• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.797-802
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• 2003

필수지방산의 함량이 높은 식물성 유지 중 옥수수유에 CLA를 연속식 반응기를 통해 esterification하여 기능성을 가지는 재구성지질을 합성하였고 합성 시에 유속, 반응온도, 기질의 농도를 변수로 하여, Thermomyces lanuginosa로부터 획득된 TL IM 효소를 이용 하였다. TAG의 조성 분석을 통해 CLA의 함량을 분석한 결과, 재구성지질 중에 함유된 CLA의 이성체는 주로 생리활성효과가 보고 되어진 cis9,trans11-CLA, trans10,cis12-CLA 등으로써 함유된 총 CLA 함량의 약 $80{\sim}90%$를 차지하였다. Peristaltic tubing pump의 유속을 변수로 하여 재구성지질 중에 함유된 CLA의 함량을 분석한 결과, 유속이 느릴수록 생성된 CLA의 함량이 많은 것으로 조사되었고, 반응온도를 변수로 하여 생성된 CLA의 함량을 비교 분석한 결과, 온도가 높을수록 그 함량도 증가하였으나, $65^{\circ}C$의 조건에서는 오히려 그 함량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 기질의 농도를 변수로 하여 생성된 CLA의 함량을 비교 분석 결과는 옥수수유 : CLA의 1:3 mol비율에서 생성된 CLA의 함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 통해서 1.0 mL/min, $55^{\circ}C$, 옥수수유 : CLA의 1:3 mol 비율의 생성 조건에서 cis9,trans11-CLA, trans10,cis12-CLA 등의 함량이 각각 7.32, 6.91 mol% 등으로 가장 높게 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 pancreatic lipase에 의해 가수분해를 실시한 후 sn-2 위치의 지방산 조성 분석 결과, CLA가 존재하지 않았으며, 따라서 TL IM이 sn-1,3 specific임을 확인할 수 있었다. 다양한 조건에서 생성된 재구성지질 중의 불포화도를 알아보기 위해 요오드값을 측정한 결과, 그 측정값이 $120{\sim}128$의 범위를 가졌으며, HPLC를 통해 재구성지질의 중성지방의 성분을 분석한 결과, TAG가 약 98%로 대부분을 차지하였으며. 소량의 1,2-와 1,3-DAG 및 MAG을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2003

Numerous physiological effects are attributed to conjugated linoleic acid(CLA). The purpose of this study is to consider these effects with respect to the cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer. Both isomers are natural products. The c9,t11-CLA isomer is the principal dietary form of CLA, but the concentrations of this isomer and the t10,c12-CLA Isomer in dairy products or beef vary depending on the diet fed to cows or steers, respectively. The influence of dietary CLA isomers on the immune response was examined, body weight and weight ratio of organ to body of Balb/C mice. Mice were divided into four groups of 8 mice. Balb/C mice were fed the experimental diets supplemented with 1% CLA (c9,t11-CLA isomer : t10,c12-CLA isomer = 2:3) (Group 1), 1% CLA (c9,t11-CLA isomer t10,c12-CLA isomer : 1:1) (Group 2), 1% safflower oil (Group 3) or nothing (Control) for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, serum, gut lumen lavage, fat, liver, spleen and thymus were taken. Measurement of total immunoglobulin were executed using sandwich ELISA. Serum levels of IgA and IgM showed that group fed with t10,c12-CLA isomer significantly were higher than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. In addition serum level of IgG showed that group fed with t10,c9-CLA isomer significantly were lower than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. However, no significantly differences were observed in the serum IgE and secretory IgA. Weight ratio of spleen to body showed no significant differences. In weight ratio of liver and thymus to body, tl0,c9-CLA isomer significantly were respectively higher than group fed with c9,t11-CLA isomer. In weight ratio of fat to body, tl0,c9-CLA isomer significantly were respectively lower than group fed with c9,tl1-CLA isomer. In conclusion, t10,c12-CLA isomer produced a situation favorable for immunopotentiative effect and body composition. But it should be protected against hepatomegaly induced lipid accumulation in liver.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1734-1742
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• 2011

