• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 1989

Phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, salicylic acid, tannic acid, and hydroquinone were identified from the aqueous extracts and volatile substances of tomato plant by paper chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The seed germination and seedling growth of the experimental species, lettuce and egg plant, were severely inhibited in 5$\times$10-3M of phenolic reagents identical to those identified from tomato plant. Germination and growth rate of test species in 5$\times$10-4M and 5$\times$10-5M were higher than that of 5$\times$10-3M. Therefore, 5$\times$10-3M of phenolic compounds would be assumed to be threshold concentration for allelopathic effects.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.630-635
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• 2009

This study was performed to analyze various antioxidants, to evaluate the antioxidative activities, and to measure the protective effect for gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) to assess the functional potency of the cherry tomato. The ascorbic acid, lycopene, and ${\beta}-carotene$ were measured at $503.4{\pm}9.6$, $39.7{\pm}1.5$, and $7.4{\pm}0.3$ mg/100 g d.w., and ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}+{\gamma}-$, ${\delta}-tocopherol$ contents were measured at $8.3{\pm}0.1$, $1.7{\pm}0.0$, and $0.1{\pm}0.0$ mg/100 g d.w., respectively. Cherry tomato extract using hexane/acetone/EtOH (2:1:1, CTE) exhibited a ABTS radical scavenging activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $48.83{\pm}0.30\;{\mu}g/mL$. The cherry tomato protected against the inhibition of GJIC induced by $H_2O_2$ in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells, and the reduction in phosphorylated Cx43 was most clearly correlated with the concentration of CTE. These results demonstrated that the cherry tomato harbors a wealth of potent antioxidants and might be protect human body against the inhibition of the GJIC by toxic components.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2011

During 2002-2008 in Korea, 455 extracts from myxobacteria consisting of 318 cellulolytic and 137 bacteriolytic myxobacteria were isolated, which were then screened for antifungal activity against the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Penicillium sp., Pyricularia grisea, and Phytophthora capsici. 204 isolates had antifungal activity, causing both a clear zone due to blocked spore germination and inhibition of mycelial growth; most (199) were from cellulolytic (Sorangium cellulosum) and only five were from bacteriolytic myxobacteria. B. cinerea, the best controlled among the five tested pathogens, had a unique group of antifungal isolates of myxobacterial extracts compared to the other pathogens' groups. Among seventy-nine bioactive myxobacteria, four isolates, KYC 3130, KYC 3247, KYC 3248 and KYC 3270, were selected and all were cellulolytic. Liquid culture filtrates of these four myxobacteria were applied to tomato, cherry tomato, strawberry, and kiwi fruits 5 h before inoculation with gray mold conidia; then the treated fruits were placed in an airtight container and the experiment was repeated six to eight times. Incidence (%) of gray mold on fruit of the infected control treatment was 84-98%, whereas it was only 5-21% after the KYC 3270 treatment. After KYC 3270 treatment of the four fruits, mold control was 79-95%, which was highest among the filtrates and statistically the same as treatment with fludioxonil, a registered chemical against gray mold of stored fruits.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.244-253
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the physicochemical and sensory properties of Appenzeller cheese supplemented with different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%, w/w) of powdered microcapsules of tomato extracts (PMT) during ripening at 14℃ for 6 mon. The particle sizes of PMT ranged from 1 to 10 m diameter with an average particle size of approximately 2 m. Butyric acid (C₄) concentrations of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese were significantly higher than that of the control. Lactic acid bacteria counts in the cheese were not significantly influenced by ripening time from 0 to 6 mon or the concentrations (0-4%, w/w) of PMT. In terms of texture, the hardness of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese was significantly increased compared to the control. The gumminess and chewiness of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese were similar to those of the control. However, both cohesiveness and springiness of PMT-added Appenzeller cheese were slightly decreased. In sensory analysis, bitterness and sourness of Appenzeller cheese were not significantly changed after supplementation of PMT, but sweetness of the cheese was significantly increased after increasing the ripening time from 0 to 6 mon and increasing the concentration from 1 to 4% (w/w). Based on these results, the addition of the concentrations (1-4%, w/w) of PMT to Appenzeller cheese can be used to develop functional Appenzeller cheese.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2010

