• 제목/요약/키워드: toxin profiles

검색결과 37건 처리시간 0.024초

Diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Isolated from Citrus Orchards in Spain and Evaluation of Their Insecticidal Activity Against Ceratitis capitata

  • J.C., Vidal-Quist;Castanera, P.;Gonzalez-Cabrera, J.
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제19권8호
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    • pp.749-759
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    • 2009
  • A survey of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) strains isolated from Spanish citrus orchards has been performed, and the strains were tested for insecticidal activity against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), a key citrus pest in Spain. From a total of 150 environmental samples, 376 isolates were selected, recording a total B. thuringiensis index of 0.52. The collection was characterized by means of phase-contrast microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and PCR analysis with primer pairs detecting toxin genes cry1, cry2, cry3, cry4, cry5, cry7, cry8, cry9, cry10, cry11, cry12, cry14, cry17, cry19, cry21, cry27, cry39, cry44, cyt1, and cyt2. Diverse crystal inclusion morphologies were identified: bipyramidal (45%), round (40%), adhered to the spore (7%), small (5%), and irregular (3%). SDS-PAGE of spore-crystal preparations revealed 39 different electrophoresis patterns. All primer pairs used in PCR tests gave positive amplifications in strains of our collection, except for primers for detection of cry3, cry19, cry39, or cry44 genes. Strains containing cry1, cry2, cry4, and cry27 genes were the most abundant (48.7%, 46%, 11.2%, and 8.2% of the strains, respectively). Ten different genetic profiles were found, although a total of 109 strains did not amplify with the set of primers used. Screening for toxicity against C. capitata adults was performed using both spore-crystal and soluble fractions. Mortality levels were less than 30%. We have developed a large and diverse B. thuringiensis strain collection with huge potential to control several agricultural pests; however, further research is needed to find out Bt strains active against C. capitata.

Comparison of Trichothecene Biosynthetic Gene Expression between Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium asiaticum

  • Lee, Theresa;Lee, Seung-Ho;Shin, Jean Young;Kim, Hee-Kyoung;Yun, Sung-Hwan;Kim, Hwang-Yong;Lee, Soohyung;Ryu, Jae-Gee
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.33-42
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    • 2014
  • Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are predominant Fusarium-producing mycotoxins found in grains, which are mainly produced by Fusarium asiaticum and F. graminearum. NIV is found in most of cereals grown in Korea, but the genetic basis for NIV production by F. asiaticum has not been extensively explored. In this study, 12 genes belonging to the trichothecene biosynthetic gene cluster were compared at the transcriptional level between two NIV-producing F. asiaticum and four DON-producing F. graminearum strains. Chemical analysis revealed that time-course toxin production patterns over 14 days did not differ between NIV and DON strains, excluding F. asiaticum R308, which was a low NIV producer. Both quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Northern analysis revealed that the majority of TRI gene transcripts peaked at day 2 in both NIV and DON producers, which is 2 days earlier than trichothecene accumulation in liquid medium. Comparison of the gene expression profiles identified an NIV-specific pattern in two transcription factor-encoding TRI genes (TRI6 and TRI10) and TRI101, which showed two gene expression peaks during both the early and late incubation periods. In addition, the amount of trichothecenes produced by both DON and NIV producers were correlated with the expression levels of TRI genes, regardless of the trichothecene chemotypes. Therefore, the reduced production of NIV by R308 compared to NIV or DON by the other strains may be attributable to the significantly lower expression levels of the TRI genes, which showed early expression patterns.

Pan-Genomics of Lactobacillus plantarum Revealed Group-Specific Genomic Profiles without Habitat Association

  • Choi, Sukjung;Jin, Gwi-Deuk;Park, Jongbin;You, Inhwan;Kim, Eun Bae
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제28권8호
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    • pp.1352-1359
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    • 2018
  • Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium that promotes animal intestinal health as a probiotic and is found in a wide variety of habitats. Here, we investigated the genomic features of different clusters of L. plantarum strains via pan-genomic analysis. We compared the genomes of 108 L. plantarum strains that were available from the NCBI GenBank database. These genomes were 2.9-3.7 Mbp in size and 44-45% in G+C content. A total of 8,847 orthologs were collected, and 1,709 genes were identified to be shared as core genes by all the strains analyzed. On the basis of SNPs from the core genes, 108 strains were clustered into five major groups (G1-G5) that are different from previous reports and are not clearly associated with habitats. Analysis of group-specific enriched or depleted genes revealed that G1 and G2 were rich in genes for carbohydrate utilization (${\text\tiny{L}}-arabinose$, ${\text\tiny{L}}-rhamnose$, and fructooligosaccharides) and that G3, G4, and G5 possessed more genes for the restriction-modification system and MazEF toxin-antitoxin. These results indicate that there are critical differences in gene content and survival strategies among genetically clustered L. plantarum strains, regardless of habitats.

