• 유기물자원화
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2016

본 연구는 하수처리시설의 유기성슬러지가 알칼리 안정화 처리시설을 거쳐 발생되는 암모니아의 특성을 조사하였다. 암모니아 검지관을 통해 알칼리 안정화 처리시설의 혼합 및 양생 공정에서 87.78 ppm($66.62mg/m^3$) ~ 1,933 ppm($1,467.01mg/m^3$) 으로 높은 농도의 암모니아가 검출 되었다. 이는 하수처리오니의 질소산화물이 생석회와 혼합되며 암모니아로 변환되는 것으로 예상된다. 일부 시설에서는 황화수소, 메틸메르캅단이 비교적 높은 농도로 검출되었으나, 대부분의 시설에서는 암모니아를 제외한 악취 물질은 검출되지 않았다. 공정 중 암모니아의 농도는 일반적으로 혼합 > 양생 > 반출 > 저장 > 건조 > 입고 순으로 높게 나타났다. 현재 운영 중인 5개 알칼리 안정화 처리시설에서 발생된 악취 물질들은 황산과 차아염소산 등을 사용하여 습식처리하는 것으로 조사되었다. 각 시설은 1 ppm($0.76mg/m^3$), 50 ppm($37.95mg/m^3$) 또는 100 ppm($75.89mg/m^3$)으로 방출되도록 설계되었으나 설계 기준을 만족하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 암모니아의 경우, 일부 알칼리 안정화 처리시설은 노동부가 정한 노출기준을 초과하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이것은 향후 근로자의 안전을 위해 적절한 환기가 필요함을 의미하고 있다. 또한, 암모니아를 포함한 악취물질이 시설의 부지경계선에서 검지관으로 검출되지 않았으나, 현재의 운전상태로 볼 때, 미량의 악취물질이 존재할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2012

본 연구는 일반 X선 검사에서 CR 시스템을 이용한 환자의 근사적 피폭 선량을 평가할 수 있는 실험적 모델을 제시하고 저선량 영역에서 의료 피폭에 대한 방어의 최적화 조건으로 환자의 선량 권고량(diagnostic reference level. DRL)을 비교하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 기준선량계와 광자극발광선량계(optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters. OSLDs)를 이용하여 관전압(kVp) 및 관전류 노출시간의 곱(mAs)에 따른 입사표면선량(entrance surface dose. ESD)을 교차 측정하였으며 CR 시스템에서 각 노출 조건에 대한 Hounsfield unit (HU) scale을 측정하여 ESD와 HU 스케일에 대한 특성 관계를 이용하여 근사적 피폭 선량을 구하였다. 또한 임상적으로 적용 가능한지를 알기 위하여 두부, 경부, 흉부, 복부, 골반부 노출 조건으로 물 팬텀에 모사하여 피폭 선량을 구하였다. 결과적으로 두 선량계의 평균 ESD는 각각 2.10, 2.01, 1.13, 2.97, 1.95 mGy 이었으며 CR 영상에서 측정한 HU 스케일은 각각 $3,276{\pm}3.72$, $3,217{\pm}2.93$, $2,768{\pm}3.13$, $3,782{\pm}5.19$, $2,318{\pm}4.64$ 이었다. 이 때 ESD와 HU 스케일에 대한 특성 관계를 이용하여 근사적으로 구한 ESD는 각각 2.16, 2.06, 1.19, 3.05, 2.07 mGy이었으며 평균 측정값과 근사적으로 구한 ESD의 오차는 3% 미만으로 영상의학 분야의 측정 오차 5%를 감안한다면 신뢰할 수 있는 오차 범위라 할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 CR 시스템을 이용한 일반 X선 검사에서 환자의 피폭 선량을 근사적으로 평가할 수 있는 새로운 실험적 모델을 제시하였으며 CR 검사뿐 만 아니라 디지털 방사선촬영(digital radiography. DR) 시스템 및 필름-증감지 시스템에 적용 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2011

