• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.11
• /
• pp.1574-1580
• /
• 2009

To evaluate the effect of different housing systems on sow behavior, 80 gilts were randomly allocated at puberty to four treatments: i) sow stall in gestation followed by farrowing crate (SC), ii) group housing with individual feeding in gestation followed by farrowing crate (GC), iii) ESF (Electronic Sow Feeding) system in gestation followed by farrowing crate (EC), and iv) ESF system followed by group farrowing pen (EG). Behavioral observations were carried out on a total of 16 animals per treatment at the following stages: first day of allocation to housing treatment, day of service, 80 days after service, 109 days after service on entry to farrowing accommodation, 24 h before farrowing, day of farrowing, 14, 27 and 28 days after farrowing, at weaning. On each occasion, individual animals were observed for a 24 period with one minute time sampling. There were significant differences (p<0.001) between stages of the reproductive cycle for all the behavior patterns in all treatments. On the first day in experimental housing treatments, sows spent more time rooting and dog-sitting. Activity and investigatory behavior decreased as pregnancy progressed. An activity peak was apparent just before farrowing, followed by a high level of inactivity on the day of farrowing. Time spent active, eating and drinking increased as lactation progressed, and greatest activity and locomotion was seen immediately following weaning. There were significant differences between housing treatments (p<0.01) for standing, moving, eating, drinking, dog-sitting and lying. During pregnancy SC sows spent more time standing, rooting, drinking and dog sitting, while EC sows spent less time rooting and drinking and more time lying. During lactation, GC sows spent more time standing, moving and eating, less time dog sitting and lateral lying. Nursing frequency was reduced in GC sows (p<0.001). The maternal and piglet behaviors were influenced strongly by environment during lactation. However, it was also shown that previous housing history can influence the maternal behavior in the pre-farrowing stage and during early lactation.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.395-402
• /
• 1991

A new process was developed to degrade PVA(polyvinyl alcohol) in desize wastewater. Two symbiotic bacteria of Pseudomonas strain G5Y and PW were immobilized on the media by adsorption. A natural zeolite was chosen as the best media considering cell adhesion capacity, sedimentation rate, and material cost. PVA and COD removal efficiencies of this system for synthetic wastewater were 84% and 85% at the retention time of 6 hr, when the volumetric loading rate was PVA 8g/L·day and COD 8g/L·day, and cell density was 19,775 mg/L. In case of desire wastewater, they were 78% and 72% at the retention time of 6 hr, respectively, when the volumetric loading rate was PVA 8g/L·day and COD 13.2g/L·day, and cell density was 32,899mg/L. In case of desize wastewater, PVA and COD removal efficiencies were lower than synthetic wastewater, but cell density of the desize wastewater was lower than that of the synthetic wastewater, because there were insufficiency of necessary nutrition and variety of desize materials in the desize wastewater. A pilot test was successfully performed showing 88% and 82%, PVA and COD removal efficiencies at the retention time of 24 hr, when volumetric loading rate were 4.7 PVA g/L·day and COD 6.9g/L·day, and cell density was 12,,324 mg/L.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.303-310
• /
• 2004

To establish a prediction table of parturition day real-time B-mode ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 12 pregnant Shih-tzu bitches. Measurement of inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter was performed from 15 days of gestation to parturition. These were converted retrospectively based on the day of parturition (Day 0). The data of inner chorionic cavity diameter obtained from Day -44 to Day -25 and fetal head diameter obtained from Day -25 to Day -1 were used to compile a prediction table of parturition day. The 22 pregnant Shih-tzu with unknown mating time were examined to assess an accuracy of the table established in this study. And these results were applied to the prediction of parturition day and compared to actual parturition day. Parturition day prediction based on the inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter was 100% accurate within ${\pm}2$ days. In addition, the accuracy for parturition day within 0, ${\pm}1$, and ${\pm}2$ days interval using the prediction table of parturition day were 68, 82, and 100%, respectively. Therefore, the prediction table of parturition day seems to be a useful tool for the prediction of parturition day in practice.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.155-160
• /
• 2009

