• Advances in biomechanics and applications
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2014

In skin-marker based motion analysis, knee translation measurement is highly dependent on a pre-selected reference point (functional center) on each segment determined by the location of anatomical landmarks. However, the placement of skin markers on palpable anatomical landmarks (i.e., femoral epicondyles) has limited reproducibility. Thus, it produces large variances in knee translation measurement among different subjects, as well as across studies. In order improve the repeatability of knee translation measurement, in this study an optimization method was introduced, by which the femoral functional center was numerically determined. At that point the knee anteroposterior translation during the stance phase of walking was minimized. This new method was tested on 30 healthy subjects during walking in gait lab with motion capture system. Using this new method, the impact of skin marker position (at anatomical landmarks) on the knee translation measurement has been minimized. In addition, the ranges of anteroposterior knee translations during stance phase were significantly (p<0.001) smaller than those measured by conventional method which relies on a pre-selected functional center ($11.1{\pm}3.5mm$ vs. $19.9{\pm}5.5mm$). The results of anteroposterior translation using this new method were very close to a previously reported knee translation (12.4 mm) from dual fluoroscopic imaging technique. Moreover, this new method increased the reproducibility of knee translation measurement by 50%.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2022

This study analyzed the translation error factors of machine translation services such as Naver Papago and Google Translate through Self-Attention path visualization. Self-Attention is a key method of the Transformer and BERT NLP models and recently widely used in machine translation. We propose a method to explain translation error factors of machine translation algorithms by comparison the Self-Attention paths between ST(source text) and ST'(transformed ST) of which meaning is not changed, but the translation output is more accurate. Through this method, it is possible to gain explainability to analyze a machine translation algorithm's inside process, which is invisible like a black box. In our experiment, it was possible to explore the factors that caused translation errors by analyzing the difference in key word's attention path. The study used the XLM-RoBERTa multilingual NLP model provided by exBERT for Self-Attention visualization, and it was applied to two examples of Korean-Chinese and Korean-English translations.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.541-550
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a classification-based approach for hybridizing statistical machine translation and rulebased machine translation. Both the training dataset used in the learning of our proposed classifier and our feature extraction method affect the hybridization quality. To create one such training dataset, a previous approach used auto-evaluation metrics to determine from a set of component machine translation (MT) systems which gave the more accurate translation (by a comparative method). Once this had been determined, the most accurate translation was then labelled in such a way so as to indicate the MT system from which it came. In this previous approach, when the metric evaluation scores were low, there existed a high level of uncertainty as to which of the component MT systems was actually producing the better translation. To relax such uncertainty or error in classification, we propose an alternative approach to such labeling; that is, a cut-off method. In our experiments, using the aforementioned cut-off method in our proposed classifier, we managed to achieve a translation accuracy of 81.5% - a 5.0% improvement over existing methods.

• Language and Information
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.79-105
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• 1998

This paper aims to describe a German-Korean machine translation system for nominal phrases. Besides, we have two subgoals. First, we are going to revea linguistic differences between two languages and propose a language-informational method fo overcome the differences. The method is based on an integrated model of translation knowledge, efficient information structure, and concordance selection. Then, we will show the statistical results about translation experiment and its evaluation as an evidence for the adequacy of our linguistic method and translation system itself.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2018

Background: The process of language translation, adaptation, and cross-cultural validation of tools for use in multiple countries requires the adoption of well-established, comprehensive, and rigorous methodological approaches. Back translation, which is the most recommended method, permits the detection of errors in the translation and the identification of words or phrases that cannot be accurately or literally translated. Objects: The aim of this study was to verify the content validity of a Korean version of a Balance Evaluation Systems test (BESTest) by using a back-translation method. Methods: This research was conducted in six steps: 1) translation of the BESTest into Korean, 2) evaluation of the translation conformity of Korean-translated BESTest, 3) evaluation of the degree of translation comprehension, 4) back translation of Korean BESTest, 5) evaluation of the technical and conceptual equivalence, and 6) completion of the Korean version of BESTest by the translation verification committee. Results: In this study, Korean version of the BESTest achieved a rating of more than 3 (moderate) for translation comprehension, and technical equivalence and conceptual equivalence of back translation were evaluated as 3 (moderate) or more. Conclusion: The Korean version of the BESTest has proven content validity and is an appropriate tool to measure balance function.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2007

This paper describes an English-to-Korean automatic translation system for patent documents which is constructed by a method customizing from a general domain to a specific domain. The customizing method consists of following steps: 1) linguistically studying about characteristics of patent documents, 2) extracting unknown words from large patent documents and terminologically constructing, 3) customizing the target language words of existing terms, 4) extracting and constructing patent translation patterns peculiar to patent documents, 5) customizing existing translation engine modules according to linguistic study about characteristics of patent documents, 6) evaluation of automatic translation results. The English-to-Korean patent machine translation system implemented by these customization steps shows a translation accuracy of 81.03% and is improving.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.501-517
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• 2014

Binary translation is a restructuring process in order to execute a program targeting a specific device on the other devices. In binary translation, it is very important to generate the translation rules between two devices. There are two methods for generating the translation rules, direct and indirect mapping. The direct mapping is the method for performance, while the indirect mapping is the method for retargetability. This paper suggests a binary translation method based on the direct mapping for the embedded systems. Because, however, the retargetability is also important requirement, we suggest the direct mapping based binary translation with considering the retargetability. In addition, we implement an automatic generation tool for translation rules to prove our concept. Through this method, we can generate the translation rules with considering the performance as well as the retargetability. Furthermore, we can reduce costs for the binary translation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.16 no.11 s.116
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• pp.1149-1157
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• 2006

Donoho et al. suggested a wavelet thresholding denoising method based on discrete wavelet transform. This paper proposes an improved denoising method using a new thresholding function based on translation-invariant wavelet for underwater acoustic measurement. The conventional wavelet thresholding denoising method causes Pseudo-Gibbs phenomena near singularities due to the lack of translation-invariant of the wavelet basis. To suppress Pseudo-Gibbs phenomena, a denoising method combining a new thresholding function based on the translation-invariant wavelet transform is proposed in this paper. The new thresholding function is a modified hard-thresholding to each node according to the discriminated threshold so as to reject unknown external noise and white gaussian noise. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate noise, extract characteristic information of radiated noise signals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.105-114
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• 2007

This paper addresses a method for customizing an English-to-Korean machine translation system from general domain to patent domain. The customizing method consists of following steps: 1) linguistically studying about characteristics of patent documents, 2) extracting unknown words from large patent documents and constructing large bilingual terminology, 3) extracting and constructing the patent-specific translation patterns 4) customizing the translation engine modules of the existing general MT system according to linguistic study about characteristics of patent documents, and 5) evaluating the accuracy of translation modules and the translation quality. This research was performed under the auspices of the MIC (Ministry of Information and Communication) of Korean government during 2005-2006. The translation accuracy of the customized English-Korean patent translation system is 82.43% on the average in 5 patent fields (machinery, electronics, chemistry, medicine and computer) according to the evaluation of 7 professional human translators. In 2006, the patent MT system started an on-line patent MT service in IPAC (International Patent Assistance Center) under MOCIE (Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy) in Korea. In 2007, KIPO (Korean Intellectual Property Office) tries to launch an English-Korean patent MT service.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1999

This paper proposes a translation approach for PLCs (Programmable logic controllers) converting ladder diagrams directly to native codes, and describes detailed steps of the method followed by performance evaluation. A general-purpose DSP (Digital signal processor) based implementation validates the approach as well. A benchmark test shows that the Proposed translation framework fairly speeds up execution in comparison with the existing interpretation approach.