목적: 이 연구는 첫째, 입원 당시 호스피스 암환자들이 작성한 사전의료의향서를 통해 연명치료에 대한 선호 및 호스피스 암환자들의 특성과 연명치료 항목간의 관련성을 분석하며, 둘째, 호스피스병동 입원 시 작성한 사전의료의향서의 내용과 임종 48시간 이전에 시행되었던 의료중재간의 일치 여부를 평가하는 데 있다. 방법: 2008년 3월 1일부터 8월 31일까지 대학병원 완화의료센터에 입원하여 사전의료의향서를 작성한 호스피스 암환자 102명의 전자의무기록을 검토하여, 그 중 사전의료의향서 작성 당시 의식이 명료했던($10{\geq}GCS$) 74명을 대상으로 선택항목에 대한 빈도와 환자의 어떤 특성이 항목선택 요인으로 작용하는지 단변량 로지스틱 분석을 통하여 알아보았고, 그 중 사망한 42명을 대상으로 환자의 선택과 의료중재의 일치 여부를 대상자 별로 나누어 빈도로 나타내었고, 항목별로는 맥네마 검정을 시행하였다. 결과: 환자들은 항생제, 정맥영양, 경관영양, 수혈, 검사실 검사 및 방사선 검사를 연명치료로서 선호하였다. 환자의 특성과 연명치료 선택과의 상관관계는 연명치료에 대한 편향된 선호로 인해 분석할 수 없었다. 사전의료의향서 작성 당시 환자가 선택한 연명치료 여부와, 사망 48시간 이전에 실제로 시행되거나 시행되지 않은 연명치료는 거의 모든 경우에서 불일치를 보였다. 결론: 호스피스 암환자들에게 있어서, 사전의료의향서의 작성은 그 시기도 중요하지만, 환자, 보호자 및 대리인의 선택이 바뀔 수 있음도 고려해야 하고, 가장 중요한 것은 사전의료의향서에 대하여 작성자가 충분히 이해하고 있는 가이다. 따라서 사회적, 법적 제도화가 이루어지지 않은 현 시점의 연명치료는 모든 가능성을 염두에 두고 항상 신중하게 이루어져야 한다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.34-42
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• 2010

현대 의학에서 방사선 이용 영역이 확대되고 비중이 커짐에 따라 개인 피폭선량을 줄이기 위한 노력을 하고 있는 가운데 가장 중요한 문제로 대두되고 있는 것이 방사선 기기에 관한 정도관리이다. 그래서 광주광역시 1차병원을 5개의 구로 나누어 각 구에서 임의로 10개소의 병원을 선정하여 정도관리 항목들의 실제 측정 실험과 광주지역 정도관리 현황에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 실험은 관전압, 관전류, 조사시간의 재현성 시험, 조도측정, 반가층 측정, 중심선속 일치 실험을 시행하였으며, 관전압 재현성 실험 결과 전체 50군데의 병원 합격률은 95.3%로 나타났고 관전류와 조사시간은 각각 77.0%의 합격률을 보였다. 조도는 86.0%의 합격률을 보였다. 반가층은 52.0%의 합격률을 보여 네개의 실험중 가장 낮은 합격률을 보였다. 중심선속 일치실험에서는 대체로 $1.5^{\circ}$ 이내로 중심선속이 일치하였으나 전체 50군데중 30.0%가 중심선속이 $3^{\circ}$이내로 벗어났다. 설문조사 결과로는 58.0%가 정도관리 주기에 대해 알고 있다고 답했으며, 50명 모두 현재 근무하는 병원에서 정도관리에 관한 교육을 받은 적이 없다고 답했다. 비교적 정도관리는 잘 이루어지고 있었지만 가장 시급한 문제는 정도관리의 중요성에 관한 인식이다. 따라서 방사선 작업 종사자들에게 전문적으로 안전관리에 관한 교육과 정확한 방사선 정도관리를 시행한다면 방사선 작업 종사자와 환자에 대한 피폭을 줄일 수 있으며 또한 적은 선량으로 질 높은 영상을 만들 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.492-507
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• 2010