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fasting and high-fat diet feeding on uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) mRNA levels, uncoupling the respiratory chain and producing heat, of skeletal muscle in rat. METHODS. Fasting experiment: Forty Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 wk) were divided into non-fasting groups (CON) and fasting groups (FG) for 0 day, 0.5 day (12 hr), 1 day, 2 day and 3 day. The rats of CON were sacrificed at 0 and 3 day. High-fat diet experiment: Forty Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 wk) were divided into low-fat diet groups (LF) and high-fat diet group feeding for 0 day, 0.5 day (12 hr), 1 day, 2 day and 3 day. The rats of LF were sacrificed at 0 and 3 day. Analysis: Analysis of UCP3 mRNA expression was used by Real-time PCR. RESULTS. UCP3 mRNA levels of FG group were increased according to time course for 2 days- fasting but decreased at 3 day-fasting. UCP3 mRNA of HF were increased during HF diet feeding for 2 day, and peaked at 1 day-HF feeding, but decreased 2 day and 3 day-HF feeding CONCLUSION. Therefore, it may be rational that UCP3 is up-regulation when a large amount of fatty acids influx occurs in skeletal muscles as well as might have a role for fine adjustments of energy expenditure.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 1999.10a
• /
• pp.73-76
• /
• 1999

In recent, concrete material like specific cement and additives having many functions hsa been developed. In road pavement, ultra high early strength cement or organic material are used to open the road early, but there are many restrictions like workable time and special equipment. We aim to developed specific concrete which 1 day strength is over 300kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ to open the road within one day and workable time is maintained over 1 hour that can make the concrete ready mixed concrete. In this study, we are convinced if the ratio of hauyne clinker or its additive is increased early strength property is progressed and if the ratio of non hydrous gypsum is increased longtime strength is progressed. The concrete strength is 290-310 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 1 day, 570-640 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at 28 day and the workable time is maintained over 30 minutes. As the results of this experiments We find out the possibility to developed the 1 day usable ready mixed concrete with high early strength.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.254-259
• /
• 2019

Background: This cross-sectional study assessed the sleep quality using the ActiGraph and investigated the relationship between the parameters of sleep assessment and the type of shift work in Korean firefighters. Methods: The participants were 359 firefighters: 65 day workers (control group) and 294 shift workers (shift work group: 77 firefighters with 3-day shift, 72 firefighters with 6-day shift, 65 firefighters with 9-day shift, and 80 firefighters with 21-day shift). Sleep assessments were performed using the ActiGraph (wGT3X-BT) for 24 hours during day shift (control and shift work group) and night shift and rest day (shift work group). The participants recorded bed time and sleep hours during the measurement period. Results: Sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and percentage of wake after sleep onset during night work were lower in the shift work group than control group (p < 0.05). Sleep efficiency decreased in night shift and increased in rest day, whereas wake after sleep onset increased in night shift and decreased in rest day (p < 0.05). Among shift work groups, sleep efficiency of 6-day shift was higher in day shift, and sleep efficiency of 21-day shift was lower in night shift than other shift groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We found that the sleep quality in night shift of the shift work group was poorer than the control group. As to the type of shift work, sleep quality was good in 6-day shift and poor in 21-day shift. Thus, fast rotating shift such as 6-day shift may be recommended to improve the sleep quality of the firefighters.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.40-55
• /
• 2023

Arbor Day is a day that encourages people to plant trees and symbolizes the timing of planting. Arbor Day has been honored on April 5th in Korea, but it often does not agree to actual planting time due to global warming. This study confirmed the discrepancy between Arbor Day and regional soil-thawing times and reviewed alternative dates for tree planting using satellite-based soil-thaw data (FT-ESDR) from 1991 to 2020. Study results showed that the start time of planting on the Korean Peninsula, which was indicated by soil-thaw dates, was March 24 during 1991-2000, and it progressively changed to March 17 during 2011-2020. Should Arbor Day be changed based on soil-thaw periods, mid-March would be the most comprehensive, suitable alternative period considering the number of governmental administration units (cities and counties) and the land area of soil-thaw. Tree-Planting Day (March 14) and International Day of Forests (March 21) were found suitable for alternative dates to Arbor Day because they were close to the average soil-thaw time of Korean Peninsula (March 19) and land area whose soil-thaw time was within 10 days from those two dates ranged from 52.5% to 58.8% centered geographically on the mid-section of the peninsula. Since the periods of soil-thaw will continue to change due to climate change, it is necessary to reflect the trend of advancing planting periods in the future if Arbor Day is changed to an earlier date.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 2000

