• 적정기술학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.151-161
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• 2021

The application of appropriate technologies in a developing country is an opportunity to introduce green technology which may lead people to imagine a better life. This point is at the intersection of appropriate technology and sustainable development. This research focuses on Hatphain village where there is no clean water, sewage system, or power lines. Two environmental technologies (an unpowered water purification system, Ongdalsaem and an eco-toilet system, BeeVi toilet) were introduced, based on the concepts of the environmental self- sustainable village and feces Standard Money (fSM). We found that the Ongdalsaem was effective in reducing the concentration of nitrogen and lead in the water in Hatphain. The BeeVi water-free toilet was installed, allowing urine and feces to be separated and used as compost. We strived to spread ideas of sustainability using new eco-circulation experiences and encouraging learning about environmental technology through practical and playing facilities that residents managed themselves.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.195-206
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• 2006

Design for improved usability is to understand products from the user's point of view so eventually to enhance the pleasantness users by reflecting it into the design. The philosophy of user-oriented design is an essence of human-centered product planning, and its application is more important for railway vehicle design, which is closely connected with everyday life. This study focused to define basic elements of train interior design concept, which considers convenience and comfort for passengers, by extracting and interpreting ergonomic requirements, as usability factors, of train toilet design. The study on user-oriented design of trains consists of the practice of sensibility engineering for the management of customers' emotions and its harmonious use on design, and aims on the embodiment of new ergonomic design. In the center, it has analyzed the criteria and characteristics of the user-oriented design and has concluded the design direction and components to a concrete idea and proposed prototypes, which may become a good example for train interior design later on. In addition, it proposes a direction, which may become a guideline of ergonomic design, to secure competition capacity. Moreover this study is concentrated on the physical environment and human behavior of train toilet users, on the analysis of factors necessary for adequate toilet design, and on the understanding of interface between its users. What is more, it proposes a module of development process and methods of approaching the interface. The study presents a design standard, under which the concrete data of the characteristics and practicable range and the convergent demands accelerate to the module could be confirmed and criticized. The study on the usability is going to contribute to more pleasant and comfortable train environments and consequently, it's going to create new values of increased railway competitiveness by design.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.5661-5668
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• 2012

물 부족 시대에 양변기 절수는 물을 절약하는데 가장 효과적인 방법 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 고절수형 양변기 개발을 위한 이상유동 해석을 위해 VOF 기법을 이용하였다. VOF를 이용한 전체 모델의 해석은 많은 시간이 요구되므로 전체모델의 일부분만 고려하는 부분모델도 해석시간 단축을 위해 사용하였다. 유량배분 해석을 위해 4개의 서로 다른 림 모델을 고려하였는데 림 홀의 위치나 개수보다는 림 홀의 크기가 유량배분을 효과적으로 달성하기 위한 인자임이 본 연구를 통해 밝혀졌다. 또한, 전체모델 해석을 통해 사이펀 현상에 따른 이상유동의 속도 및 압력도 분석하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 고절수형 양변기 모델 개발을 위한 다양한 기초 데이터를 제공한다.

• 의료ㆍ복지 건축 : 한국의료복지건축학회 논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide logical basis on enlargement of toilet floor space for the disabled by "ACT ON GUARANTEE OF PROMOTION OF CONVENIENCE OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, THE AGED, PREGNANT WOMEN. ETC" Revised Enforcement regulation [Asterisk 1] (2018.2.10.) and to help with making plans, designs and establishing policies by conducting experimental study with the enhanced floor area regulations. Methods: We conduct Experimental study, field work and interview for this paper. In experimental study, verification of the effective floor area was proceeded by measuring activity space for people in manual wheelchair, electric wheel chair and electric scooter and also reviewed useable area with the space expanded 0.2m both width and depth. In filed work, conducted an observation what other things (ex. sanitary equipment, hand rail and so on) can also affect the active space as well as effective floor space. In the interview, other problems and requirements that were not revealed were experimental study and observation of field work. Results : it's expected to provide better access to toilets for the disabled with the law revision of effective floor area. But, with the usage increasement of enlarged wheel chair and electric wheel chair, expanding side areas of toilet is also highly likely to be required going forward. Implications : Additional research is required on locations of exists and internal arrangement that effect the usage of toilet. It should be led to Universal design by making additional investigation and verification of the users patterns.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.459-464
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• 2024

본 연구는 화장실 변기 사용 과정 중 일어나는 노인 낙상사고를 예방하기 위한 변기 리프팅 시트 설계를 목적으로 한다. 설계에 앞서 화장실 사용과 관련된 규정과 법률 및 국가표준을 통해 보조 기구 설치 가능 공간을 결정하였으며, 고령자의 신체 치수 및 작동 범위를 고려하여 사용자가 외부의 도움 없이 더욱 안전하고 편리하게 사용할 수 있는 최적화된 변기 시트의 최종 위치를 설정하였다. 또한, 효과적인 기립 보조를 수행할 수 있도록 기구 작동 시 시트 상승과 각도 조절이 동시에 구현되게 복합 4절링크 구조를 적용하였으며 Linkage 프로그램과 UG NX를 이용하여 적절한 링크 형상과 치수를 결정하였다. ANSYS Workbench를 이용한 FEA 해석 및 실제 제작을 통해 기구 작동 과정의 링크 안전성 검증 및 리프팅 시트의 정상 작동 여부를 확인하였다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2007