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2009. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends of thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general thermal and fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, and new and renewable energy. Various topics were covered in the field of general thermal and fluid flow such as an expander, a capillary tube, the flow of micro-channel water blocks, the friction and anti-wear characteristics of nano oils with mixtures of refrigerant oils, etc. Research issues mainly focused on the design of micro-pumps and fans, the heat resistance reliability of axial smoke exhaust fans, and hood systems in the field of fluid machinery and piping. Studies on ground water sources were executed concerning two well type geothermal heat pumps and multi-heat pumps in the field of new and renewable energy. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the heat transfer in thermoelectric cooling systems, refrigerants, evaporators, dryers, desiccant rotors. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on high temperature ceramic heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, frosting on fins of heat exchangers were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, papers were presented on alternative refrigerants, system improvements, and the utilization of various energy sources. Refrigeration systems with alternative refrigerants such as hydrocarbons, mixed refrigerants, and $CO_2$ were studied. Efforts to improve the performance of refrigeration systems were made applying various ideas of suction line heat exchangers, subcooling bypass lines and gas injection systems. Studies on heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as river water, underground water, and waste heat were also reported. (4) Research trend in the field of mechanical building facilities has been found to be mainly focused on field applications rather than performance improvements. In the area of cogeneration systems, papers on energy and economic analysis, LCC analysis and cost estimating were reported. Studies on ventilation and heat recovery systems introduced the effect on fire and smoke control, and energy reduction. Papers on district cooling and heating systems dealt with design capacity evaluation, application plan and field application. Also, the maintenance and management of building service equipments were presented for HVAC systems. (5) In the field of architectural environment, various studies were carried to improve indoor air quality and to analyze the heat load characteristics of buildings by energy simulation. These studies helped to understand the physics related to building load characteristics and to improve the quality of architectural environment where human beings reside in.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.715-732
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• 2009

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2008. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) Research trends in thermal and fluid engineering have been surveyed in the categories of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, new and renewable energy, and fire. Well-developed CFD technologies were widely applied in developing facilities and their systems. New research topics include fire, fuel cell, and solar energy. Research was mainly focused on flow distribution and optimization in the fields of fluid machinery and piping. Topics related to the development of fans and compressors had been popular, but were no longer investigated widely. Research papers on micro heat exchangers using nanofluids and micro pumps were also not presented during this period. There were some studies on thermal reliability and performance in the fields of new and renewable energy. Numerical simulations of smoke ventilation and the spread of fire were the main topics in the field of fire. (2) Research works on heat transfer presented in 2008 have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, industrial heat exchangers, and ground heat exchangers. Research on heat transfer characteristics included thermal transport in cryogenic vessels, dish solar collectors, radiative thermal reflectors, variable conductance heat pipes, and flow condensation and evaporation of refrigerants. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, examined are research on micro-channel plate heat exchangers, liquid cooled cold plates, fin-tube heat exchangers, and frost behavior of heat exchanger fins. Measurements on ground thermal conductivity and on the thermal diffusion characteristics of ground heat exchangers were reported. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many studies were presented on simultaneous heating and cooling heat pump systems. Switching between various operation modes and optimizing the refrigerant charge were considered in this research. Studies of heat pump systems using unutilized energy sources such as sewage water and river water were reported. Evaporative cooling was studied both theoretically and experimentally as a potential alternative to the conventional methods. (4) Research papers on building facilities have been reviewed and divided into studies on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation, automatic control of heat sources with piping systems, and sound reduction in hydraulic turbine dynamo rooms. In particular, considered were efficient and effective uses of energy resulting in reduced environmental pollution and operating costs. (5) In the field of building environments, many studies focused on health and comfort. Ventilation. system performance was considered to be important in improving indoor air conditions. Due to high oil prices, various tests were planned to examine building energy consumption and to cut life cycle costs.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2009