Sulfamethazine sodium was orally administrated to sprague-dawley strain male rats(body weight, 200-300g) with using sonde at the rate of 20 mg/100g body weight(recommended therapeutic dose) on once a day for 3 days. There were investigated the depletion rate of the sulfamethazine in serum, liver and skeletal muscle of rat at the time 8 hours, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th day after administration sulfamethazine sodium. 1. The mean concentrations of sulfamethazine in serum according to the time lapsed after oral administration of the sulfamethazine soudijm were showed 215.53$\pm$42.99 ppm at the 8 hours after withdrawal of medicated sulfamethazine. And gradually according to the time lapsed, the concentrations of sulfamethazine residues in serum were significantly (p<.05) decreased 25.87$\pm$5.18 ppm at 1st day, 2.30$\pm$0.61 ppm at 3rd day and 0.11$\pm$0.02 ppm at 6th day after withdrawal of medicated sulfamethazine. 2. The mean concentrations of sulfamethazine in liver were significantly (p<.05) decreased 81.77 $\pm$ 12.88 ppm to 0.11$\pm$0.03 ppm between 8 hours and 6th day according to the time lapsed after oral administration of the sulfamethazine sodium for 3 days. 3. After oral administration of the sulfamethazine sodium, the mean concentrations of sulfamethazine in skeletal muscle were significantly (p<.05) decreased 35.96$\pm$1.39 ppm to 0.009$\pm$0.001 ppm between 8 hours and 6th day after withdrawal of medicated sulfamethazine. At the 4th day, the concentrations of sulfamethazine residues were showed 0.10 $\pm$ 0.04 ppm below 0.1 ppm at the permitted limit concentration of muscle in Korea. 4. After oral administration of the sulfamethazine sodium once a day for 3 days, there were showed the highest concentration in serum (215.53$\pm$42.99 ppm) than in liver(81.77$\pm$12.88 ppm) and skeletal muscle (35.96$\pm$1.39 ppm) at the 8 hours after withdrawal of medicated sulfamethazine. The mean concentration of sulfamethazine residues in serum, liver and skeletal muscle were gradually decreased according to the time lapsed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.141-151
• /
• 2002

In order to know the depletive changes of sulfadimethoxine and oxytetracycline residues in se겨m of dairy cattle intramusculally administered with sulfadimethoxine sodium(SDS) and oxytetracycline(OTC), the concentration of sulfadimethoxine and oxyteracycline was measured in serum of dairy cattle with using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). SDS and OTC was intramuscularlly administrated to dairy cattle at the rate of 10mg/kg(SDS) and 10mg/kg(OTC) body weight(recommended therapeutic dose) once to four dairy cattle. There were investigated the depletive changes of the sulfadimethoxine and oxytetracycline in serum of dairy cattle at the time 2, 4, 8 hours, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day after administration SMS and OTC, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. After intramuscularlly administration of the SMS, the mean concentrations of sulfamethazine in serum according to the time lapsed were showed 33.964 $\pm$ 4.435ppm at the 4 hours after withdrawal of medicated sulfadimethoxine sodium. And gradually according to the time lapsed, the concentrations of sulfadimethoxine residues in serum were significantly (p<.05) decreased 6.596 $\pm$ 3.402 ppm at 1st day, 0.217 $\pm$ 0.119 ppm at 3rd day and 0.057 $\pm$ 0.032 ppm at 4th day, respectively. 2. The mean residual concentration of OTC in serum according to the time lapsed after intramuscularly administration OTC were showed 0.743 $\pm$ 0.368ppm at the 8 hours. And gradually according to the time lapsed, the mean concentrations of OTC residues in serum of dairy cattle were significantly(p<.05) decreased such as 0.057 $\pm$ 0.047ppm at 3rd day and 0.039 $\pm$ 0.016ppm at the 5th day, respectively. In conclusion, this study could be suggested the relationship between administrated period, sulfonamides and tetracycline residual aspects in serum, and the importance of observing ceasing period of antibiotic drugs before forwarding livestocks to slaughter, Thus, this results would be able to be used the basic index for prevention of sulfonamides and tetracycline residues in dairy breedings.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.342-351
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary behavior of day-care center teachers and their meal attitudes during meal time in Jeonju area. Self administered questionnaires were collected from 266 day-care center teachers who worked in a national(public) or private day-care center. The Statistical data analysis was conducted using SPSS v. 12.0. All subjects were women, and 64.7% were married(p<0.001), over more than 60% were junior college graduates(p<0.05), and 73.7% had salaries greater than 1,000,000 won(p<0.001). The breakfast skipping ratio of the subjects was very high, and about 66.5% of the respondents had irregular meals. The snack intake ratios of the subjects in private day-care centers were higher than the subjects in national(public) day-care centers(p<0.001). Approximately 56% of the subjects responded that education about eating is very important for providing balanced nutrition to young children. About 84% of subjects had no experience with the continuing-education program for teachers(p<0.01), and they wanted to know more about balanced nutrition. The meal attitude education score during meal time was $4.53{\pm}0.36$. The relationship between meal attitude education and the dietary behavior of day-care teachers was significantly different based on the "frequency of overeating"(p<0.05) and "self-recognition of eating habit"(p<0.05). These findings suggest that a nutrition education program for day-care center teachers should be developed so that they can effectively manage meal attitude education for young children and provide good nutrition for themselves.