• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1975

Soong-Neung is a Korean traditional beverage served after meals and is made from cooked and roasted rice produced on the bottom of the container during the rice cooking process. The volatiles from the extract of cooked and roasted rice were separated into pyrazine and carbonyl fractions and qualitatively investigated. The pyrazine fraction was characterized by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and five pyrazines were positively identified. Pyrazine compounds identified are 2-methylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine and 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine. Carbonyls were converted to their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and identified by gas chromatography, combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography. Acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, iso-butyraldehyde and iso-valeraldehyde were positively identified in the carbonyl compounds. The aroma of the fractions indentified as 2,3-dimethylpyrazine and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine had a nut-like or roasted cereal-like flavor, which is one of the characteristic flavors of Soong-Neung.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.163-170
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to describe quantitatively the characteristics and the structure of the Act on the development, management, etc. of Marinas (the Marinas Act) by analysing its provisions using semantic network analysis. The method of semantic network analysis has its advantages in overcoming limitations of the traditional content analysis method, as it is easy for the user to understand the structure and the shape of a network by figuring out the structural network among words. The object of the analysis is the full text of Marinas Act recently revised from Chapters 1 to 4, while partial analysis is carried out respectively for each chapter from Chapters 2 to 4. The structural characteristic of the Marinas Act shows that the act focuses on the development of marinas, as its main goal is interpreted to set up hardwares and to construct facilities rather than to promote the marina industry itself. Even though some clauses for human capital development and business development are included, they are of less importance compared to the development of marina facilities. This study provides some basic information on the structural characteristics of the current act, which can be referred to in subsequent studies. In the future, it also needs to be complemented through comparative analysis with government policy outcomes and performance of diverse analytical approaches.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.648-659
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• 2000

Through this study I would like to examine the meaning system of the symbolized codes related with real costume figures of the abstract concept of the style of the mourning ceremonial dress in Chosun Dynasty as a variable cause of communication through non-language method by the structural analysis of coding of the ceremonial dress style and the meaning system of the codes centering on the traditional book of funeral etiquette dealing with hueneral cereony in the period. To achieve this purpose, I have used the symbolic theory of constructive concept by F. de Saussure, cultural notation theory of Roland Barthes & Umberto Eco, and structural style of costumes by Myung-Sook Han. The result of the study is as follows. 1. As Chosun Dynasty was a society in which people considered courtesy so much important and practiced the basic Confucian ideas of the three bonds and five moral disciplines in human relations, the characteristic of funeral rites in Chosun Dynasty consists in expression of the thoughts of moral ethics & relative systems and systems of clan rules, etc which was a langue determining the symbols of mourning ceremony dress because the mourning ceremony dress in the period should have the feature of a langue. The mourning ceremonial dresses in the period had five grades of the consume and the grades were determined to be classified into five levels according to the clan system of the chief mourner with sang, ha bang. And the method of the association of the mourning ceremonial dress codes had the six principles of Chinchin, Jonjon, Myoungboon, Chulip, Changyu, and Jongbok. 2. Regarding the mourning ceremonial costumes in Korean society, the meaning of funeral ceremony was expressed by the signifier and materials of the mourning costumes in the society. During the process of the funeral, the intangible feeling of condolence was the expression of mourning and the tangible mourning ceremonial dress was the signal with the lamentation meaning. Especially, characters and patterns were removed from the mourning ceremonial dresses in spite of their function of symbols and the styles of costumes were emphasized. Especially the meaning of condolences was symbolized by attachment of some small pieces of cloth on the upper garments. Hemp was mainly emphasized to be the material of the costumes and some different meanings showed according to the quality of the material hemp. The mourning ceremonial dresses were distinguished from ordinary dresses, which were emphasized because they gad some symbolic meaning of the mourning. 3. Considering the association of the synthetic relations of the costumes from the viewpoint that the mourning ceremonial dresses would be classified according to a system, the symbolization of them were avaliable by sex according to how to combine them and there were no distinction between social classes in the society.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2016

Bacillus subtilis SRCM 101269 having safety and amo gene isolated from Korean traditional fermented food and their investigated characterization to apply the cow manure such as cellulase and xylanase activities, 16S rRNA sequencing, and ability of removal of livestock manure odor. Cow manure application results for the removal of livestock manure odor, the ammonia gas was reduced more than two-folder compared to the control group after 6 days, and reduced to less than 10 ppm after 9 days. In the case of cow manure added fowl droppings and other wood-based mixture components, ammonia gas maintained constant after 3 days of fermentation. However, in the case of sample inoculated B. subtilis SRCM 101269, ammonia gas reduced in course of fermentation time, and concentration of hydrogen sulfide also reduced for 65 ppm. Changes of nitrite concentration according to fermentation time no showed different for cow manure, however nitrite concentration in mixed livestock manure increased when compared to control. And then sulfate concentration in cow manure decreased, and no showed different when compared to the initial fermentation. No apparent change of sulfate concentration in mixed livestock manure detected. Through the previously studies, B. subtilis SRCM 101269 has high potential in industrial application manufacturing the cow manure as removal of livestock manure odor.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.322-328
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• 2010

