• 아동학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.173-189
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• 2009

This study investigated contextual characteristics and developmental functions of time spent alone in early adolescence. Participants were 107 6th grade elementary school students. The Experience Sampling Method was used to measure experiences of time spent alone. Findings were that : (1) 2.6% of an early adolescents' daily waking time was involuntarily spent alone and 14.8% was voluntarily spent alone. (2) Psychological states of voluntary time spent alone were more positive than those of involuntary time spent alone, and psychological states of voluntary time spent alone were not significantly different from those of time spent with family members or friends. (3) Experiences during voluntary time spent alone were related to adjustment, suggesting that time spent alone during early adolescence contributes to positive development.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2002

In this study, I analyzed single people time use and leisure behavior. I have compared patterns of time use of the single people who completed a survey for this study with the data from Time Use Survey(Korea National Statistics office, 1999). The survey participants included 160 single people who were thirty- to forty-years-old and who were living alone. The data from the Time Use Survey by NSO contained 2,004 married people cases and 30,155 unmarried individuals cases. The major findings are as follows: First, the single people who participated in this study were not especially anti-marriage; they simply have not been married yet and were living in a one-person household. Second, single people spent more time at work and less time for leisure and socializing than two comparative groups. Third, single people spent more time for household labor than other groups, and the only exception was the married female group. There was no gender difference in the time spent at household work Finally, single people tended to spend their leisure time with passive activities such as reading a newspaper or a magazine, watching television, and listening to the radio.

• 한국가족관계학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.135-156
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• 2018

Objectives: This study aim to determine adolescent meal time, which provides the important context of parent-child sharing time. We divided mealtime into family meal and alone meal, and analyzed the time/space context of each meal time as well as the social determinations. Method: We employed adolescents age 10-18 who live with married patents and attends school at the present (n=5,128) from the original data of Korean Time Use Survey. Results: More adolescent were engaged in family meal rather than eating alone in daily bases. However, the trend show difference by day of week and academic grade; family meal are more prevalent in weekends rather than weekdays. As adolescent reaches high school age, the proportion of eating alone beats the proportion of family meal time. Most of the meal occur at home. Having meal outside was relatively scares, especially on weekdays. Tobit and logistic analysis reveal that, on weekday meal, less school hours, more time spent at the private academy, having family leisure event, and long mother's housework hours were positively associated with family meal time. In weekend model, father's education gradient was associated with family meal time, showing higher the father's education level, there were higher chance of having weekend family meal. As for the eating alone, relevant factors were similar with family meal but the directions were the opposite; having family leisure were negatively associated with alone meal, both weekdays and weekend. Long academy hours, meal preparing and leisure alone were positively associated eating alone. Overall, weekday meal time was strongly linked with adolescent daily schedules and time use, while for weekends meal, in both family meal and alone meal, the influence of parent factors were discovered. Conclusion: The results indicates that alone meal and the family meal are not exclusively related but seem to be complementary. Families tend to enjoy family meal yet, there are some necessary situation that adolescent need to be on their own. Increase in ready-made food industries, growing independence of children by age seem partly allow adolescent children to eat alone. Careful attentions may require for monitoring weekends meal situation and the family factor of adolescent in future studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.675-690
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• 2019

