• 공업화학
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.274-278
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• 2013

자동변속기유(ATF)는 자동차의 자가변속 또는 자동변속에 사용되는 동력전달 유체로서 최근 자동차사에서는 무점검 무교환 또는 80000~100000 km를 주행한 뒤, 교체하도록 권장하고 있다. 하지만 한국석유관리원의 설문조사에 의하면 많은 운전자들이 50000 km 이하에서 자동변속기유를 교환하고 있으며, 이는 차량유지비의 증가 및 폐유에 의한 환경오염으로까지 발전될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 신유와 실제 차량 주행 후 회수된 사용유(50000 km, 100000 km)에 대한 대표적 물성으로서 인화점, 동점도, 저온점도특성, 전산가, 윤활성 등에 대해 분석하였다. 분석결과 기포성을 제외한 모든 물성이 신유규격에 적합하였으며, 50000 km와 100000 km 주행 후 회수된 자동변속기유의 물성차이는 크지 않았다. 따라서 자동차사에서 권장하고 있는 교환주기(80000 km 이상)에서 자동변속기유를 교환하여도 큰 문제가 없을 것이라 판단되며, 이로 인해 비용절감 및 환경오염 방지에 기여할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.116-119
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• 2009

목적: 호르몬검사에서 채혈 후, 신속한 혈장분리의 과정은 검사결과의 신뢰성에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 혈중의 Adreno Corticotropic Hormone (ACTH)은 단백질의 분해에 의해 매우 불안정한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 ACTH검사에서 ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) tube의 온도가 환자 결과에 미치는 영향과 전혈에서 시간과 온도에 따른 ACTH의 안정성을 평가하였다. 방법: 전체 22명의 검체를 대상으로 하였으며, 냉장상태의 EDTA tube와 실온상태의 EDTA tube에 채혈한 후(n=18), 즉시 원심분리하여 두 그룹 간의 ACTH 결과를 비교하였다. 전혈상태의 EDTA 검체를 일정량을 나누어 분주하여, 실온에서 2시간(n=11), 4시간(n=11), 24시간(n=7), 냉장에서 24시간(n=7) 동안 방치한 후 원심분리하여 ACTH 농도를 측정하였다. 냉장 EDTA에 채혈 후 즉시 원심분리된 검체의 ACTH 결과와 실온에서 2시간, 4시간 방치된 검체의 ACTH결과를 비교하였고, 냉장에서 24시간 방치된 결과와 실온에서 24시간 방치된 결과를 비교하였다. 통계적인 분석은 paired t-test를 이용하였다. 결과: 실온상태의 EDTA tube에 채혈한 ACTH 결과가 냉장상태의 EDTA tube에 채혈한 결과보다 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(p=0.018). 채혈 후 즉시 원심분리된 ACTH 결과와 비교하여 실온에서 2시간 방치된 결과가 유의하게 낮았고 (p<0.001), 실온 2시간과 실온 4시간 사이에는 유의한 차가 없었다(p=0.907). 24시간 동안 방치된 결과를 보면, 실온보관과 냉장보관에서 유의한 차가 없었다(p=0.474). 결론: ACTH 검사 시에는 냉장고에 넣어둔 EDTA tube의 사용이 권장되며, 채혈 후 2시간 동안 실온에서 방치될 경우 결과가 유의하게 감소되므로, 신속한 원심분리가 요구된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.493-501
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• 1989

