• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국태양에너지학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.318-323
• /
• 2008

First aim of this study is to investigate consumer's actual value for environment related performance of house by using three different method, Ranking, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Conjoint Analysis method. Second aim is to estimate consumers' monetary value about environment related factor through Marginal Willing to Pay(MWTP), and third aim is to find out the difference of values between the groups classified according to respondents' characteristics. A questionnaire survey was carried out in Seoul in order to clarify the preference and monetary value of four selected attributes. They are environmental performance, residents' health, home automation and increase of floor area. As a result, people showed high values in the order of health, environmental consideration, increase of floor area and home automation. Moreover, it was found out that MWTP for environmental performance and health are higher than market price. In addition, the group of high age and group of female showed high values for the reduction of $CO_2$ emission

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.335-350
• /
• 2020

In coastal residential communities, especially along the coastline, flooding is a frequent natural hazard that impacts the area. To reduce the adverse effects of flooding, it is recommended to elevate coastal buildings to a certain safe level. However, post storm damage assessment has revealed severe damages sustained by elevated buildings' components such as roofs, walls, and floors. By elevating a structure and creating air gap underneath the floor, the wind velocity increases and the aerodynamics change. This results in varying wind loading and pressure distribution that are different from their slab on grade counterparts. To fill the current knowledge gap, a large-scale aerodynamic wind testing was conducted at the Wall of Wind experimental facility to evaluate the wind pressure distribution over the surfaces of a low-rise gable roof single-story elevated house. The study considered three different stilt heights. This paper presents the observed changes in local and area averaged peak pressure coefficients for the building surfaces of the studied cases. The aerodynamics of the elevated structures are explained. Comparisons are done with ASCE 7-16 and AS/NZS 1170.2 wind loading standards. For the floor surface, the study suggests a wind pressure zoning and pressure coefficients for each stilt height.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국태양에너지학회 2008년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.190-195
• /
• 2008

The objective of this research is to determine overall heat transfer coefficients (K-value) of exterior wall, floor, and roof of Nakseonjae, a Korean traditional residence via field measurement of transient heat flow and temperature difference across each envelope component. Heat flow sensors and T-type thermocouple were attached on the internal and the external surface of each building component, and real-time measurement data were collected for the three consecutive summer days. The K-values determined in this research showed good agreement with other results from open literature. Peak and annual thermal loads of the traditional residence estimated by a commercial energy simulation program were compared with those for a current apartment house. The traditional house showed lower annual cooling load than that of the current building. It may caused by the fact that the traditional building has less air-tight envelopes and no fenestration passing direct solar radiation into the space.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.996-1001
• /
• 2006

Automatic washing machines have been improved and popularized steadily since the first electric washing machine was produced in the early 1900's. Appliance industry has tried to obtain the performance of washing machine with large capacity, high energy efficiency, low vibration and low noise levels. As the installation peace of a washer becomes closer to the living space, vibration and noise problems become more important challenges. In general, a washing machine has four legs to support its body. Four legs of the washing machine should be attached on a floor. If not so, it may cause severe vibration or walking in the spin-drying process. Unfortunately, the floor of an ordinary house is bumpy in general, and the consumers will not accept bolting washing machines to a foundation; moreover, sometimes they move the location of their washing machines to utility rooms or bath rooms or kitchens and don't care for leveling the legs exactly. In this study, we devise an auto-leg system that prevents the occurrence of abnormal vibration and walking of washing machines. It is simply composed of a spring and a friction damper. Some experiments are implemented to show the dynamic characteristics of the three-dimensional auto-legged washing machine model that is located on the even or uneven ground. A spring parameter is optimized to adjust the length of the auto-leg system automatically up to 10 mm irregularity, and the friction damper is designed to decrease a resonance induced by the spring of the auto-leg system. Some numerical results show that placing the proposed auto-leg system in a washing machine makes good performance with low vibration, as well as low noise, regardless of the unevenness of the floor.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제17호
• /
• pp.45-51
• /
• 1998

A purpose of this study was to investigate actual condition of the modern adaptation of interior elements(wall, floor, ceiling. door & window) in traditional house. The examined objects were 185 pictures of restaurants and cafe interior spaces from the 5 different monthly magazines between jan. 1993. to Dec 1997. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Mostly they were either partial adaptation from the original or partially transformed adaptation rather than entire adaptation of the original. 2. Of the traditional interior elements adapted in restaurants and cafe space only specific elements were being adapted. For example partial adaptation from the original were oiled paper flooring(Jangpan) plaster wall ceiling finish that left the rafters and beams exposed(Yondung-chonjang) and window or door frame which is vertical lattices accented with horizontal lattices grouped into three sections(Ttisal-mum) And partially transformed adaptation were oiled paper flooring rice papered (Hangji) wall Yondung-chonjang window or door frame of Wan character(Wanja-mun). 3, In regard to space the mostly adapted spaces were halls rather than rooms.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.133-160
• /
• 1973

