• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.232-237
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological quality of beef carcasses at different slaughtering process in large (>100 cattle/day) and small (<30 cattle/day) scale slaughtering houses. Swabbing method was used to analyze the incidence of microorganisms on brisket surface of beef carcasses in each process of after dehiding, after evisceration, before and final wash, and in cold room. In winter time, large scale slaughterhouse showed lower incidence of aerobic microorganisms (10$\^$0/∼10$^2$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$) than those of small scale slaughterhouse (10$\^$0/-10$^3$ CFU/$\textrm{cm}^2$) during the slaughtering process of after dehiding, evisceration and before final wash. But samples from carcasses after final wash and in cold room storage showed no difference in aerobic cell counts between large and small scale slaughterhouse. In spring time, samples showed higher incidence of microorganisms by the log scale 1 than those of winter time in both of small and large scale slaughterhouse. After final wash, different sampling place in carcass such as rump, flank, brisket showed the different washing effect in both of small and large scale slaughterhouse. After final wash, samples from rump showed lower aerobic cell counts, but samples from flank and brisket showed higher aerobic cell counts than samples from each site before final wash.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.417-428
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• 2011

To promote use of nutrition labels, degrees of awareness, use, and satisfaction of nutrition labeling on eating-out menus were investigated by a self-recorded questionnaire from May to July 2010 in 629 participants who visited four bakery chains (n=409) and three ice-cream chains (n=220) located in Daejeon. Of the subjects 53.4% were female, 68.8% aged 20~29 years, and 59.3% visited bakery or ice-cream stores 1~3 times per month. Only 38.2% of participants had knowledge of nutrition-labeling mandates for eating-out menus, and 74.9% had seen labels before in bakery and ice-cream stores. Most subjects understood calorie amount and daily value of sodium very well, but they failed to understand the meaning of daily value. Only 21.2% of the subjects understood nutrition label information completely. Of the participants, 46.7% read nutrition labels in bakery or ice-cream stores when purchasing. Among the subjects who read the labels, 77.2% (36.1% of total subjects) referred to the label information when selecting a menu and 46.9% (21.9% of total subjects) had experienced altering their menu choice based on the information. Exactly 53.3% of subjects answered they did not read nutrition labels since they were not interested or had no time, or because the labels were not noticeable. Satisfaction of the place, timing, and format of nutrition labels at bakery and ice-cream stores fell below average overall. Many subjects wanted trans fat and cholesterol to be added to the labels. In conclusion, degrees of perception, use, and satisfaction of nutrition labels at bakery and ice-cream stores were still low. More effective publicity and consumer education about nutrition labeling will be necessary, and bakery or ice-cream companies should make efforts to improve nutrition labeling such as providing format and place.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1199-1206
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• 2009

Obesity affects various kinds of adult diseases and is a principal cause of injuring people's health. Physical activities are very important to solve the obesity problem and green spaces are good place to take physical activities. In order to examine the utilization of green spaces for physical activities to improve health, the survey was implemented in regards to recognition of health, forms of use of green spaces for physical activities. Only 8.1% of respondents didn't care about health, but 91.9% of them were interested in health more than 'commonness'. 95.2% of respondents knew that obesity has an effect on various adult diseases, and 93.1% of respondents cognized that it's possible to prevent obesity by doing physical activities. More than half of respondents replied that the types of green spaces utilized for physical activities were small-scale neighborhood parks and mini parks around house. About 70% of respondents took walking as a type of physical activities. 53% of respondents utilized green spaces one or two times a week, while 25% of them utilized the places at least three times a week to take physical activities. 91.8% of respondents took exercise for more than 30 minutes. These results are expected to promote health because many experts encourage people to take physical activities at least three times a week because fats of human body begins to bum after 30 minutes from start of physical activities. In the utilizing time of green spaces, evening or after work(56.7%) was higher than morning or before work(35.1%). 71% of respondents usually visited green spaces by walking. This study shows green spaces are good places for physical activities and have boundless potentialities improving people's health.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics T
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• v.36T no.4
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• pp.115-122
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• 1999