Fermented skate is a traditional Korean food popular in Southwestern area of Korea. It has a characteristic flavor and alkaline pH. In this study we tried to determine the microbial flora in fermented skate using two different approaches. In culture-independent method, we amplified V2 region of 16S rRNA gene by PCR and cloned them into pUC18 plasmid to construct 16S rDNA fragment library. BLAST searches for the sequences obtained from this library revealed that uncultured bacterium clone 054E11.b was the most dominant flora in this fermented fish. In culture-dependent method, we diluted suspension of skate and spreaded on MRS, PCA, and MacConkey plates. We identified colonies grown on those plates by using PCR amplification of V2 region of 16S rRNA and DNA sequencing. BLAST searches of those DNA sequences resulted in totally different species with the observations from the 16S rDNA library analysis. Discrepancies of results obtained from both approaches suggest that the agar plates used in culture-dependent method may be different from the real condition of fermented skate. Therefore, results from culture-independent approach using 16S rDNA fragment library analysis may reflect real microbial flora in fermented skate.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

Objective: This study aims to present literature providing researchers with insights on specific fields of research and highlighting the major issues in the research topics. A systematic review is suggested using content analysis on literatures regarding "visual search", "eye movement", and "eye track". Background: Literature review can be classified as "narrative" or "systematic" depending on its approach in structuring the content of the research. Narrative review is a traditional approach that describes the current state of a study field and discusses relevant topics. However, since literatures on specific area cover a broad range, reviewers inherently give subjective weight on specific issues. On the contrary, systematic review applies explicit structured methodology to observe the study trends quantitatively. Method: We collected meta-data of journal papers using three search keywords: visual search, eye movement, and eye track. The collected information contains an unstructured data set including many natural languages which compose titles and abstracts, while the keyword of the journal paper is the only structured one. Based on the collected terms, seven categories were evaluated by inductive categorization and quantitative analysis from the chronological trend of the research area. Results: Unstructured information contains heavier content on "stimuli" and "condition" categories as compared with structured information. Studies on visual search cover a wide range of cognitive area whereas studies on eye movement and eye track are closely related to the physiological aspect. In addition, experimental studies show an increasing trend as opposed to the theoretical studies. Conclusion: By systematic review, we could quantitatively identify the characteristic of the research keyword which presented specific research topics. We also found out that the structured information was more suitable to observe the aim of the research. Chronological analysis on the structured keyword data showed that studies on "physical eye movement" and "cognitive process" were jointly studied in increasing fashion. Application: While conventional narrative literature reviews were largely dependent on authors' instinct, quantitative approach enabled more objective and macroscopic views. Moreover, the characteristics of information type were specified by comparing unstructured and structured information. Systematic literature review also could be used to support the authors' instinct in narrative literature reviews.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.245-253
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• 2011

Due to the imprudent spending of the fossil fuels, the environment was contaminated seriously and the exhaustion problems of the fossil fuels loomed large. Therefore people become taking a great interest in alternative energy resources which can solve problems of fossil fuels. The wind power energy is one of the most interested energy in the new and renewable energy. However, the plants of wind power energy and the traditional power plants should be balanced between the power generation and the power consumption. Therefore, we need analysis and prediction to generate power efficiently using wind energy. In this paper, we have performed a research to predict power generation patterns using the wind power data. Prediction approaches of datamining area can be used for building a prediction model. The research steps are as follows: 1) we performed preprocessing to handle the missing values and anomalous data. And we extracted the characteristic vector data. 2) The representative patterns were found by the MIA(Mean Index Adequacy) measure and the SOM(Self-Organizing Feature Map) clustering approach using the normalized dataset. We assigned the class labels to each data. 3) We built a new predicting model about the wind power generation with classification approach. In this experiment, we built a forecasting model to predict wind power generation patterns using the decision tree.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been extensively used in the traditional oriental medicine as a restorative, tonic and Prophylactic agent. Recently, several reports regarding to anticancer effects of Panax ginseng has accumulated. These studies emphasized the fact that the anticancer activities might be due to a glycoside group called ginsenoside or pan.u saponin which has a water soluble characteristic. However, the authors and collaborates demonstrated that a highly lipid soluble component in extract of Panax ginseng roots contains a considerable cytotoxic activities against marine leukemic cells (L1210, P388) and human censer cells (HRT-18, HT-29, HCT48). This study was devised to observe the cytotoxic activities of Petroleum-ether extract of Panax giuseng roots (crude GBD and its Partially Purified fraction from silicic acid column chromatography (7 : 3 GX) against sarcoma-180 (5-180) and Walker carcinosar- coma 256 (Walker 256) in vivo, and murine leukemic Lymphocytes (L1210) and human rectal cancer cells (HRT-18) and human colon cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT48) in vitro. Each cell-line was cultured in medium containing serial concentration of the crude GX or 7 : 3 GX in vitro. A highly lipid soluble compound in the extract of Panax ginseng root was cytocidal to murine leukemic cells and human colon and rectal cancer cells in vitro. In the meantime, ginseng saponin derivatives did not have cytotoxic effects at its corresponding concentration. The growth rates of the cancer cells in medium containing ginseng extracts were inhibited gradually to a significant degree roughly in proportion to the increase of the extract concentration. The cytotoxic activity of 7 : 3 GX was about 3 times more potent than that of crude GX, one unit of cytotoxic activity against L1210 cells being equivalent to 2.54 Ug and 058 Ug for the crude GX and 7 : 3 GX, respectively. The Ri value of the active compound on silica- gel thin layer chromatography with petroleum-ether/ethyl ether/acetic acid mixture (90 : 10 : 1, v/v/v) as a developing so lvent was 053. While, the Panaxydol and Panaxynol as active compounds were purified from Petroleum-ether extract of Panax ginseng root by Drs. Ahn and Kim, and author found out that the one unit of cytotoxic activity of the Panaxydol and Panaxynol against L1210 cells being equivalent to 056 Ug and 0.3918 respectively. The survival times of mice inoculated with S-180 cells were extended about 1.5 to 2 times by the 7 : 3 GX treatment compared with their control group. The significantly decreased hemoglobin values of rats after inoculation with Walker 256 were recovered to normal range by oral administration of the crude Gt The synthetic levels of protein, DNA and RNA in human colon and rectal cancer cells were significantly diminished by treatment with the crude GX, which can explain a part of the origin of its anticancer activity.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.491-501
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• 2008