Virulence gene profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Brancaster from chicken

  • Evie Khoo ;Roseliza Roslee ;Zunita Zakaria;Nur Indah Ahmad
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제24권6호
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    • pp.82.1-82.12
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    • 2023
  • Background: The current conventional serotyping based on antigen-antisera agglutination could not provide a better understanding of the potential pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Brancaster. Surveillance data from Malaysian poultry farms indicated an increase in its presence over the years. Objective: This study aims to investigate the virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance in S. Brancaster isolated from chickens in Malaysia. Methods: One hundred strains of archived S. Brancaster isolated from chicken cloacal swabs and raw chicken meat from 2017 to 2022 were studied. Two sets of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted to identify eight virulence genes associated with pathogenicity in Salmonella (invasion protein gene [invA], Salmonella invasion protein gene [sipB], Salmonella-induced filament gene [sifA], cytolethal-distending toxin B gene [cdtB], Salmonella iron transporter gene [sitC], Salmonella pathogenicity islands gene [spiA], Salmonella plasmid virulence gene [spvB], and inositol phosphate phosphatase gene [sopB]). Antimicrobial susceptibility assessment was conducted by disc diffusion method on nine selected antibiotics for the S. Brancaster isolates. S. Brancaster, with the phenotypic ACSSuT-resistance pattern (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracycline), was subjected to PCR to detect the corresponding resistance gene(s). Results: Virulence genes detected in S. Brancaster in this study were invA, sitC, spiA, sipB, sopB, sifA, cdtB, and spvB. A total of 36 antibiogram patterns of S. Brancaster with a high level of multidrug resistance were observed, with ampicillin exhibiting the highest resistance. Over a third of the isolates displayed ACSSuT-resistance, and seven resistance genes (β-lactamase temoneira [blaTEM], florfenicol/chloramphenicol resistance gene [floR], streptomycin resistance gene [strA], aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase gene [ant(3")-Ia], sulfonamides resistance gene [sul-1, sul-2], and tetracycline resistance gene [tetA]) were detected. Conclusion: Multidrug-resistant S. Brancaster from chickens harbored an array of virulence-associated genes similar to other clinically significant and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars, placing it as another significant foodborne zoonosis.

전통 발효 청국장으로부터 분리한 Bacillus 균주들의 특성 및 기능 분석 (Characteristics and functional analysis of Bacillus strains from the fermented soybean products, Cheonggukjang)

  • 문지영;권순우;홍승범;석순자;김정선;김수진
    • 미생물학회지
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    • 제51권3호
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    • pp.300-307
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    • 2015
  • 좋은 청국장을 발효하는 균주를 선발하기 위하여 청국장 시료로부터 8개의 균주를 선발하였다. 이들 중 7균주는 Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis와 99.9% 이상의 가장 높은 16S rRNA 유사도를 보였고, 한 균주는 B. licheniformis와 높은 유사도를 보였다. 선발 균주의 효소 생성을 분석한 결과 모든 균주에서 amylase, cellulase, protease 그리고 lipase 활성을 보였고, 6균주에서 혈전용해능을 보였다. 또한 전통방법으로 제조한 청국장에서 분리한 균주들의 안전성을 확보하고자 분리균주와 계통학적으로 가까운 Bacillus cereus의 독소유전자 7종의 유무를 확인한 결과 모든 선발균주에서 독소유전자 7종을 가지고 있지 않았다. 선발 균주 중 8균주에서 histamine과 tyramine의 생성이 없거나 최소한의 생성을 보였고, HPLC를 이용한 바이오제닉 아민 분해능 분석 결과 대부분의 균주가 tyramine 분해능을 보였다. 선발된 균주로 발효한 청국장의 발효능, 관능, 휘발성염기질소 생성을 확인 하여 7균주가 좋은 품질의 청국장을 만드는 것으로 확인되었고, 이들 선발된 균주로 만든 청국장의 metabolic profile을 분석하였다.