Objective: This study investigated the effect of diet and roughage quality (RQ) on dry matter intake, duration and number of daytime and night-time eating bouts, idling sessions and ruminating activities in small ruminants. Methods: In Exp 1 and 2, RQ was improved by urea treatment of veld hay, while diet quality was improved by supplementing with Lucerne hay (Exp 3), sunflower meal and lespedeza (Exp 4), fish meal (Exp 5a), and sunflower meal (Exp 5b). In all experiments goats and sheep were blocked by weight and randomly allocated to experimental diets. Day-time (06:00 to 18:00 h) and night time (18:00 to 06:00 h) feeding behaviour activities were recorded. Results: RQ affected rumination index in Exp 1, but not in Exp 2, 3, and 5. Time spent eating and ruminating was affected by RQ (Exp 1, 3, and 4), period of day (all experiments) and their interaction (Exp 1). Intake rates (g/bout and g/min) were similar across diets. Period of day affected the duration of rumination sessions (Exp 1, 2, and 3); diet or RQ affected the duration of eating bouts (Exp 3) and rumination sessions (Exp 1 and 2). RQ had a significant effect on the duration of eating sessions in Exp 3 only, whilst period of day affected this same behaviour in Exp 2 and 3. Generally, goats and sheep fed on roughage alone ruminate at night and eat more during the day but those fed a roughage and supplemented with Lucerne hay spent more time ruminating than eating. Time spent eating and ruminating had positive correlations to crude protein and feed intake. Intake rates had strong positive correlations to intake. Conclusion: Chewing time, number of eating and ruminating sessions, and duration of eating bouts are physiologically controlled in small ruminants, though chewing time requires isometric scaling during modelling of intake.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.153-176
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to compare the living cultures among three types of undergraduate students, grouped by commuting patterns, attending universities in Chung-Cheong Do: a long-distance type, a short-distance type, and a living-alone type. The survey was performed with questionnaires and the subjects were 1167 undergraduate students. The results are as follows: for a long-distance type, the levels of housing environments and consumption expenditures were relatively high, but the students felt constrainted by the commuting time. For a short-distance type, the consensus in decision-making with parents and the degree of conflict reconciliation were the lowest. For a living-alone type, the levels of housing environments and consumption expenditures were relatively poorer, but the students spent relative]y more time at school and the attitudes of school and department which they belong to were relatively higher.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.57-81
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 음악영재들이 경험하는 일상을 통해 그들이 실제 인지하는 삶의 질에 대해 알아보는 것이다. 삶의 질에 대해 측정하기 위해 일상 경험을 2가지로 나누어 살펴보았다. 하나는 외적 경험으로, 주된 활동, 함께한 사람에 대한 것이며, 다른 하나는 내적 경험으로, flow, 정서에 관한 것이다. 본 연구결과를 통해 음악영재들의 삶(일상)을 정리해 보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일상에서 생산활동에 참여하는 시간과 혼자 보내는 시간이 많고, 그 시간에 재능 발현을 위한 준비를 하면서 긍정적인 내적 경험을 하고 있었다. 둘째, 음악영재는 일상에서 일반청소년에 비해 긍정적인 내적 경험을 보고하고 있었다. 셋째, 다른 활동을 할 때보다 자신의 재능과 관련된 음악활동을 하면서 더 깊이 flow에 빠지고, 긍정적인 정서를 느끼고 있었다. 넷째, 음악활동을 하면서 깊은 flow를 경험하고 있었지만, 상대적으로 행복하다고 생각하지는 않았다. 이는 행복감이라는 것이 flow 경험과 동시에 오지 않는 특징을 가졌기 때문으로 보인다. 본 연구는 새로운 연구방법, 즉 경험표집법(ESM)의 사용으로 일상에 대한 풍부하고 심도 깊은 자료를 제공하고, 이러한 정보들을 통해 음악영재들을 심층적으로 이해하고 상담이나 교육을 위한 기초자료를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Purpose: sexual permissiveness, sexual behaviors and the consumption of mass media in female high school students. Methods: 306 students, from three different girls' high schools in Seoul, who understood the purpose of the study, participated as subjects in the research. The research tools were the mass-media consumption scale, the sexual attitudes survey, the sexual permissiveness survey, and the sexual behaviors scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA with SPSS/WIN. 18.0 program. Results: The subjects' daily mass media consumption was 143.7 minutes of TV watching on weekdays, while 253.9 minutes on weekends, 88.5 minutes of Internet surfing, 57.8 minutes of listening to pop music. Watching TV music programs was 68.3 minutes a week. Watching TV 'alone' was 30.7% and Internet surfing in one's 'own room' was the highest at 39.9%. The average score of sexual attitudes, sexual permissiveness, and sexual behaviors was 25.7/55, 35.4/64 and 0.7/10, respectively. Sexual attitudes and sexual permissiveness varied according to how much time they spent surfing the Internet, with whom they watched TV, and how much time they spent listening to popular music; and sexual behavior differed according to the time spent on the Internet. Conclusion: Educational programs need to be developed to help young people control their media consumption behaviors. In addition, political attention and a proper system are needed to promote a healthier and sounder pop culture through a public review system.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.71-88
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to look into how married working men with a child younger than six years old spent their weekend time either alone or with their wives on housework, family care, and leisure activities, and to find out whether different types of time use brought about different levels of satisfaction to their use of time on weekends. Factors associated with each type were also explored. We analyzed 857 weekend time diaries of married men with a preschooler and men who worked more than 40 hours a week. This data came from the 2009 Time Use Survey conducted by Statistics Korea. Descriptive statistics and cluster analysis results showed that weekend time distribution to those three activities was classified into four different types, namely, 'nonparticipation', 'personal leisure centered', 'couple leisure centered', and 'family centered'. Time use satisfaction for 'couple leisure centered' and 'family centered' types which involved wife and child was significantly higher than the other two types. Age and traditional gender role attitude were associated with the personal leisure and couple leisure centered types, while work related factors such as work hours, regular day off, employment status, and occupation functioned as determinants of the nonparticipation type. Findings from this study suggest that weekend time spent together with family could be the source of satisfaction, but almost half of the respondents were deprived of their weekend family time due to work schedules on weekends. This study supports the need for organizational and policy efforts to ensure non-working weekends for fathers and husbands.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.531-542
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• 2018