The Y2K bug, what is called "millennium bug" or "2000 year bug", take place because the year after 2000 year is not recognize as the year marking method of the computer designed for take up two-digit number. This takes place because the RTC chip architecture of PC can not change the century information to the operating together with date. In this paper, we make an analysis about Y2K hardware bug of RTC in the IBM compatible PC, and make a Y2K compensation board in order to solve Y2K hardware bug. And the test results by various Y2K diagnosis program is bug before put in Y2K compensation board, but is not bug after put in Y2K compensation board. Therefore, we suggest a solution method for Y2K hardware bug of RTC in the IBM compatible PC.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to provide the basic data for oral health of infants, through the comparison of Streptococcus mutans activities(the representative bacteria of initial dental caries), in main nutritional foods for infants: breast milk, milk powder, and soya milk. Methods : The study targeted 30 infants and the saliva was sampled after the oral examination. The pH of sampled saliva was measured; and the sample of 'the saliva', 'the saliva and breast milk', and 'the saliva and formula milk' by researcher were produced; and the measurement was repeated 7 times. Results : As a result of examining the change of colony number of Streptococcus mutans by hour, the bacterial activity took in the source of nutrition took place in the first place; and in the group with dental caries, breast-feeding at night occurreds most frequently. Due to the combined activities, such as the increase in the contact time, the existence rate of dental caries appeared high. However, as the improvement of breast-feeding is closely related to the nutrition supply to babies, rather than the improvement of breast-feeding, the 12 hours after the culture in which Streptococcus mutans activities started was considered. Conclusions : In case of breast-feeding at night, it is necessary to remove the dental plaque in the mouth, before 12 hours has passed. Especially, using toothbrush and toothpaste to decrease the occurrence of dental caries, after the eruption of teeth, is recommended for oral administration.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.851-856
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• 2002

All creatures are living in the space and time. As the space and time are prior to experience, they are preconditions for an incident to happen and preconditions for each other to coexist as well. Therefore, time can be recognized through the change of space and the space can be understood by the passage of time. In western philosophy, the space was understood as an object, place, interval, mind and etc. In oriental philosophy, even though one space is just a part of bigger space, the space may represent the universal space, and the various spaces are no more than a space. The space itself doesn't have any color, form, beginning and end, or liu-he(六合). However, it is the biggest concept that we can find everywhere. In order to understand the space, we need to find our position by expressing subjective positions like above and below, left and right, before and after, and objective positions like high and low, east and west, south and north. In oriental philosophy, the sun is the standard point in finding position; its front side is south, the backside is north, the left side is east, the right side is west, the upper side is south and the lower side north. Based on the finding position which is stated above and by taking each characteristics of he-luo-xi-wen(河洛羲文) and interrelations among them, the space can be modeled. Followings are the results obtained from this study: Tian doesn't fill in west and north. Di doesn't fill in east and south. Tian-dao(天道) turns to left, and Di-dao(地道) turns to right. There is no direct way to get to Dui-chong-fang without passing by Zhong-gong(中宮). The solid figure of eighty-one Bian-ju(變局) and sixty-four Gua-tu(卦圖).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.116-119
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• 2009

Background: Preanalytical factors can affect reliability of hormone assay results. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in blood is considered highly unstable because of proteolytic degradation, so storage of blood samples on ice until analysis is recommended. In clinical practice, however, this procedure may present logistical problems because most samples for ACTH measurement must be shipped from the place of sample collection to the laboratory. Therefore, we studied the impact of time and temperature before plasma separation and analysis on the results of ACTH assays. Methods: A total number of 22 patients were enrolled in this study. We obtained 2 blood samples. ACTH concentrations were 35~126 pg/mL. ACTH concentrations were measured by immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using commercial kits (CIS Biointernational, Gif-sur-Yvette, France). Results: ACTH levels showed a significant difference between the samples of $22^{\circ}C$ EDTA and $4^{\circ}C$ EDTA. Measured ACTH concentrations significantly decreased with time before freezing at $-20^{\circ}C$. ACTH levels showed no significant difference between the groups of after storage for 24 hr without centrifugation at $22^{\circ}C$ and $4^{\circ}C$. Conclusion: We recommend that blood samples be obtained on pre-chilled EDTA collection tubes. The shortest possible time between sample collection and processing is always the best laboratory practice.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.19-32
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• 2013

