• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.568-573
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• 2013

In this study, we conducted whole effluent toxicity (WET) proficiency testing based on the results which $EC_{50}$ value of 3 types (A, B, C) unknown samples calculated from 32 water quality measurement agencies in Korea. WET proficiency testing was expected to their improve of analysis skill and ensure reliability of analysis results. Ultimately, it is intended to promote the reliable enforcement of WET. WET proficiency testing was evaluated using the z-score, robust z-score and the results showed that 30 participating agencies were "compliance". In addition, $EC_{50}$ values of "unknown sample A" were the normal distribution. Therefore, "unknown sample A" was considered as the most suitable standard toxicity substance.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 2019

Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) is an edible wild mushroom with tough fruiting body that belongs to the family Polyporaceae. It is used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of ulcer, anaemia, cough and fever. Recent studies have demonstrated its anticancer, anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. However, little or no information is available regarding the bioactive components and toxicological study of wild dried L. squarrosulus. Therefore, this study investigated the bioactive components of aqueous extract of boiled wild dried L. squarrosulus and its toxicological effects in rats. The extract of L. squarrosulus was subjected to GC-MS analysis. The acute toxicity test was performed by oral administration of a single dose of up to 5,000 mg/kg extract of L. squarrosulus. In subacute study, the rats were orally administered extract of L. squarrosulus at the doses of 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mg/kg body weight daily for 14 days. The haematological, lipid profile, liver and kidney function parameters were determined and the histopathology of the liver and kidney were examined. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds; 1-tetradecene, fumaric acid, monochloride, 6-ethyloct-3-yl ester, 9-eicosene, phytol, octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine and 3-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane. In acute toxicity study, neither death nor toxicity sign was recorded. In the sub-acute toxicity study, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed on creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whilst no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed on packed cell volume, heamoglobin, red blood cell, white blood cell and alkaline phosphatase, in all the tested doses. No histopathological alterations were recorded. Our findings revealed that aqueous extract of L. squarrosulus may have antimicrobial, antinocieptive and antioxidant properties based on the result of GC-MS analysis. Results of the toxicity test showed no deleterious effect at the tested doses, suggesting that L. squarrosulus is safe for consumption at the tested doses.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.632-637
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• 2014

Proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons is used to determine the performance of individual laboratories. In order to verify the quality of acute toxicity testing with Daphnia magna, National Institute of Environmental Research in South Korea is regularly organizing interlaboratory comparisons to estimate the analytical accuracy of different laboratories. Total 58 laboratories located in South Korea took part in interlaboratory proficiency testing scheme with three proficiency testing samples. TU(Toxic Unit) values of each laboratory were determined and robust z-score was calculated in order to evaluate the proficiency levels. Based on the robust z-score classification, 74% of the participant laboratories showed a satisfactory performance (43 laboratories). The main reason of 'unsatisfactory' performance seemed to be considered that the unsuitable management of test organism incubation system and the lack of experience on the identification of the test organism condition by effect of toxicity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

In order to develop an improved paclitaxel formulation vehicle, a micelle forming solubilizer, Aceporol 330 was synthesized. It was previously reported that Aceporol 330 provided the linearity of paclitaxel plasma pharmacokinetics. In this study, the single dose toxicity test and 2-week repeated dose toxicity test of Aceporol 330 was performed in beagle dogs after intravenous administration. Single dose and 2-week repeated dose toxicity test of Aceporol 330 showed fever/generalized erythema, severe vomiting, and diarrhea in beagle dogs. However, those toxicities were less severe than those of Cremophor EL. Blood chemistry analysis of 2-week repeatedly treated beagle dogs with Aceporol 330 showed significant elevation of total cholesterol (TCHO) and triglyceride (TG) compared to that of control group. Cremophor EL also significantly increased total cholesterol (TCHO) and triglyceride (TG) as much as Aceporol 330. Results from this study indicated that Aceporol 330 was less toxic than Cremophor EL. Based on the pharmacokinetic advantages and the low toxicity of Aceporol 330 in single dose and 2-week repeated dose toxicity test, Aceporol 330 has a potential for use as a safer solubilizer for paclitaxel than Cremophor EL.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.27-31
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• 2011

In this study, combustion toxicity evaluation for building interior materials and study for toxicity as using FT-IR analysis. this experiment for the calculation of toxicity index, it using a cone calorimeter model in KS F ISO/TR 9122-4 as a fire model. It is following ISO 19702 procedure for assessing fire toxic gas using FT-IR. This experiment used calculation method for toxicity index (FED) among the international standards. $LC_{50}$ is a concentration that it can cause death to 50 % of experimental animal in 30 minutes - exposure gas test. comparison with the three kinds of toxicity fire gas of construction materials using toxicity index.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.305-310
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• 2003

A rapid, inexpensive enzymatic method is proposed for indirect water quality testing in terms of heavy metal toxicity. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was applied for heavy metal toxicity test as an effective criterion in water quality. The toxicity of Pb (lead) and Cd (cadmium) for water flea, Moina macrocopa, were evaluated for 2-8 days with variables of mobilization ability. And the reproduction impairment of Moina macrocopa were investigated as the parameter of chronic toxicity test for Pb and Cd. As a result, the EC$_{50}$ for immobilization of Moina macrocopa were Pb and Cd were 1.6749 and 0.4683, respectively. The values of reproductive impairment to Moina macrocopa for Pb and Cd were 9.5938 and 8.3264 in EC$_{50}$ A significant alteration of G6PDH (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity of Moina macrocopa was observed when Cd and Pb were treated in media. The results obtained indicate that G6PDH activity of Moina macrocopa can be used as an indicative parameter in aquatic toxicity tests for heavy metals.als.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.271-277
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• 2007