Bacillus licheniformis N1, previously developed as a biofungicide formulation N1E to control gray mold disease of plants, was investigated to study the bacterial traits that may be involved in its biological control activity. Two N1E based formulations, bacterial cell based formulation PN1E and culture supernatant based formulation SN1E, were evaluated for disease control activity against gray mold disease of tomato and strawberry plants. Neither PN1E nor SN1E was as effective as the original formulation N1E. Fractionation of antifungal compounds from the bacterial culture supernatant of B. licheniformis N1 indicated that two different cyclic lipopeptides were responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the N1 strain. These two purified compounds were identified as iturin A and surfactin by HPLC and LCMS. The purified lipopeptides were evaluated for plant disease control activity against seven plant diseases. Crude extracts and purified compounds applied at 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration controlled tomato gray mold, tomato late blight and pepper anthracnose effectively with over 70% disease control value. While iturin showed broad spectrum activity against all tested plant diseases, the control activity by surfactin was limited to tomato gray mold, tomato late blight, and pepper anthracnose. Although antifungal compounds from B. licheniformis N1 exhibited disease control activity, our results suggested that bacterial cells present in the N1E formulation also contribute to the disease control activity together with the antifungal compounds.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.331-338
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• 1996

This study was conducted to screen the antagonistic plants on northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) and to utilize those in its control. Egg hatching of M. hapla was found to be inhibited by 17 plant methanol extracts, and 11 plant extracts among them were also toxic to M. hapla second stage juvenile. Egg hatching of iW. hapla was also found to be inhibited by squeezed extracts of Cassia tora and Zea mays, and they were also toxic to M. hapla second stage juvenile. Extracts of Achyranthes japonica, Melia axedrach and Acorus graminens were toxic to M. hapla second stage with a juvenile mortality above 70clc at the 10 folds diluted concent ration and A. graminens was toxic to tested juvenile mortality above 50% at the 100 folds diluted concentration. The toxicity was directly propotional to the diluted concentration of the plant extracts and to the exposure period. Punica granatum, Acorns graminens and Melia axedrach were effective in inhibiting root penetration of JW. hapla juveniles, among of them p. granatum is most effective Percent inhibition of penetration by second and third stage juveniles into tomato slants penetrating by it was 72.7 and 82.4%, respectively.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.26-35
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• 2001

식물자원으로부터 식물병원균에 대한 항균물질을 탐색하고자 국내에서 재배한 40종의 약용식물 추출물을 대상으로 항균활성을 검색하였다. 우선, 각 식물을 methanol (MeOH)로 추출, 농축한 MeOH추출물을 시료로 하여 $2000{\mu}g/mL$ 농도수준에서 6가지 식물병에 대한 in vivo 방제효과를 조사하였다. 40종의 시료 중 14종의 시료가 적어도 한가지이상의 식물병에 대하여 90% 이상의 방제효과를 나타내었다. 벼 도열병, 토마토 역병 및 밀 붉은녹병에 대해서는 각각 8개, 7개 및 3개의 시료가 90% 이상의 효과를 나타내었으나, 벼 잎집무늬마름병, 토마토 잿빛곰팡이병 및 보리 흰가루병에 대해서는 90% 이상의 방제효과를 보이는 시료는 없었다. 벼 도열병에 대하여 높은 활성을 보이는 당귀(Angelica gigas, 당귀(當歸))와 백지 (Angelica dahurica, 백지(白芷))의 MeOH추출물로부터 solvent partitioning과 column chromatography를 통하여 각각 1개 및 2개의 항균물질을 분리하였으며 이들 물질은 질량분석 및 핵자기공명분석에 의하여 모두 coumarin계 물질인 decursin, imperatorin 및 isoimperatorin으로 동정되었다. 구조와 항균활성간의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 분리한 3개의 물질을 7번 위치에 free hydroxyl기를 가지고 있는 umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin)과 scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin)과 비교하여 in vitro 및 in vivo 항균활성을 조사하였다. In vitro에서 균사생육억제활성을 조사한 결과, 이들 물질들은 대상식물병원 곰팡이에 대하여 50% 균사생육억제농도 ($IC_{50}$)가 대부분 $200{\mu}g/mL$ 이상으로 나타나 항균활성이 비교적 약한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 7번 위치에 hydroxyl기가 노출되어 있는 umbelliferone과 scopoletin보다는 7번 위치의 free hydroxyl기 대신에 cyclic alkoxy기로 존재하는 decursin과 imperatorin이 곰팡이에 대한 항균활성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 특히, decursin과 imperatorin은 각각 Pythium ultimum과 Magnaporthe grisea에 대하여 $25{\mu}g/mL$ 이하의 $IC_{50}$를 보여 강한 항균활성을 나타냈다. In vivo 실험에서는 decursin과 imperatorin은 여섯 가지 식물병 중 벼 도열병에 대하여 항균활성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 다른 세 개의 물질은 식물병 방제활성이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 실험결과 7-hydroxycoumarin계 물질들의 항진균활성과 관련하여 7번 위치에 free hydroxyl기가 있는 것보다는 이 hydroxyl기가 보다 안정한 cyclic alkoxy기로 치환되는 것이 높은 항균활성을 나타내는데 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.271-278
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• 2011

