• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2009

In this study, a simple gradient RRLC method for rapid determination of carbonyl compounds of cigarette smoke was developed. Within 10 min, 8 carbonyl compounds have been separated and identified on ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column ($4.6{\times}50\;mm$, $1.8\;{\mu}m$) with gradient elution using water and acetonitrile as a mobile phase. RRLC was used for the quantification of carbonyl compounds in mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarette, and evaluated those efficiencies in the recovery, repeatability and reproducibility. The correlation coefficients ($r^2$) for calibration curves of carbonyl compounds were over 0.9998. The developed RRLC method was successfully applied to the analysis of smoke samples and the recoveries of carbonyl compounds were in the range of 97.5~102.1% with RSD<3.1%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2007

Gas phase and particulate phase radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke were determined Electron Spin Resonance(ESR) spectroscopy. The free radicals in particulate phase have been investigated by benzene extract of Cambridge Filter Pad containing the smoke condensate. Spin trapping method in conjunction with ESR was used to investigate free radicals in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. Several analytical experiments were conducted in order to determine the optimal conditions for maximum signal intensities and reproducibility of results. All the tests were optimized and normalized using the University of Kentucky 2R4F reference cigarette. The optimal conditions were 0.6 mL for analysis volume of ESR, $4{\sim}5\;mL$ for collection volume of spin-adducts, and PBN for quantification of free radicals in gas phase. The radical levels of Kentucky 2R4F cigarettes were found $2.18{\times}10^{14}\;spins/cig.$ and $2.10{\times}10^{15}\;spins/cig.$ in gas phase.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.124-128
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• 1997

Semivolatile components in mainstream smoke of cigarette attached the different type filter were analysed. Based on the main peak of GC profile, benzene, toluene, acetic acid, limonene, acetamide, pyridine, nicotine, phenol, pyrrole, and furfuryl alcohol were identified. The amount delivered of semivolatile components by each filter was evaluated with the ratio of areas of sample vs area% of ISTD. By comparing dual and triple filter to mono filter, the delivery amounts were 52% benzene, 62% toluene and 74% benzene, 84% toluene, respectively. The delivery amount of limonene which was known of tobacco taste component, were 52%, and 93% by dual and triple filter, respectively. Also, delivery amounts of acetic acid which was one of acidic compounds in smoke, were 86% and 83% by dual and triple filter, respectively. When adding the same amount of active carbon, the amounts delivered of vapour phase such as benzene and toluene by dual filter were lower than that of triple filter. But the delivery amounts of acetic acid and phenol by dual filter were higher than that of triple filter. This results assume that the pH of active carbon in filter affect to the adsorption or absorption of triacetin during filter making process.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.8
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• pp.319-327
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• 2016

Allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy, are most common chronic, noncommunicable diseases in childhood. In the past few decades, the prevalence has increased abruptly worldwide. There are 2 possible explanations for the rising prevalence of allergic diseases worldwide, that an increased disease-awareness of physician, patient, or caregivers, and an abrupt exposure to unknown hazards. Unfortunately, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Despite the continuing efforts worldwide, the etiologies and rising prevalence remain unclear. Thus, it is important to identify and control risk factors in the susceptible individual for the best prevention and management. Genetic susceptibility or environments may be a potential background for the development of allergic disease, however they alone cannot explain the rising prevalence worldwide. There is growing evidence that epigenetic change depends on the gene, environment, and their interactions, may induce a long-lasting altered gene expression and the consequent development of allergic diseases. In epigenetic mechanisms, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during critical period (i.e., during pregnancy and early life) are considered as a potential cause of the development of childhood allergic diseases. However, the causal relationship is still unclear. This review aimed to highlight the impact of ETS exposure during the perinatal period on the development of childhood allergic diseases and to propose a future research direction.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.173-182
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• 2002

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) increases the risk of lung cancer and other diverse health effect for nonsmokers. Health risk assessment of nonsmokers related to ETS exposure requires large and exact data of ETS exposure to nonsmokers. This study presented the data of ETS exposure to workers at three category of restaurants(Korean restaurant, coffee shop, wine shop) in Seoul. Markers of ETS exposure measured in this study were area and personal NO$_2$, area and urine nicotine, area respiratory suspended particulate(RSP) and urine cotinine. The mean concentration of RSP and nicotine of all restaurant indoor samples was 177.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥(range:75.3~317.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) and 7.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥(range:0~57.3$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥). The mean concentration of urine cotinine measured for the biomarker of ETS exposure was 77.3ng/mL(range:17.3~174.6ng/mL). In all measurements, the concentration of ETS markers at the wine shop was higher than those at other restaurants. The correlation coefficient among the ETS markers measured in the study was significant between area RSP and nicotine concentration and between area NO$_2$and nicotine concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the transfer rate of I-menthol constituent into cigarette case and delivery rate to cigarette smoke. Test sample was used a light-type standard brand cigarette made in Korea. I-Menthol contents was measured according to A.O.A.C(1990) method by G.C and smoking conditions was a puff volume of 35$m\ell$ and 2.0s duration, taken once per minute to filter tipping paper plus 3mmwith 20 cigarettes. Migration rate of menthol into cigarette case had an interrelation with triacetin contents into filter and 6% triacetin level was most suitable. I-Menthol transferred to filter part from tobacco sheet by 20.2% in one month after cigarette manufacture, and the transfer was continued subsequently. Maximum menthol transfer in five months was 4.1% to foils and other packing materials and the loss outside of cigarette pack was also 3.9% below. The migration balance of menthol into cigarette pack and the delivery to cigarette smoke were the optimum condition when menthol was added at the ration of 30% in filter to 70% in the other parts into cigarette.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.E
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• pp.41-58
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• 1998