A total of 108 strains of C jejuni isolated from pigs and chickens were examined for the susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents and normal sera of cattle, sheep, guinea pigs and chickens. Minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) ranges of antimicrobial agents to C jejuni isolates were $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $${\geq_-}100{\mu}g/ml$$ for erythromycin, rifampin, streptomycin and tetracycline, 50 to $${\geq_-}100{\mu}g$$ for cephalothin, $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $50{\mu}g$ for ampicillin, $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $25{\mu}g$ for kanamycin and nalidixic acid, $${\leq_-}1.56$$ to $12.5{\mu}g$ for chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Resistance rates of C jejuni were showed to in order of rifampin(84.7%), tetracycline(56.2 %), erythromycin(17.1%) and ampicillin(3.8%), all of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and kanamycin, and the incidence rates of resistant C jejuni were highly frequent in pig isolates than chicken isolates. The drug resistance patterns of 87 chicken isolates C jejuni to 9 antimicrobial drugs were showed 12 patterns, and Sm Ra Tc(24.1%), Sm Ra(21.8%) and Ra Tc(14.9%) were relatively common, and also 21 pig isolates were showed 6 patterns and Em Sm Ra Tc(57.1%) were most frequent. The majority of the isolates showed multiple drug resistance. Bactericidal activity of 10% normal sera from healthy animals were examined for 60min at $37^{\circ}C$. C jejuni were decreased from 0.4 to 1.0 ${\log}_{10}$(p<0.01), and serum susceptibility were high in order of guinea pig, sheep, chicken and cattle sera. Serum sensitivity of C jejuni Ch-39 strain in increased serum concentation up to 10, 20, 40 and 80% were highly significant. In the normal animal serum, the number of Ch-39 strain were decreased from $1.8{\times}10^4/ml$ to $2.7{\times}10^3/ml$ after 60 min incubation(p<0.01), but the numbers were decreased to $6.6{\times}10^3/ml$ in the heat inactivated normal serum for 30 min at $56^{\circ}C$. Bactericidal activity was restored in the heat inactivated normal serum after the serum of complement source was added.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.785-795
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 김치의 소금 함량을 낮추기 위해 유기산과 젖산 그리고 종균을 첨가하고 과일을 첨가하여 김치의 저염화와 동시에 미각증진 효과를 가져올 수 있는 저염김치를 개발하였다. 그리고 소금 농도와 발효온도를 달리하였을 때 저염김치의 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 저염김치에 대한 이화학분석, 미생물학 분석, 그리고 관능적 특성에 대한 분석을 하였다. 저염김치의 pH 및 산도 변화는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 온도가 높을수록 변화가 빠르게 나타났고, pH는 점차 감소하였으며, 산도는 증가하였는데, 특히 소금 농도가 낮을수록 pH가 낮았고, 산도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 저염김치의 염도 변화는 발효가 진행됨에 따라 작은 변화를 나타내었으나, 유의성 있는 증감을 나타내지 않았다. 환원당의 경우, 모든 처리구에서 비슷한 비율로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 조직강도의 경우 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 종균 첨가 여부 및 종류에 따라서 차이가 났음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 같은 소금 농도에서 저장온도에 따른 조직감 차이는 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 현저한 차이를 나타내었다. 또한 저염김치의 미생물 결과 총균수의 경우, 저장기간 동안 농도와 균 첨가와 관계없이 총균이 증식함을 알 수 있었다. 저염김치의 관능평가 결과, 냄새, 짠맛과 전반적인 기호도에서 이형발효 종균을 첨가한 김치의 관능결과가 모두 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 종균과 유기산을 첨가하여 소금 함량을 낮춘 저염김치를 개발하였고, 저장온도에 따라 발효하는 동안 이화학, 미생물 그리고 관능적인 변화를 통해 적숙기를 파악하였다. 이 연구는 건강한 일반인, 당뇨와 고혈압 질환이 있는 환자들의 식이요법에 도움이 될 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.583-590
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate some factors in the bovine embryonic development from one-cell to blastocyst using modified synthetic oviduct fluid medium (mSOFM), after maturation and in vitro fertilization of the oocytes. The embryonic development to the blastocyst stage was assessed at 7-10 days after in vitro fertilization, and the total cells in the blastocysts were counted by staining nuclei with fluorochrome. Some commercial calf sera (CS) and a superovulated cow serum had different effects on the embryonic development to the blastocyst stage (8.6-21.4%), dependent upon their product lots, although the development might not be affected at least by serum progesterone levels. ${\beta}$-Mercaptoethanol (${\beta}$-ME) supplemented into mSOFM was effective to the embryonic development (27.8%), as well as the co-culture system with cumulus cells (19.5%). In a serum- and feeder cell-free culture using mSOFM containing several growth factors and ${\beta}$-ME instead of CS plus co-cultured cumulus cells, bovine serum albumin (BSA, fraction V), but not polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), was highly effective in embryonic development to the blastocyst stage, almost comparable to CS in the serum-contained culture (CS, BSA and PVA; 27.8, 19.5 and 5.7%, respectively). However, fatty acid free BSA rather reduced the number of developed blastocysts, compared with fraction V BSA (7.3 vs 29.4%). In the serum- and feeder cell-free culture, supplement of glucose to the medium (final 2.0 mM) stimulated the cell proliferation of developing embryos 120 hr after in vitro fertilization. These results indicated that a serum-free medium supplemented with ${\beta}$-ME could successfully support the development of bovine one-cell embryos to the blastocyst stage. Moreover, supplement of glucose and fatty acids to the medium might support preferably the development and cell proliferation of embryos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.690-699
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effect of sodium butyrate (SB) on growth performance, immune status, organs weights, and microarchitecture of lymphoid organs and small intestine. Methods: A total of 120, 1-d-old broiler chicks were distributed into the following four treatment groups: corn-soy based basal diet (BD) without supplement (control), or the same BD supplemented with 0.1 g/kg zinc bacitracin (ZnB), 0.5 g/kg SB (SB-0.5), or 1.0 g/kg SB (SB-1), respectively. Six birds/group were killed on d-21 and d-35, and samples were collected. Results: Cell-mediated immune response at 48 h post-Phytohemagglutinin-P injection, and antibody titer against Newcastle disease vaccine and sheep red blood cells on d-35 was noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 compared to ZnB and control. Lower (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was attained by the supplemented groups. Thymus and spleen weighed more (p<0.05) in SB-1, and bursa registered more (p<0.05) weight in both SB groups compared to control. On d-21, areas of thymus medulla and spleen germinal centers were noted higher (p<0.05) in SB-1 group. The villus height and villus surface area increased (p<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum in both SB groups on d-21, and in SB-1 on d-35, respectively compared to ZnB and control. On d-21, number of goblet cells containing mucins of acidic nature increased (p<0.05) in all the segments of small intestines in SB-1 group compared to control, and on d-35 in ileum compared to other groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, SB improved growth performance and immunity as well as modulated morphology of lymphoid organs and gut mucosa in broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1997