The allelopathic effects of Lantana camara L. (Family:Verbenaceae) on germination and seedling establishment of some agricultural crops and weed species have been identified. Aqueous extracts of dry leaves and contaminated soil where L. camara is grown were used to verify allelopathic effect on seed germination of five bioassay species; Raphanus sativas, Capsicum annum, Lycopersicum esculantem, Crotalaria juncia and Chromoleana odorata. Fifty seeds from each bioassay species were placed in a petri dish containing leaf extracts or contaminated soil, and seed germination were examined after 3 days. The plant house experiments were carried out to evaluate the impact of L. camara contaminated soil and leaf debris using L. esculantem as the indicator plant. Seed germination of L. esculentem, C. junica and Capsicum annum was significantly inhibited by L. camara contaminated soil. However, the degree of inhibition varied among the bioassay species. The aqueous extract of dry leaves of L. camara was highly phytotoxic and it significantly reduced seed germination of all bioassay species. There was a decline in plant height, leaf area and shoot dry weight of tomato only in early growth stages when grown in L. camara contaminated soils. However, incorporation of leaf debris into soil affected the vegetative growth of tomato in early stages when the leaf debris concentration was increased. Growth recovered at the latter part of the life cycle. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that the allelochemicals in L. camara contaminated soils are harmful to the seed germination of crop species. The adverse effect was present only during the early growth stages and it did not suppress the latter part of the plant growth. These responses are attributed to allelopathic effects which need confirmation under field conditions.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.390-395
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• 2011

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum has become a serious problem world-wide and relies heavily on chemical fungicides. We selected Pseudomonas sp. NJ134 to develop an effective biocontrol strategy. This strain shows strong antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum. Biochemical analyses of ethyl-acetate extracts of NJ134 culture filtrates showed that 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) was the major compound inhibiting in vitro growth of F. oxysporum. DAPG production was greatly enhanced in the NJ134 strain by adding mannitol to the growth media, and in vitro antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum increased. Bioformulations developed from growth of NJ134 in sterile bean media with mannitol as the carbon source under plastic bags resulted in effective biocontrol efficacy against Fusarium wilt. The efficacy of the bioformulated product depended on the carbon source and dose. Mannitol amendment in the bean-based formulation showed strong effective biocontrol against tomato Fusarium wilt through increased DAPG levels and a higher cell density compared to that in a glucose-amended formulation. These results suggest that this bioformulated product could be a new effective biocontrol system to control Fusarium wilt in the field.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.790-796
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of seven (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) commercial ketchups marketed in Korea. The 70% ethanol extracts were prepared and evaluated for total phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and metal chelating effect. pH ranged from 3.64 to 3.94, and soluble solid and reducing sugar contents of samples were 2.21~3.51oBrix and 4.78~13.45%, respectively. Salinity of samples was in the range of 1.79 to 3.21%, and sample G showed the lowest salinity. The lightness, redness, and yellowness of the Hunter color system of samples were 15.42~19.94, 18.55~23.98, and 20.87~24.34, respectively. The phenolic contents ranged from 1.37 to 2.60 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g, with samples F and G exhibiting the highest contents. Antioxidant activity determined based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and metal chelating effects were 45.10~90.87, 55.35~92.53, and 71.10~92.20%, respectively, at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. Samples A and G showed higher antioxidant activity than other samples. There were positive correlations between phenolic contents and antioxidant activity, suggesting that phenolic compounds are the major contributors to antioxidant activity.