In this study, a wide range of volatile organic constituents of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were determined using an environmental chamber, where ETS is the sole source of target compounds. ETS was generated in an environmental chamber by a number of different cigarettes, including the Kentucky reference cigarette and eight different commercial brands. More than 30 compounds were measured simultaneously for a total of twelve experimental runs. The target compounds are classified into three major classes, i.e. vapor phase ETS markers including 3-ethnylpyridine (3-EP) and nicotine, carbonyl compounds including formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The results from the chamber study were used to generate characterized ratios of selected VOCs to 3-EP, a vapor phase ETS marker. Emission factors for VOCs associated with ETS were also estimated. The characteristic ratios appeared to be generally in good agreement with published data obtained by environmental chamber studies similar to this study. This implies that the ratios may be useful for identifying and quantifying the impact of ETS as a source of target compounds in 'real world' indoor environments, which is affected by a complex mixture of multi-sources. The environmental chamber method described here provides a direct and reliable method to compare the ETS generated by different cigarettes. The method can also be applied to the simultaneous determination of many different ETS components.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

This study was carried out to determine the analytical methods for heterocyclic amines(HAs) of the tobacco smoke by LC/MS/MS. HAs have been found in pyrolysate of protein and cooked food including protein, were known the Sugimura compound. HAs content of the smoke were known to exist very low ppb level. Especially, some of HAs are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. In according to IARC, the toxicity of N-heterocyclic amines classified IARC class 2A or 2B group. Precursors of these compounds are glutamic acid, protein and free amino acids including tryptophan, therefore, the precursors have been proved in cooked food continuously. This study was investigate multiple analysis methods for HAs and HAs contents of some commercial products. In this study, we used the linear type smoking machine for HAs analysis. At the ISO conditions, mainstream smoke was collected on cambridge filter pad, and then cambridge filter pad was extracted by 0.1% acetic acid. The extracted solution were passed cation exchange SPE cartridge to remove matrix, samples were analyzed using LC/MS/MS on MRM mode. From the result that optimized this methods, the correlation coefficient(R) of the individual compounds were good linearity over 0.999, recovery rate over 96% and the limit of detection were good values between 0.06 to 0.37 ng/mL, In addition, HAs content of some commercial products were in range of 0.02 to 43.8 ng/cig.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine the amount of unprotonated nicotine in cigarette mainstream smoke and to investigate its relationship to level of filter ventilation and machine smoking conditions. Unprotonated nicotine from TPM trapped on a Cambridge filter pad(CFP) was adsorbed by Carboxen/PDMS SPME fiber, thermally desorbed and determined by GC/MS. 2R4F reference cigarette, twelve commercial brands from the Korean market and five test cigarette samples, which had the same tobacco blend with different levels of filter ventilation, were analyzed for unprotonated nicotine. In commercial brands, the amount of unprotonated nicotine changed slightly depending on the pH values of smoke, and decreased as the tar level increased. filter ventilation in these commercial cigarettes was $28{\sim}80%$ and the higher filter ventilation increased relative unprotonated nicotine levels, but not significantly. However, in five test cigarettes with different filter ventilation$(0{\sim}70%)$, unprotonated nicotine levels increased almost linearly with the level of filter ventilation. Concentrations of unprotonated nicotine in mainstream smoke generally increased in order $HC\;<\;ISO\;{\leq}\;MDPH$ machine smoking conditions. The ratio of unprotonated nicotine to total nicotine among $cigarettes({\alpha}_{fb})$ increased in order RC < MDPB < ISO conditions. Concentrations of unprotonated nicotine varied with three machine smoking conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.212-218
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• 2005

Cigarette smoking has been known to have a few beneficial effects on some neuronal diseases such as Alzheimer's disease(AD), Parkinson's disease(PD) and prion disease by scrapie agent shows many similar properties with AD. In this respect, we investigated what biological effects are exerted by cigarette smoke exposure(CSE) in the brain of mouse infected by 87V scrapie. The scrapie agent was inoculated through stereotaxic microinjection of the homogenates of the scrapie agent infected brain into the intracerebral system in the 1M mice. The inoculation into mice typically exhibits neurochemical, physiological and histopathological characteristics of prion disease: loss of neurotransmitters and induction of astrocytosis and vacuolation in brain as well as reduction of spatial movement and loss of body weight. CSE led to alleviated the loss of body weight and also improved spatial movement of the infected mice. Most interestingly, CSE attenuated astrocytosis and vacuolation caused by scrapie infection in the brain. In addition, decreased levels of dopamine in striatal and hypothalamic regions as well as serotonin level in hippocampus caused by scrapie infection were also attenuated by exposure to cigarette smoke. These findings suggest that cigarette smoke, by its inhibition of astrocytosis and vacuolation followed by its restoration of levels of some neurotransmitters, may partly contribute to suppression in the progress of neurodegeneration caused by scrapie infection.