Cage layer waste and sudex grass were ensiled in the proportions of 0:100, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 wet basis, respectively. The influence of ensiling cage layer waste on Salmonellae, Shigella, Proteus, and total number of colony forming units (CFU) was investigated. The nutritive value of the silages was evaluated in a digestion trial. The experiment was conducted with 24 wethers allotted to four silages. Initial samples of cage layer waste showed $0.11{\times}10^6$ CFU and salmonellae, Shigella and Proteus were present. Ensiling was effective in complete elimination of all the pathogens. Dry matter, crude protein and ash contents were increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste in the silages ($358g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $484g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; $76.3g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $183.2g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $38.5g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ to $169.4g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$; DM basis, respectively). Water solubles carbohydrate values for silages were 38.3, 22.5, 20.1 and $20.0g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis, respectively. Ensiling decreased the pH values for all the silages and the decrease was higher for sudex grass ensiled alone than grass ensiled with cage layer waste. Lactic acid concentration in silages increased linearly (p < .01) with the increase of cage layer waste. The apparent digestibilities of DM, OM and CP for the animals fed sudex grass silage alone were 496.0, 516.1, $496.7g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM basis respectively. However, digestibilities of all the components were higher (p < 0.01) for the animals fed silages containing cage layer waste. Among waste containing diets, the digestibilities of all the components showed quadratic affect (p < 0.01), increased for silages containing 30 and 40% cage layer waste and decreased when the level of waste increased from 40 to 50%. The results indicated that cage layer waste can be used upto 40% in ruminant diet as a source of N without any adverse effect on the health of animals. Ensiling appeared to be feasible and effective method for eliminating the pathogen present in cage layer waste.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3101-3109
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• 2015

Background: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is involved in amino acid synthesis and DNA function. Two common polymorphisms are reported, C677T and A1298C, that are implicated in a number of human diseases, including cancer. Objective: The association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C genotype and haplotype frequencies in risk for lung cancer (LC) was investigated in the Jordanian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 98 LC cases were studied for MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms, compared to 89 controls taken from the general population, employing the PCR-RFLP technique. Results: The frequency of the genotypes of MTHFR C677T among Jordanians was: CC, 59.6%, CT, 33%; and TT, 7.4% among LC cases and 49.4%, 40.2% and 10.3% among controls. No significant association was detected between genetic polymorphism at this site and LC. At MTHFR A12987C, the genotype distribution was AA, 29.5%; AC, 45.3%, and CC 25.3% among LC cases and 36.8%, 50.6% and 12.6% among controls. Carriers of the CC genotype were more likely to have LC (OR=2.5; 95%CI: 1.04-6; p=0.039) as compared to AA carriers. Smokers and males with the CC genotype were 9.9 and 6.7 times more likely to have LC, respectively ($OR_{smokers}=9.9$; 95%CI: 1.2-84.5, p=0.018; $OR_{men}=6.6$; 95%CI: 1.7-26.2, p=0.005). Haplotype analysis of MTHFR polymorphism at the two loci showed differential distribution of the CC haplotype (677C-1298C) between cases and controls. The CC haplotype was associated with an increased risk for lung cancer (OR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.03-2.4, p=0.037). Conclusions: The genetic polymorphism of MTHFR at 1298 and the CC haplotype (risk is apparently lower with the C allele at position 677) may modulate the risk for LC development among the Jordanian population. Risk associated with the 1298C allele is increased in smokers and in males. The results indicate that a critical gene involved in folate metabolism plays a modifying role in lung cancer risk, at least in the Jordanian population.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.53-68
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• 2010