1. Introduction Community medicine with the concept of comprehensive medical care and an ideal medical care delivery system not only for an individual or family but for the whole community has emerged. In April 1970, the Presbyterian Medical Center started a hospital based community health service project in order to improve the health of the people in rural areas. Prior to commencing a comprehensive medical care system, a family survey was needed. The major objective of this survey was to obtain information concerning the people and their environment so as to be able to plan and implement a comprehensive medical care program in Soyang-Myun. 2. Survey Method An interview using a family record form was carried out for each household. This family record form was designed to get information about demography, family planning, environmental sanitation and vital statistics. Prior to beginning, the members of the survey team were trained in interviewing techniques for three days. The team consisted of a public health nurse, four nurse-aides, a sanitarian and four health extension workers who are working in our project, The survey was carried out during the period November 1971 to March 1972. 3. Project area 1) Population of Soyang-Myun was 11,668; male, 5,962 and female, 5,706. Sex ratio: 104.5. 2) Households : 1,858 3) Family size: The average household consisted of 6.3 persons. 4) Educational level of householder a. Illiterate 13% b. No schooling but able to read 10% c. Preschool children 19% d. Primary school 47% e. Middle school 7% f. High school 3% g. College or University 1% 5) Occupational distribution of householders a. Farmer 67% b. Laborer 13% c. Office worker 4% d. Merchant 4% e. Industrial worker 2% f. Unemployed 8% g. Miscellaneous 2% 6) Religious affiliation a. No religion 74% b. Buddhist 12% c. Protestant 10% d. Catholic 4% 4. Survey results Living Environment : a. Home ownership 95% b. Kinds of roofing Straw-thatched house 84% Tile-roofed house 10% Slate-roofed house 5% Other 1% c. Floor space Less than 6 pyong 10% 6-10 pyong 53% 11-15 pyong 24% 16-20 pyong 9% More than 20 pyong 4% d. Radio ownership 80% Environmental Sanitation : a. the source of drinking water public well 49% private well 30% drainage water 9% steam water 8% well pump 3% water distribution system 1% b. Distance between well and toilet more than 16meters 38% 6-10 meter 31% 11-15 meters 14% Less than 6 meters 17% c. The status of well management Bad 72% Fair 26% Good 2% d. General sanitary state of house Bad 37% Fair 51% Good 12% e. House drainage system had no house drainage. 77% Family Planning : a. 24% of the people have used contraceptives, but 12% ceased to use them. 76% have never used contraceptives. b. used methods 1oop 68% oral pill 16% vasectomy 4% condom 1% tubal ligation 1% two or more methods 10% Maternal Health : a. The number of conceptions of housewives under 50 years of age. 11 times 26% 6 times 11% 5 times 11% 4 times 9% b. The place of delivery own house 88% hospital 1% others 11% Treatment of general sickness : a. The place of treatment Soyang Health Center 31% Hospital (private or otherwise) 26% Pharmacy 14% Herb medicine 5% Private care 5% No treatment 12% Miscellaneous 7% b. Usual causes of diseases Unknown 46% Tuberculosis 29% Neuralgia 8% CVA 3% Bronchitis 3% Others 11%

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.49-68
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is analysis of traditional noble houses style of Ha-Dong area in Kyeong-Nam. The sequence of this study is at first finding the list of survey object, and investigating of those houses, after than drawing the site and floor plan, and lately analysis the characters of inner and outer space of them. It required six months. The results of analysis of them are as follows. 1. The noble traditional houses in Ha-Dong are found eight samples which are not noticed in academic society. 2. The constructions of noble housing in late Period of Cho-sun Dynasty are divided in three parts as a general role. Its grade is similar in Ha-Dong. The number of traditional noble house of (old) volunteer class is two cases. The (new) rich-farmer class is four cases. And there are two cases of (long) authority class. 3. The type of site plan is based on Korean south area style which is the style of departed rectangular type. But outdoor spaces are divided in several space by many fence than other area. It is the special item of construction. 4. The special character of indoor space is the use of 'Gong-ru'. It is called similar space used in top of main entrance building of large building. But it is located in various space in Ha-dong. It is included in any space of Sarang-Che, An-Che, Are-Che. The traditional noble houses of Ha-Dong area have special spacial characters. For long time there space was developed based on local identity. And its characters was divided various classes. Thus Ha-Dong area is definite place of useful identified traditional culture.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 2021