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are fully flurorinated organic compounds which are highly persistent in environment and accumulated in organism. These chemicals are released to the environment at their manufacture, during their use in industrial and consumer applications and from disposal after their use. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PFOA and PFOS on the freshwater flea (Moina macrocopa). Acute toxicity test and chronic toxicity test were performed for 2 days and 10 days, respectively. Acute toxicity was assessed on the basis of mortality, while chronic toxicity was assessed by fecundity as well as mortality. The acute toxicity studies on PFOA and PFOS showed that the values of $LC_{50}$ were $73.9\;mg/L\;and\;27.7\;mg/L$ respectively. In the chronic toxicity test, fecundity was reduced significantly at 24.1 mg/L of PFOA and 9.3 mg/L of PFOS, respectively. Conclusively, the results of this work suggest that Moina macrocopa could be a suitable model organism for screening and assessing of environmental pollutants in water.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 2016

Deep sea water (DSW) is located 100 to 500 m below the sea surface. DSW is widely used in various fields, and is an important source of minerals that can be used to treat mineral deficiency. In the present study, the oral toxicity of DSW-mineral extracts was determined using single-dose and 14-day repeated dose oral toxicity tests in ICR mice. For the single-dose oral toxicity tests, mineral extracts of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) at doses of 0, 6, 270, 810, and 1,350 mg/kg, respectively, were orally administered to mice once at the beginning of the experiment, and the mice were observed for 14 days. For the 14-day repeated dose oral toxicity tests, Mg and Ca mineral extracts at doses of 0, 3, 135, 405, 675 mg/kg, respectively, were orally administered to mice daily, and the mice were observed for 14 days. Various tests were performed including visual observation; analysis of relative organ weight, food intake, and organ weight; biochemical analysis, and histopathology. The results indicated that mortality and changes in appearance were not observed among differentially administered groups of male and female ICR mice during the experimental period. Differences in body weight gain, food intake, organ weight, and histopathology parameters were not significant between the control and mineral-administered groups. Some results of the biochemical analyses were significantly different, but showed no specific tendencies. Overall, no evidence of toxicity was observed from the oral administration of DSW extracts of Ca and Mg in ICR mice.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2012

In this study, the 4-week oral toxicity and anti-cancer activity of the hexane layer of Melia azedarach L. var. japonica Makino's bark extract were investigated. We carried out a hollow fiber (HF) assay and 28-day repeated toxicity study to confirm the anti-cancer effect and safety of the hexane layer. The HF assay was carried out using an A549 human adenocarcinoma cell via intraperitoneal (IP) site with or without cisplatin. In the result, the 200 mg/kg b.w of hexane layer with 4 mg/kg b.w of cisplatin treated group, showed the highest cytotoxicity aginst A549 carcinoma cells. For the 28-day repeated toxicity study, 6 groups of 10 male and female mice were given by gavage 200, 100, or 50 mg/kg b.w hexane layer with or without 4 mg/kg b.w of cisplatin against body weight, and were then sacrificed for blood and tissue sampling. The subacute oral toxicity study in mice with doses of 200, 100, and 50 mg/kg b.w hexane layer showed no significant changes in body weight gain and general behavior. The cisplatin-treated group significantly decreased in body weight compared to the control group but regained weight with 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w of hexane layer. The biochemical analysis showed significant increase in several parameters (ALT, total billirubin, AST, creatinine, and BUN) in cisplatin-treated groups. However, in the group given a co-treatment of hexane layer (200 mg/kg b.w), levels of these parameters decreased. In hematological analysis, cisplatin induced the reduction of WBCs and neutrophils but co-treatment with hexane layer (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w) improved these toxicities caused by cisplatin. The histological profile of the livers showed eosinophilic cell foci in central vein and portal triad in cisplatin treated mice. These results show that hexane layer might have an anti-cancer activity and could improve the toxicity of cisplatin.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.415-422
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• 2023

In veterinary medicine for mammals, studies are being conducted to confirm the effects of antioxidants using pathological toxicity model studies, and are also used to confirm the effect of mitigating liver or kidney toxicity of specific substances. It was considered necessary to study such a toxicity model for domestic farmed fish, so thioacetamide (TAA), a toxic substance that causes tissue damage by mitochondrial dysfunction, was injected into rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a major farmed freshwater fish species in Korea. The experiment was conducted with 40 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighting 53 ± 0.6 g divided into two groups. Thioacetamide(TAA) 300mg/kg of body weight was intraperitoneally injected into rainbow trout and samples were taken 1, 3, 5, 7 days after peritoneal injection. As a result, in serum biochemical analysis, AST levels related to liver function decreased 3 and 5 days after intraperitoneal injection and increased after 7 days, and ALT levels also increased after 7 days. In addition, creatinine related to renal malfunction increased 3 and 5 days after TAA injection. In histopathological analysis, pericholangitis and local lymphocyte infiltration were observed in the liver from 1 day after intraperitoneal injection of TAA, and hepatic parenchymal cell necrosis was also observed from 3 days after intraperitoneal injection. Hyaline droplet in renal tubular epithelial cell was observed from 1 day after TAA injection, and acute tubular damage such as tubular epithelial cell necrosis appeared from 3 days after TAA injection. Accordingly, it is thought that it will be able to contribute to studies that require a toxicity model.