본 실험에서는 들기름에 약 60%로 존재하는 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid를 알칼리 이성질화 반응을 이용하여 CLnA(conjugated linolenic acid)와 CLA(conjugated linoleic acid)를 생산하고자 하였다. 들기름을 가수분해한 뒤에 10분에서 6시간까지의 반응시간과 5%에서 60%까지의 NaOH 농도에서 CLnA와 CLA의 생성을 표준물질과 함께 GC와 spectrophotometer를 이용하여 확인하였다. 시간에 따른 CLnA와 CLA 함량 변화는 나타나지 않았으나, NaOH 농도가 증가함에 따라서 CLnA와 CLA가 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 반응조건 중, 20% KOH, $180^{\circ}C$, 1시간 반응에서 14.5%와 14%의 CLnA와 CLA의 함량을 나타냈으며, 42.2%의 C18:3 conjugated 이성질체가 생성되었다. 이성질체를 확인하기 위해 GC-MS 그리고 FT-IR을 이용한 실험을 수행하였다. GC-MS의 ion peak 분석 결과, conjugated 형태에서만 특징적으로 나타나는 m/z=91 ion peak를 확인할 수 있었고, CLA와 CLnA의 분자량이 C18:2와 C18:3과 일치하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 NIST Library에서 검색된 methyl 9c, 11t-CLA, methyl 10t, 12c-CLA와 methyl 9cis, 11trans, 13trans-octadecatrienoate의 결과와 일치하는 ion peak를 형성하였다. 이 외의 이성질체는 FT-IR 분석 결과, 높은 trans fatty acid 함량을 보여 알칼리 이성질화 반응 시, $180^{\circ}C$의 높은 열에 반응을 하여 trans 형태의 conjugated form이 다량 생성된 것으로 사료된다. conjugated 이성질체의 생성 양을 높이기 위해 들기름 가수분해물을 우레아 분별을 한 뒤에, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid의 함량을 70%까지 높인 뒤에 알칼리 이성질화 반응을 수행한 결과 CLnA의 생성 양이 16.6%까지 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 CLnA 이외의 conjugated 지방산 함량의 변화는 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1743-1748
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• 2003

The effect of pH on the fermentation characteristics and the formation of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid by mixed ruminal bacteria was examined in vitro when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. Concentrate (1%, w/v) with ground linseed (0.6%, w/v) or rapeseed (0.5%, w/v) was added to 600 ml mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v), and was incubated anaerobically for 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. The pH of culture solution was maintained at level close to 4.5, 5.3, 6.1 and 6.9 with 30% $H_2SO_4$ or 30% NaOH solution. pH increment resulted in increases of ammonia and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in culture solutions containing both oilseeds. Fermentation did not proceeded at pH 4.5. Molar proportion of acetate decreased but that of propionate increased as pH increased when incubated with oilseeds. While the hydrogenating process was very slow at the pH range of 4.5 to 5.3, rapid hydrogenation was found from the culture solutions of pH 6.1 and 6.9 when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. As pH in culture solution of linseed or rapeseed increases proportions of oleic acid (cis-9 $C_{18:1}$) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid increased but those of linoleic acid and linolenic acid decreased. The CLA proportion increased with pH in culture solution containing rapeseed but CLA was mostly not detected from the incubation of linseed.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1261-1264
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• 2008

In the present study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation (50:50 ratio of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers) for 8 weeks on body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy overweight/obese (body mass index, BMI${\geq}23\;kg/m^2$) Korean subjects was performed, Thirty participants (3 males and 27 females) were randomized to receive placebo (2.4 g olive oil/day) or 2.4g/day CLA (mixture containing 36.9% of cis-9, trans-11 and 37.9% of trans-10, cis-12). Eight weeks of CLA supplementation significantly decreased body weight by -0.75kg, BMI by $-0.27\;kg/m^2$, and hip circumference by -1.11 cm. The reduction of body weight was ascribed to the reduction of body fat mass (-0.59 kg) and lean body mass (-0.18 kg), although these changes were not significant. No significant differences in serum lipid profiles, liver function enzyme activities, and protein concentration were observed in either the CLA or placebo groups. These results indicate that short tenn supplementation (8 weeks) with CLA (2.4 g/day) may decrease body weight in Korean overweight/obese subjects.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1566-1573
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• 2009

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to inhibit the adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes in non-ruminant animals (mice, rat, and human). However, the effects of trans-10, cis-12 CLA have not been clear in ruminants. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of trans-10, cis-12 CLA on adipocyte differentiation of ovine preadipocytes. Differentiation of these preadipocytes was facilitated by treatment with trans-10, cis-12 CLA. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA increased the number and size of oil red O-stainable lipid drops as well as the levels of GPDH activity. PPAR-$\gamma{2}$ and adipophilin mRNA, adipogenic marker genes, were increased by treatment with trans-10, cis-12 CLA. This result was different from that observed with 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, a clonal cell line derived from rodents. Furthermore, trans-10, cis-12 CLA alone induced the adipocyte differentiation of ovine preadipocytes in differentiation-induction medium without troglitazone. These results suggest that CLA is an inducer and regulator in adipocyte differentiation of ovine preadipocytes, with species differences between ovine and rodent preadipocytes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.222-226
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• 2003