In order to describe runoff characteristics of urban drainage area, outflow from subbasins divided by considering topography and flow path, is analyzed through stormwater system. In doing so, concentration time and time-area curve change significantly according to basin shape, and runoff characteristics are changed greatly by these attributes. Therefore, in this development study of FFC2Q model by MLTM, we aim to improve the accuracy in analyzing runoff by adding a module that considers basin shape, giving it an advantage over popular urban hydrology models, such as SWMM and ILLUDAS, that can not account for geometric shape of a basin due to their assumptions of unit subbasin as having a simple rectangular form. For subbasin shapes, symmetry types (rectangular, ellipse, lozenge), divergent types (triangle, trapezoid), and convergent types (inverted triangle, inverted trapezoid) have been analyzed in application of time-area curve for surface runoff analysis. As a result, we found that runoff characteristic can be quite different depending on basin shape. For example, when Gunja basin was represented by lozenge shape, the best results for peak flow discharge and overall shape of runoff hydrograph were achieved in comparison to observed data. Additionally, in case of considering subbasin shape, the number of division of drainage basin did not affect peak flow magnitude and gave stable results close to observed data. However, in case of representing the shape of subbasins by traditional rectangular approximation, the division number had sensitive effects on the analysis results.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.108-116
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• 2015

This study intends to research the spatial characteristics of Asian interim housing that accommodates sufferers pro tempore after disasters. The scope of this research covers the interim spaces used for housing people after natural disasters that occurred in Asia for the past fifteen years. Within this scope, literature review was conducted as the basis to derive the characteristics and environmental elements of interim housing, which provided the criteria to compare and evaluate cases of interim housing along with characteristic elements required of interim housing found in previous studies. According to literature review, interim housing can be classified by life-span, region, economy, climate, type, number of household, square measure, residential cost, structure/material, and service life. Within the scope of the present research, literature review showed a total of twenty-eight cases of interim housing in fifteen countries revealing a high rate of disaster occurrence in the subtropic and tropic climate of Southeast Asia. A great percentage of interim housing was used for long-term stay of over a year. The structure of interim housing varied from lightweight steel, wooden, masonry, membrane, to traditional structure and the type were divided into temporary shelter, transitional housing, temporary housing, and permanent housing. Followed by literature review, the characteristics required of post-disaster interim housing were analyzed based on previous research and case studies. The characteristics of interim housing can be divided into environmental, technological, and socio-cultural ones. Sub-characterical items according to such division include amenity, health, surroundings, structure, convenience, eco-friendliness, safety, communication, and locality. As a result of evaluation, most items met the required characteristics of interim housing, while technological characteristics such as structure and convenience varied with the types of interim housing and appeared even unnecessary in some cases. According to analysis, amenity is maintained through the structural and material characteristics of interim housing and is also facilitated by increasing number of infrastructure such as educational, sanitary, and convenience facilities provided by the governmental and organizational bodies. It is expected that this study will be utilized as preliminary data for follow-up studies that improve the environment of post-disaster interim housing suitable for domestic circumstances in environmental, technological, and socio-cultural respects.