This study was conducted to compare solo eating perceptions and dietary behaviors in the Seoul and Gyonggi-do regions according to gender. The study focused on the dietary perceptions, solo eating, eating together, dietary habits, food intake patterns and 38 keywords pertaining to solo eating. Of 411 subjects, 207 (50.4%) were males and 204 (49.6%) were females. The biggest problem that respondents perceived in their dietary life was irregular eating. Women prepared meals more often than men (p<0.001) and ate more instant and frozen food than men (p<0.05). Both males and females missed breakfast most, and the amount of the population eating breakfast alone ranked second highest. Women had lunch alone more often than men, while men ate dinner alone more often than women (p<0.01). All respondents spent 5~15 min when eating alone. Women avoided excessive smoking and drinking more than men (p<0.001). Men related key words regarding solo eating with negative emotions such as 'lonely', 'boring', and 'feel sorry when I see someone eating alone in a restaurant' more than women. Conversely, women related more positive key words with eating alone such as 'free', 'joy', and 'my own time'. Dietary lives of Koreans have rapidly changed along with social changes. Our research findings will contribute to increased comprehensive menu development and HMR development in the foodservice industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.968-973
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• 2002

To evaluate the chewing activity of ruminant feeds, four Holstein steers (average body weight $742{\pm}15kg$) were employed. Experimental feeds were four roughages ($NH_3$-treated rice straw, alfalfa hay, corn silage, orchard grass hay) and four concentrate ingredients (cotton seed hull, beet pulp pellet, barley grain, oat grain). Regarding palatability for each experimental feeds which was overviewed during the adjustment period, animals were fed roughages alone, but with 50% $NH_3$-treated rice straw ($NH_3$-RS) for concentrate ingredients. Therefore, all the data for concentrate ingredients was derived by extracting the result per unit obtained from steers fed $NH_3$-RS alone. The experiment was conducted using a 4${\times}$4 Latin square designs for roughages and concentrate ingredients. Experimental feeds were fed during a 10 d adaptation and 2 d chewing data collection during each experimental period. Animals were gradually adjusted to the experimental diet. Dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted at a 1.4% of mean body weight (10.4 kg DM/d). Time spent eating and eating chews per kilogram of DMI were greatest for beet pulp pellet, and lowest for barley grain (p<0.05). Time spent rumination per kilogram of DMI was greatest for $NH_3$-RS, cotton seed hull and orchard grass, but rumination chews were greatest for cotton seed hull and orchard grass except $NH_3$-RS (p<0.05). Roughage index value (chewing time, minute/kg DMI) was 58.0 for cotton seed hull, 56.1 for beet pulp pellet, 55.5 for $NH_3$-RS, 53.1 for orchard grass hay, 45.9 for corn silage, 43.0 for alfalfa hay, 30.0 for oat grain, and 10.9 for barley grain. The ratio of rumination time to total chewing time (eating plus ruminating) was about 72% for the roughages except corn silage (66.9%), and followed by cotton seed hull (69.5%), and ranged from 49.5% to 52.9% for other feeds. Higher percentages of rumination in total chewing time may be evidently indicate the characteristics of roughage. Therefore, this indicate that the chewing activity of concentrate ingredients can be more fully reflects by the ruminating time than total chewing time (RVI), although it is reasonable to define the RVI for roughages.