worse from 8-12 oclock due to external noise and 16-20 oclock due to internal noise. Comparing the noise environment of Korean with that of American, I found a meaningful difference of nature and the noise of daily activities of external noise and all internal noise.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.571-574
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• 2004

It is rapidly expanding to provide Home Digital Service based on the Home Network System in intelligent apartment. Fortunately, Korea has one of the highest rates of Internet penetration and access in the world. Construction companies used the Home Network system as a strategy of differentiation and it is available to the customers to raise their asset value. Besides, the government has a positive response to accept the new movements to make the digital environment with 'u-Korea (Ubiquitous Korea)' as the slogan. However, the level of providing Home Digital Service is actually at the beginning. The develop the home network industry more effectively, the related industries' cooperation is essential. The purpose of this study is to propose a providing model of Home Network System for the construction company and to make a method to response the fast change of technology development and customer's request at the point of construction companies' view.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.474-480
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• 2014

This study investigated the total energy consumption and the energy consumption by type of 31 apartment complexes in Daejeon. The energy is supplied to the apartments from district heating, and can be divided into hot water, electricity, and gas. Hot water is used in for space heating and for domestic hot water (DHW), and electricity is used for plugs, cooling, ventilation, and public utilities (street lights, pumps, elevators, etc.). All gas supplied from district heating is used for cooking. As a result, the consumption unit of each energy source of independent dwelling areas was calculated to be $103.7kWh/m^2{\cdot}a$ ($15,692kWh/H{\cdot}a$) for thermal energy, $48.0kWh/m^2{\cdot}a$ ($4,646kWh/H{\cdot}a$) for electricity, and $10.5kWh/m^2a$ ($1,015kWh/H{\cdot}a$) for gas, so the entire consumption was calculated to be $162.3kWh/m^2{\cdot}a$ ($15,692kWh/H{\cdot}a$).

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.117-121
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• 2014

Even though a study of airtightness performance of apartment and detached house have been done constantly, there are few of studies of multi-family housing which increasing every year. Therefore, this study analyzed airtightness performance of 20 households of one room in Daejeon to investigate airtightness performance standard. All experiments were performed under the same conditions except sealing windows to investigate airtightness performance without sealing windows (natural condition) and airtightness performance with sealing windows of studio apartment. As results, (1) average ACH50 without sealing windows was 19.2/h for pressurization, and 12.8/h for depressurization and (2) average ACH50 with sealing windows was 16.0/h for pressurization, and 10.7/h for depressurization and ACH50 in both condition, ACH50 under pressurization was about 50% higher than that under depressurization. Throughout this experiment, we can figure out that about 16% of air infiltration rate is occurred in windows, and the other 84% is occurred in rest of places such as Junction structure, socket and ventilating opening.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.544-552
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• 2001

Korea is classified into low and moderate seismic zone from the view-point of seismic hazard level. Korean seismic provisions has been developed based on UBC and ATC 3-06. Thus, in calculation of design base shear according to Korean provisions response modification factor (R) is included in the formula of design base shear. The major role of this factor is to reduce the elastic design base shear whereby structures can behave in inelastic range during design level earthquake ground motions(mean return period of 475 yrs.). R factor is assigned according to material and structural systems. In this study, R factor for bearing wall system is considered. Most of the walls of apartment buildings in Korea resist gravity and seismic loads simultaneously so that this wall system can be classified into bearing wall system. Structural details of these walls are different from those used in Japan and U.S.. They are all rectangular in sectional shape rather than barbell in shape, and also have special lateral reinforcement details at the boundaries of a wall. In Korean seismic design provisions(1988), two different values(3.0 and 3.5) of R factor are assigned to the bearing wall systems according to the wall details. However, in updated seismic provisions(2000), only one value is assigned to R factor(3.0) irrespective of wall details. In this study, the design base shear values in Korean seismic design provisions(1988, 2000), ATC 3-06, UBC are compared. Also experimental study was carried out to evaluate the seismic performance of structural walls. For this purpose, five test specimens were made which have special details used in apartment bearing wall systems in Korea. Based on the results of this study, response modification factor for bearing wall system is discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.333-344
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• 2011

The recent expansion in the number of housing construction projects has been accompanied by substantial improvements in construction quality, which can be attributed to the development of new construction technologies and materials. In apartment complex construction projects, numerous mechanization technologies have been adopted as part of the floor plastering process to counter increasing difficulties in securing labor and the pressing need to reduce lead time, but these have also triggered setbacks such as additional costs or loss of time to fix cracks in or loosening of floor. Cracks developing in the floor of an apartment housing unit, in terms of materials in use, are the products of a complex combination of material makeup, construction workmanship, concrete curing and the protection method. Controlling such elements from the perspective of materials in use may ensure partial success in reducing cracks, but fall short of eliminating them completely. Any attempt to prevent cracks from developing in the first place requires systematic analysis as to their potential causes and viable solutions to reduce them. On this backdrop, this paper aims to provide an analysis of potential causes of cracks found in floor plastering, and consider the mechanism of a crack stop-bar as a fundamental safeguard against them.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.25-34
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• 2019

It is important to design windows in a reasonable way considering the performance characteristics of the elements of the window rather than just to increase the thermal energy performance of the window. In this study, the Heat-transfer Coefficient as insulation performance of the windows and together with the grade of the glass's SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) were analyzed to relate to the energy efficiency performance of the building by azimuth angle. Based on this basic study, the Heat-transfer Coefficient of windows and the SHGC rating of glass were applied to the unit plan of apartment building, and the Heating and Cooling Demand were analyzed by azimuth angle. Apartment plan types were divided into 2 types of Non-extension and extension of balcony. The designPH analysis data derived from the variant of the Heat-transfer Coefficient and SHGC, were put into PHPP(Passive House Planning Package) to analyze precisely the energy efficiency(Heating and Cooling Demands) of the building by azimuth angle. In addition, assuming the 'ㅁ' shape layout, energy efficiency performance and potential of PV Panel installation also were analyzed by floors and azimuth angle, reflecting the shading effects by surrounding buildings. As the results of the study, the effect of Heat Gain by SHGC was greater than Heat Loss due to the Heat-transfer Coefficient. So it is more effective to increase SHGC to satisfy the same Heating Demand, and increasing SHGC made possible to design windows with low Heat-transfer Coefficient. It was also revealed that the difference in annual Heating and Cooling Demands between the low, mid and high floor households is significantly high. In addition to it, the installation of PV Panel in the form of a shading canopy over the window reduces the Cooling Load while at the same time producing electricity, and also confirmed that absolute thermal energy efficiency could not be maximized without controlling the thermal bridge and ventilation problems as important heat loss factors.