The effects of dietary sources of C18:2 n-6 or C18:3 n-3 fatty acids on the occurrence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and time-dependent changes of free fatty acid fractions in rumen contents were investigated. Sheep (n=4) fitted with rumen fistula were used in a 44 Latin square design wxith each 14 d period. Sheep were fed one of four diets consisting of grass hay and concentrates in a ratio of 70:30. Dietary treatments were 100% concentrates (served as the control), and concentrates were replaced by safflower seed at 30% (SFS), safflower meal at 18% - safflower oil at 12% (SFO), and safflower meal at 18%-linseed oil at 12% (LNO). At the end of each experimental period, rumen contents from each sheep were collected before feeding and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 h after feeding. The levels of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction were considerably increased in all treated groups relative to the control, but not significantly. The increase in cis-9, trans-11 CLA was slightly higher in SFS and SFO groups than group fed diet containing linseed oil. The level of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in free fatty acid fraction was reached to the maximum value at 1hr after feeding and, thereafter gradually decreased to near the value before feeding. The generation of trans-11 C18:1 was significantly higher in all treated groups than that of control. The level of trans-11 C18:1 was linearly increased after feeding of experimental diets, reaching the maximum value at 3 h. Feeding of diets containing polyunsaturated fats to sheep resulted in a marked increase in the levels of trans-11 C18:1 and a slight increase of CLA in free fatty acid fraction of rumen contents. Our results support that endogenous synthesis of CLA from trans-11 C18:1 may be involved the primary source of CLA in dairy product. (Asian-Aust.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.879-885
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• 2010

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are found naturally in foods, such as milk, milk products, beef and others, from biohydrogenation of vegetable oils. They are heterogenous group of isomers of linoleic acid in the family of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among the isomers of linoleic acid cis9, trans11- CLA (c9, t11-CLA) and trans10, cis12- CLA (t10, c12-CLA) are found to be biologically active isomers. These biologically active isomers either individual or combined found to be health beneficial in various diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis, conclusive participation in physiological processes are necessary. This review focused on the current study of CLA in prevention of disease, such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis, and their effective function in body fat reduction, improvement of bone and muscle mass at a cellular, clinical and systematic level.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.427-442
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• 2002

이상의 연구 결과들을 요약해보면 CLA는 생체내외에서 다양한 생리활성 효과를 가지는 것을 알 수 있다. CLA의 주요 효과는 유방암, 췌장암, 피부암 및 대장암을 억제하는 효과, 동물체내에서의 면역력증강 효과, 동맥경화증에 대한 효과, 지방축적 억제효과, 체내 지방분해 촉진효과 및 식육에서의 항산화 효과와 육색안정 효과 등으로 요약된다. 그러므로 CLA는 건강보조식품으로 혹은 축산식품을 비롯한 다양한 식품의 기능성 첨가제로써의 충분한 가능성을 가지고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 이러한 CLA의 효과는 실험에 따라 다소간의 차이를 나타내고 또한 CLA의 생리활성 기작에 대한 정확한 이해가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 향후 CLA와 관련하여 다음과 같은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 1) 새로운 CLA 이성체의 발견 및 CLA 합성방법에 대한 연구 2) CLA가 가지는 각각의 생리활성 효과에 대한 정확한 기작을 밝히는 연구 3) CLA 이성체간의 생리활성 효과 차이에 대한 연구 4) CLA의 생리활성 효과를 극대화 할 수 있는 이성체간의 비율에 대한 연구 5) 기능성 식품첨가제로써의 CLA를 효과적으로 이용하는 방법 연구 6) CLA를 식용가축 및 축산물에 효과적으로 축적시키는 방법 연구 7) CLA를 이용한 육제품 및 유제품 개발 연구 8) 사람에 있어 CLA 효과에 대한 임상 연구.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.661-666
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• 2003

The study was designed to compare the anti-carcinogenic effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on colon carcinogenesis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-treated rats by determining the levels of apoptosis, cell proliferation, eicosanoids and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) in colonic mucosa. Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups depending on the types of CLA isomers, i.e. BT group (no CLA contained), CLA-C group (cis-9, trans11 isomer contained), and CLA- T group (trans-10, cis-12 isomer contained). The experimental diet was composed of protein at 20%, carbohydrate at 56.2%, and fat at 14.5% including 0.8% CLA isomers by weight. The experimental diet was fed for 14 weeks with the initiation of intramuscular injection of DMH, which was injected twice a week for 6 weeks to give total dose of l80mg per kg body weight. Two CLA isomers (c9t11 and t10c12) significantly increased the relative percentage of apoptosis but reduced cell proliferation in mucosal cell and also the levels of PGE$_2$, TXB$_2$, and DAG in colonic mucosa. However, there was no significant differences in anti-carcinogenic effect between c9t11 isomer and t10c12 isomer. Overall, colon carcinogenesis could be significantly inhibited by CLA isomers by increasing apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation, the levels of eicosanoids and DAG in colonic mucosa.