KAERI has planned to carry out a series of dynamic tests using a shaking table and time-history analyses for a channel-type concrete shear wall to investigate its seismic performance because of the recently frequent occurrence of earthquakes in the south-eastern parts of Korea. The overall size of a test specimen is b×l×h =2500 mm×3500 mm×4500 mm, and it consists of three stories having slabs and walls with thicknesses of 140 mm and 150 mm, respectively. The system identification, FE model updating, and time-history analysis results for a test shear wall are presented herein. By applying the advanced system identification, so-called pLSCF, the improved modal parameters are extracted in the lower modes. Using three FE in-house packages, such as FEMtools, Ruaumoko, and VecTor4, the eigenanalyses are made for an initial FE model, resulting in consistency in eigenvalues. However, they exhibit relatively stiffer behavior, as much as 30 to 50% compared with those extracted from the test in the 1st and 2nd modes. The FE model updating is carried out to consider the 6-dofs spring stiffnesses at the wall base as major parameters by adopting a Bayesian type automatic updating algorithm to minimize the residuals in modal parameters. The updating results indicate that the highest sensitivity is apparent in the vertical translational springs at few locations ranging from 300 to 500% in variation. However, their changes seem to have no physical meaning because of the numerical values. Finally, using the updated FE model, the time-history responses are predicted by Ruaumoko at each floor where accelerometers are located. The accelerograms between test and analysis show an acceptable match in terms of maximum and minimum values. However, the magnitudes and patterns of floor response spectra seem somewhat different because of the slightly different input accelerograms and damping ratios involved.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권7호
• /
• pp.974-980
• /
• 2014

In semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, dehydration can compromise the performance and welfare of local chickens, particularly during the growing period when confinement is curtailed and birds are left to scavenge for feed and water. The effect of water restriction on the growth performance was compared in Naked Neck (NNK) and Ovambo (OVB) chickens that are predominant in Southern Africa. A total of 54 eight-wk-old pullets each of NNK and OVB chickens with an initial average weight of $641{\pm}10g/bird$ were randomly assigned to three water intake treatments, each having six birds for 8 wk. The water restriction treatments were ad libitum, 70% of ad libitum and 40% of ad libitum intake. Nine experimental pens with a floor space of $3.3m^2$ per strain were used. The pens were housed in an open-sided house with cement floor deep littered with a 20 cm layer of untreated wood shavings. Feed was provided ad libitum. Average daily water intake (ADWI), BW at 16 weeks of age (FBW), ADG, ADFI, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and water to feed ratios (WFR) were determined. Ovambo chickens had superior (p<0.05) FBW, ADG and ADWI than NNK chickens. Body weight of birds at 16 weeks of age, ADG, ADFI, ADWI, and WFR declined progressively (p<0.05) with increasing severity of water restriction while FCR values increased (p<0.05) as the severity of water restriction increased. Naked Neck chickens had better FCR at the 40% of ad libitum water intake level than Ovambo chickens. The dressing percentage per bird was higher in water restricted birds than those on ad libitum water consumption, irrespective of strain. Heart weight was significantly lower in birds on 40% of ad libitum water intake than those on ad libitum and 70% of ad libitum water intake, respectively. In conclusion, NNK chickens performed better than OVB chickens under conditions of water restriction and would be ideal to raise for meat and egg production in locations where water shortages are a major challenge.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.169-176
• /
• 2013

The present study was designed to examine the concentrations, emission rates, and source characteristics of a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 30 newly-constructed apartment buildings by measuring indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations over a 2-year period. For comparison, seven villa-type houses were also surveyed for indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations over a 3-month period. Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected on Tenax-TA adsorbent and analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC)/mass spectrometer system or a GC/flame ionization detector system coupled to a thermal desorption system. The long-term change in indoor VOC concentrations depended on the type of VOCs. Generally, aromatic (except for naphthalene), aliphatic, and terpene compounds exhibited a gradual deceasing trend over the 2-year follow-up period. However, the indoor concentrations of the six halogenated VOCs did not significantly vary with time changes. Similar to these halogenated VOCs, the indoor naphthalene concentrations did not vary significantly with time changes over the 2-year period. Unlike the halogenated VOCs, the indoor naphthalene concentrations were much higher than the outdoor concentrations. The indoor concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic compounds were higher for the villa-type houses when compared to those of apartment buildings. In addition, four source groups (floor coverings and interior painting, household products, wood paneling and furniture, moth repellents) and three source groups (floor coverings and interior painting, household products, and moth repellents) were considered as potential VOC sources inside apartment buildings for the first- and second-year post-occupancy stages, respectively.