Objectives : We investigated the effects of Sopungsungj-won(Shufengshunqjvuan) (SSEx1, SSEx2) on the metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Methods: 8 weeks old, high fat diet induced obese male mice were divided into 4 groups: C57BL/6 lean control, obese vehicle control, SSEx1, SSEx2. After mice were treated with SSExl, SSEx2 for 12 weeks, we measured body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency ratio, fat weight, plasma leptin, insulin, glucose and lipid levels. We also observe the morphology and count for the numbers of Adipocyte and evaluate the weight of organs and it's function. Results: 1. Compared to Obese Control Group, SSEx1 gained significantly lower body weight and showed lower Feeding Efficiency Ratio. 2. Compared to Obese Control Group, SSEx1 showed lower weights of epididymal adipose tissue, troperitoneal adipose tissue, inguinal adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue. SSEx2 showed higher weights of epididymal adipose tissue, troperitoneal adipose tissue, inguinal adipose tissue, brown adipose tissue. 3. Compared to Obese Control Group, the size of adipocytes was significantly decreased by SSEx1, whereas the number of adipocites per unit was significantly increased. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased significantly by SSEx1. 4. Concerning the weights of Liver, Heart, Spleen, Kidney and Pancreas, SSEx1, SSEx2 showed little differences with those of Lean Control, Obese Control. 5. Compared to Obese Control Group, SSEX1, SSEx2 showed lower level of plasma triglyceride, but SSEx1 had significance only. SSEx1, SSEx2 showed little lower level of plasma HDL-cholesterol. LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, but had no significances. 6. Concerning the levels of plasma glucose, insulin and leptin, SSEx1 and SSEx2 showed littele changes with those of Lean Control, Obese Control. 7. The leves of Plasma AST, AST, ALT, free fatty acid, BUN, creatinine were in the physiological range at 4 groups all: Lean Control, Obese Control, SSEx1, SSEx2. Conclusions : These results showed SSEx1 can be used as therapeutic agent for Obesity and metabolic syndrome caused by long-period high fat diet.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.794-801
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• 1999

김치의 맛을 내기 위하여 부재료로 사용하고 있는 설탕, 물엿과 김치 국제 규격에서 첨가제로 사용하고 있는 솔비톨의 김치 미생물의 이용 정도와 이들 당류가 김치 발효시 pH, 산도 등의 이화학적 특성, 미생물의 수 및 관능적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 김치 미생물의 당 이용도는 김치에서 분리한 젖산균 10종류중 3균주가 솔비톨을 이용하지 못하였다. 당을 1% 첨가하여 김치를 제조하였을 경우 pH는 시료간에 큰 차이가 없었으나, 적정산도의 경우는 대조구에 비하여 설탕 및 물엿 첨가구의 산생성이 높았으며, 솔비톨 첨가량이 많을수록 산 생성속도와 그 함량이 적어 적정산도 기준으로 솔비톨 첨가구가 대조구보다 가식기간이 약 2배정도 증가하였다. 총균수와 젖산균 경우 전반적으로 당첨가의 영향이 거의 없었으며, 조직감은 씹힘성에 있어서 솔비톨 첨가구가 전반적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 관능검사에 있어서는 당을 1% 첨가한 구에서는 발효 전반에 걸쳐 신맛을 제외하고 각 항목에 있어서 시료간의 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 솔비톨 5, 10% 첨가구는 발효가 진행됨에 따라 조직감과 전체적인 기호도에 있어서 대조구보다 높게 평가하였다.