한국산 거머리말(Zostera marina L.)의 해류에 대한 형태적 적응 연구를 통해 향후 거머리말의 번식방안을 강구하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 시도하였다. 영양지는 지하경, 엽초 및 엽신으로 구성되어 있다. 영양지의 엽초는 볼록렌즈형인 4층의 집합엽과 중앙에 분화중인 2개의 선상엽이 있다. 외부 4층의 원형으로 둘러 싼 엽초는 한쪽은 2세포층으로 되고 반대편은 유세포가 다층구조를 이루고, 사이사이에 통기조직이 발달하였다. 이런 구조는 제 1엽초, 제 2엽초, 제 3엽초 및 제 4엽초로 가면서 서로 교호적인 배열 상태를 보였다. 엽신부의 양표면부 표피세포 층은 엽맥부위를 이루는 1~2세포로 된 피층세포가 연결되어 있고, 그 사이는 통기조직으로 되어 있다. 생식지는 원형 또는 타원형인 지하경, 줄기, 중심화축과 분지된 측화축인 소화축으로 구분된다. 소화축의 육수화서는 생식엽의 한쪽에 배열되어 불염포에 싸여 있다. 지하경, 줄기 및 중심화축은 전부 중앙에 유관속 1개, 양측에 각각 작은 것이 1개씩 총 3개가 존재하지만, 횡단한 지하경의 모양은 원형, 줄기는 장타원형 그리고 소화축은 볼록렌즈형이다. 줄기의 보강조직은 12~15세포 폭으로 지하경의 7~12층 보다 더 많은 세포층이다. 거머리말 종자의 종피는 섬유상 보강조직이 잘 발달되어 있어서 발아하기 전에 해수의 침투를 막는 기능을 하고, 외부압에 견딜 수 있는 구조로 발달되었다. 따라서 볼록렌즈형의 엽초에서 원형 집합잎은 교호적인 다층상 구조를 함으로서 해류의 흐름에 잘 견딜 수 있는 탄성구조고 형태적 적응을 보였다. 생식지는 원형 또는 타원형인 가늘고 긴 줄기와 가지를 만들어 해류의 영향을 최소화시키는 형태적 적응구조를 발달시켰다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.844-861
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• 2008

The papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during the year of 2007 have been reviewed. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environments. The conclusions are as follows. (1) The research trends of fluid engineering have been surveyed as groups of general fluid flow, fluid machinery and piping, etc. New research topics include micro nano fluid, micropump and fuel cell. Traditional CFD was still popular and widely used in research and development. Studies about fans and pumps were performed in the field of fluid machinery. Characteristics of flow and fin shape optimization are studied in the field of piping system. (2) The research works on heat transfer have been reviewed in the field of heat transfer characteristics, heat exchangers, and desiccant cooling systems. The research on heat transfer characteristics includes thermal transport in pulse tubes, high temperature superconductors, ground heat exchangers, fuel cell stacks and ice slurry systems. For the heat 'exchangers, the research on pin-tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger, condensers and gas coolers has been cordially implemented. The research works on heat transfer augmenting tubes have been also reported. For the desiccant cooling systems, the studies on the design and operating conditions for desiccant rotors as well as performance index are noticeable. (3) In the field of refrigeration, many papers were presented on the air conditioning system using CO2 as a refrigerant. The issues on the two-stage compression, the oil selection, and the appropriate oil charge were treated. The subjects of alternative refrigerants were also studied steadily. Hydrocarbons, DME and their mixtures were considered and various heat transfer correlations were proposed. (4) Research papers have been reviewed in the field of building facilities by grouping into the researches on heat and cold sources, air conditioning and air cleaning, ventilation and fire research including tunnel ventilation, flow control of piping system, and sound research with drain system. Main focuses have been addressed to the promotion of efficient or effective use of energy, which helps to save energy and results in reduced environmental pollution and operating cost. (5) Studies were mostly focused on analyzing the indoor environment in various spaces like cars, old tombs, machine rooms, and etc. in an architectural environmental field. Moreover, subjects of various fields such as the evaluation of noise, thermal environment, indoor air quality and development of energy analysis program were researched by various methods of survey, simulation, and field experiment.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.1098-1125
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• 2000