히알루론산의 각질 유동성 향상을 통한 주름 개선 펩타이드 피부 흡수 촉진 (Hyaluronic Acid Enhances the Dermal Delivery of Anti-wrinkle Peptide via Increase of Stratum Corneum Fluidity)

  • 김윤선;김대현;김유미;박선규;이천구;강내규
    • 대한화장품학회지
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    • 제44권4호
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    • pp.447-453
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    • 2018
  • 아세틸 헥사펩타이드 8 (AH8)은 보톡스 메커니즘을 응용한 주름 개선 펩타이드 소재로, 보톡스의 타겟인 synatosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25) N말단 서열을 모방하여 개발되었다. 주름 개선 효과가 보고되고 있지만 큰 분자량과 친수성 성질에 의하여 피부 흡수는 잘 되지 않는다는 문제가 있다. 따라서 피부보습 성분 중에서 AH8의 피부 흡수를 증가시켜 줄 수 있는 물질을 탐색하였는데, 히알루론산(HA)이 AH8의 피부 흡수를 증가시켰다. 형광물질로 표지한 AH8만 $Micropig^{(R)}$ skin 에 발라주면 대부분 각질을 투과하지 못하고 각질층에 존재하였다. 반면, HA를 함께 도포한 경우에는 각질층을 투과하여 표피, 진피로 흡수된 AH8가 증가하는 것을 형광 이미지 분석을 통해 확인했다. 특히 5 kDa 저분자량 HA가 500 kDa, 2000 kDa HA보다 피부 흡수를 더 많이 증가시켰다. HA가 피부 각질층에 미치는 영향을 푸리에변환 적외 분광법(Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)으로 분석해보니, 고분자량 HA는 각질 수분 함량을 증가시키고, 저분자량 HA는 지질층의 유동성을 증가시키는 경향성이 있었다. 따라서 HA는 AH8의 피부 흡수를 증가시켜 주름 개선 효과를 향상시켜 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

수컷 흰쥐 뇌하수체의 생식소자극호르몬 발현에 미치는 Ethane 1,2-Dimethane Sulfonate(EDS)의 효과 (Effect of Ethane 1,2-Dimethane Sulfonate(EDS) on the Expression of Pituitary Gonadotropin in Male Rats)

  • 손혁준;김수웅;백재승;이성호
    • 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.49-54
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    • 2007
  • Ethane 1,2-dimethane sulfonate(EDS)은 Leydig cells(LC)만을 선별적 사멸을 유도하는 약물로서 가역적인 테스토스테론(testosterone, T) 결핍 흰쥐 모델을 만드는데 널리 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 수컷 흰쥐 뇌하수체의 생식소자극호르몬인 LH와 FSH의 발현에 미치는 EDS 투여 효과를 조사하였다. 성숙한 수컷 흰쥐(SD strain, $300{\sim}350\;g$ B.W.)에 EDS(75 mg/kg, i.p.)를 1회 복강주사하고 주사 후 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 그리고 7주가 경과한 날 희생시켰다. 뇌하수체로부터 total RNA를 추출한 후 뇌하수체 glycoprotein hormone common alpha subunit($C{\alpha}$), LH beta subunit($LH{\beta}$), FSH beta subunit($FSH{\beta}$) 그리고 GnRH 수용체(GnRH-R)의 발현 변화를 semi-quantitative RT-PCR로 측정하였다. 그 결과, $C{\alpha}$ 전사수준은 주사 후 1주부터 급격히 상승하여 주사 후 4주까지 유의하게 높게 유지되다가 5주 후부터 control 수준으로 회귀하였다. $LH{\beta}$ 전사 수준은 주사 후 2주부터 유의하게 상승하여 주사 후 4주에 최고 수준에 도달하였으며, 5주 후부터 control 수준으로 감소하였다. $FSH{\beta}$ 전사수준은 주사 후 2주부터 유의하게 상승하여 주사 후 3주에 최고 수준에 도달하였으며, 4주 후부터 감소하여 5주 후에 최소치를 보였다. 유사하게, GnRH-R 전사 수준도 주사 후 2주부터 유의하게 상승하여 주사 후 3주에 최고 수준에 도달하였으며, 5주 후부터 control 수준으로 감소하였다. 본 연구는 EDS 주사에 의해 수컷 흰쥐 뇌하수체 전엽에서의 생식소 자극호르몬 subunit들과 GnRH-R의 발현 변화가 가역적으로 유도될 수 있음을 보여준 것이다. EDS 주사 모델은 수컷 흰쥐에서의 시상하부-뇌하수체 신경내분비 축의 호르몬 조절에 대한 기작을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다.

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