Objective : Chu Cheng(褚澄) was known as the author of Zayaofang(雜藥方) and Chushiyishu(褚氏遺書). His mentions in the medicine have been sufficiently told in his posterity. However, there have been no studies on Chu Cheng and his work like Chushiyishu in Korea. Here, I seek to investigate Chu Cheng and his ideas in the medicine. Method : I investigate Chushiyishu, known as written by Chu Cheng and his scattered portions. Result & Conclusion : His nom de plume(字) is Yandao(彦道). It was supposed that he was born before the year of 420, the era of Dong Jin(東晉) and died in 483. He wrote Zayaofang and Chushiyishu. However, the former was lost. The latter consists of 10 pieces of medical theories. The contents carved on the stone plate was discovered for the first time before 934 at a place presumed as his grave. Then, it was stored as the inner and outer coffins in the tomb of Xiao Guang(蕭廣) in 935 and written on the paper by Buddhist monk Shi Yikan(釋義堪) in 1127. Then, Liu Jixian(劉繼先) carved on the wood for publication and finally, the work was released in 1201. But, it deeply looks that the book was written by other follower. Chu Cheng was a doctor excellent in the inspection and pulse method and his medical ideas prioritized Huo(火) in Mingmen(命門) and Spleen(脾). He expressed his opinions on the four phases of life, sexes and birth defects through Yangjing(陽精) and Yinxue(陰血). In addition, he explained the human pathology through Qixue(氣血). Unsmooth flow of Qi causes diseases by congestion. The entity circulating Yinxue is Yang and protested using urine to treat the hemoptysis(咳血) instead of medicine with cold features. It was frequently mentioned by his predecessors with the fact that Chu Cheng used different medications on housewives from widows and Buddhist nun monks. In addition, Chu Cheng proposed various opinions on cure, diagnosis, treatment, drug usage, pulse positions and hermaphrodites(半陰陽).

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.2 s.30
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• pp.23-35
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• 2002

Even though there have been greate changes in the types and contents of the housing plan in Korea since the Modem age, it seems that the identity of traditional dwelling culture is still remains within it. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and features in the development of the 'Public Standard' Housing Unit Plan by comparing the differences and similarities in unit plans in housings built on Japanese occupation period and those built after the period. From the study, we can conclude as follows: 1. The public standard housing unit plans on both periods have shown the common features in the composition of their physical forms in the way that the front-row area still remains the traditional housing culture and the rear-row area reflects the desires of the modem lives. The structure of the dual-row unit plan appeared in the public standard housing plan was caused by the cultural acculturation in Japanese occupation period. 2. The public standard housing unit plans, however, show the differences in the contents and meaning in units plans with the them of the Japanese housing because of the cultural differences. These differences took placed autonomously through the change of housing plans in the modern time, and have the common features such that 1) the changes in the Maru-centered plan type differ in composition from the inner-corridor plan type used Japanese housing, and 2) the composition of the open-inner spaces in the double-row housing plan reflects the single-row outer open space In the traditional housing. All of these cultural progresses in the public standard housing unit plans was took place as the result of the inner-oriented and notional circulations derived from the modernity. However, the transformed unit plans still contains the identity derived from the variation of the traditional Korean building elements such as Maru and Ondol. In other words, those are the Maru-centered and composed housing plans with juxtaposition of the inner block and the outer block. As the conclusion, though the public standard dwelling unit plan has the similarity in the physical form, it is different in the cultural Identity and meaning from the public standard plans before the independence from the Japan occupation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.420-424
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• 2005

Objectives : A few culture-confirmed cases of S. sonnei have been notified from Korean hospitals. The source of epidemic can't be firmly determined in such cases because of the rarity of this illness in the local communities and the timing of the outbreaks. The objective of this study is to estimate the source of epidemic by investigating the patients' lifestyles. Methods : Alibi verification was used to access the presumed source of the epidemic. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was used to rapidly detect the genes of Shigella in water specimens. Results : The common lifestyle trait among the Shigella infected patients was connected with Mt. Martyr in J city, Korea. The first patient's son had gone on a pilgrimage to Mt. Martyr with 41 friends and he had only eaten rice cakes on April 5th; the second patients had visited Mt. Martyr with their mother for a picnic on April 12th; the third patient had visited Mt. Martyr with 22 friends for a pilgrimage and the patient had only drunk holy water on April 13th. Therefore, the holy water of Mt. Martyr was reckoned to be the source of the epidemic. PCR detected the genes of Shigella two days before the S. sonnei was confirmed. Conclusion : The patients' lifestyles for 7 days before the onset of symptoms should be determined in terms of time, place and contacted people to find the source of infection when cases with food poisoning are seen in the hospital setting.