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 1998 and 1999 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. 1) A review of the recent studies on fluid flow, turbomachinery and pipe-network shows that many experimental investigations are conducted in applications of impingement jets. Researches on turbulent flows, pipe flows, pipe-networks are focused on analyses of practical systems and prediction of system performance. The results of noise reduction in the turbomachinery are also reported. 2) A review of the recent studies on heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows that there were many papers on the channel flow with the application to the design of heat exchanger in the heat transfer analysis. Various experimental and numerical papers on heat exchanger were also published, however, there were few papers available for the analysis of whole system including heat exchanger. 3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system have focused on the multi-type system and the heat pump cycle to utilize treated sewage as the heat source. The defrosting and the frosting behaviors in the fin-tube heat exchanger is experimentally examined by several authors. Several papers on the ice storage cooling system are presented to show the dynamic simulation program and optimal operation conditions. The study on the micro heat pipes for the cooling of high power electronic components is carried out to examine the characteristics of heat and mass transfer processed. In addition to these, new type of separate thermosyphon is studied experimentally. 4) The recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. New systems operating with natural refrigerants are drawing lots of attention. In addition to these, evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics of traditional and new refrigerants are investigated for plain tubes and also for microfin tubes. Capillary tubes and orifice are main topics of research as expansion devices and studies on thermophysical properties of new refrigerants and refrigerant/oil mixtures are widely carried out. 5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system shows that numerous experimental and analytical studies on the improvement of absorber performance have been presented. Dynamic analysis of compressor have been performed to understand its vibration characteristics. However research works on tow-phase flow and heat transfer, which could be encountered in the refrigeration system and various phase-change heat exchanger, were seemed to be insufficient. 6) A review of recent studies on duct system shows that the methods for circuit analysis, and flow balancing have been presented. Researches on ventilation are focused on the measurement of ventilation efficiency, and variation of ventilation efficiency with ventilation methods by numerous experimental and numerical studies. Furthermore, many studies have been conducted in real building in order to estimate indoor thermal environments. Many research works to get some information for cooling tower design have been performed but are insufficient. 7) A review on the recent studies on architectural thermal environment and building mechanical systems design shows that thermal comfort analysis is sitting environment, thermal performance analysis of Korean traditional building structures., and evaluation of building environmental load have been performed. However research works to improve the performance of mechanical system design and construction technology were seemed to be insufficient.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.94-131
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• 2007

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2004 and 2005 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, air-conditioning, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD and flow visualization(PIV, PTV and LDV methods) technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) The research trends of the previous two yews are surveyed as groups of natural convection, forced convection, electronic cooling, heat transfer enhancement, frosting and defrosting, thermal properties, etc. New research topics introduced include natural convection heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid, supercritical cooling performance or oil miscibility of $CO_2$, enthalpy heat exchanger for heat recovery, heat transfer enhancement in a plate heat exchanger using fluid resonance. (3) The literature for the last two years($2004{\sim}2005$) is reviewed in the areas of heat pump, ice and water storage, cycle analysis and reused energy including geothermal, solar and unused energy). The research on cycle analysis and experiments for $CO_2$ was extensively carried out to replace the Ozone depleting and global warming refrigerants such as HFC and HCFC refrigerants. From the year of 2005, the Gas Engine Heat Pump(GHP) has been paid attention from the viewpoint of the gas cooling application. The heat pipe was focused on the performance improvement by the parametric analysis and the heat recovery applications. The storage systems were studied on the performance enhancement of the storage tank and cost analysis for heating and cooling applications. In the area of unused energy, the hybrid systems were extensively introduced and the life cycle cost analysis(LCCA) for the unused energy systems was also intensively carried out. (4) Recent studies of various refrigeration and air-conditioning systems have focused on the system performance and efficiency enhancement. Heat transfer characteristics during evaporation and condensation are investigated for several tube shapes and of alternative refrigerants including carbon dioxide. Efficiency of various compressors and expansion devices are also dealt with for better modeling and, in particular, performance improvement. Thermoelectric module and cooling systems are analyzed theoretically and experimentally. (5) According to the review of recent studies on ventilation systems, an appropriate ventilation systems including machenical and natural are required to satisfied the level of IAQ. Also, an recent studies on air-conditioning and absorption refrigeration systems, it has mainly focused on distribution and dehumidification of indoor air to improve the performance were carried out. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor environment and building service systems, it is noticed that research issues have mainly focused on optimal thermal comfort, improvement of indoor air Quality and many innovative systems such as air-barrier type perimeter-less system with UFAC, radiant floor heating and cooling system and etc. New approaches are highlighted for improving indoor environmental condition as well as minimizing energy consumption, various activities of building control and operation strategy and energy performance analysis for economic evaluation.