Recently Among indoor noises plumbing noise from supply and drain water pipe is being pointed out as a annoying noise following to floor impact noise, and it is increasing the rate to point the noise due to the following several reasons: water pressure, vibration by fabricated structures and direct noise propagation from upper floor through ceiling This study aims to analyse the characteristics of toilet stool plumbing noise in apartment bathroom which are generated by crossing plumbings and elbows. And it analyse the effect of noise reduction by soundproofing and insulations which are covered at crossing plumbings. And also analyse the characteristics of noise about a type of elbows, crossing plumbing and result of dB(A). At last it provide a fundamental data for the purpose of reduction of plumbing noise in apartment.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국태양에너지학회 2011년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.338-341
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• 2011

Water usage for cleaning the toilet bowl accounts for 27% of the total water usage. Water-saving valve that can select the amount of water for cleaning toilet bowl can be reduced expenditure. After installing water-saving valve, analysed the economic effects. Water-saving valves compared with flush valves, and researched the amount of water usage. Then analyzed fort he economic effects. Water-saving valve was used 5.6 ${\ell}/time$ for cleaning toilet bowl. In contrast, flush valve was consumed 8.4 ${\ell}/time$. Water-saving valve's water-saving rate was 33.3%. The initial payback period for Water-saving valve was 459.5 days. By a small investment in water saving valve, the economic benefits can be obtained.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-53
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to provide a basic study for a desirable bathroom planning of the 30s pyung apartment. The survey was performed to the housewives of 30s pyung apartments in Seoul. The purpose of the survey was to examine the dweller's consciousness, satisfaction, and demands on bathroom in 30s pyung apartments, and to give useful information on bathroom planning of 30s pyung apartment. Some details shoul be considered in bathroom planning of 30s pyung spartments. It seems that the bathrooms of bath unit and extra sink and a toilet stool are the most approriate type in 30s pyung apartment among present bathroom types. It is suitable that the bathroom is close to bedroom and the bathroom door faces the wall. There is much meed for a showercurtain and more comfortable toilet stool. It is necessary to reduce the noise of toilet stool and reinforce the soundproofing fuction in bathroom. And the function of ventilation, drainage, and insulation should be improved for better bathroom enivronment. The implications of this findings for apartment bathroom planning and future research were discussed.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2005년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.35-38
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• 2005

The Restroom in house have a main role of bath, excretion, and washing hands. So there are usually bathtub, washbasin, and chamber pot. But the actions of bathing, excretion, and washing hands are not always occur at the same time. So the necessary of sectioning the restroom's space is introduced. In Japan they have some different methods in planning the restroom space. They separate the roles of bathroom and toilet, and develop several types of restroom. And they applicated the several types of restroom to appropriate spaces and floors. These sectioning the restroom's space make the moving line rational and take off the waste of spaces.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.174-180
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• 2003

목적 : 불안정 방광은 소아에서 원발성 방광 요관역류를 생성하고 지속시키는 원인으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 불안정 방광의 치료제인 항콜린제의 사용은 일차성 방광요관역류의 자연 소실율을 증가시킬 수 있으나 논쟁의 여지가 있어왔다. 저자들은 항콜린제인 옥시부티닌이 소변 가리기 훈련과 배뇨 증상이 각기 다른 소아에서 원발성 방광요관역류의 소실에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1996년 10월부터 2002년 4월까지 이화의대 목동병원에 요로 감염으로 입원한 후 방광요관역류가 발견되고 1년 후 추적 검사에서도 소실되지 않은 152명을 대상으로 하였다. 옥시부티닌군(59명)은 옥시부티닌과 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole을, 대조군(93명)은 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole만을 투약했다. 방광요관역류의 소실율을 나이, 소변 가리기 및 배뇨 장애 유무에 따라 구분하여 분석하였다. 통계 분석은 Chisquare test를 이용하였고 P-값이 0.05 미만을 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 결과 : 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(59명)에서 소실 49.2%, 호전 20.3%, 무변화 30.5%로 대조군(93명)의 45.2%, 16.1%, 38.7%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리지 못하는 영유아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(34명)에서 소실 50.0%, 호전 23.5%, 무변화 26.5%로 대조군(52명)의 44.2%, 19.2%, 36.6%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리는 소아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(25명)에서는 소실 48.0%, 호전 16.0%, 무변화 36.0%로 대조군(41명)의 46.3%, 12.2%, 41.5%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리고 배뇨 장애도 없는 연장아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(9명)에서 소실 33.3%, 호전11.1%, 무변화 55.6%로 대조군(28명)의 53.6%, 10.7%, 35.7%와 비교해 유의한 차이는 없었다. 소변을 가리나 배뇨 장애를 보이는 연장아에서 방광요관역류의 변화는 옥시부티닌군(16명)에서는 소실 56.3%, 호전 18.7%, 무변화 25.0%로 대조군(13명)의 30.7%, 15.4%, 53.9%와 비교해 소실되는 경향이나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론 : 옥시부티닌은 소변 가리기나 배뇨 장애와 관계없이 모든 소아에서 역류의 소실율에 미치는 치료 효과가 없었다. 배뇨 장애를 보이는 연장아에서는 역류의 소실율이 약간 증가되는 경향이 있었으나 유의하지 않았다. 원발성 방광요관역류에서 옥시부티닌은 배뇨 장애를 보이는 일부 연장아에서 신중하게 사용되어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.