• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.782-795
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• 2019

Safety is always acritical focus of exploration of ocean resources, and it is well recognized that human factor is one of the major causes of accidents and breakdowns. Our research developed a dynamic human reliability assessment approach, Predicted Mean Vote-Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (PMV-CREAM), that is applicable to monitoring the cognitive reliability of oceanauts during deep-sea missions. Taking into account the difficult and variable operating environment of manned submersibles, this paper analyzed the cognitive actions of oceanauts during the various procedures required by deep-sea missions, and calculated the PMV index using human factors and dynamic environmental data. The Cognitive Failure Probabilities (CFP) were calculated using the extended CREAM approach. Finally, the CFP were corrected using the PMV index. This PMV-CREAM hybrid model can be utilized to avoid human error in deep-sea research, thereby preventing injury and loss of life during undersea work. This paper verified the method with "Jiaolong" manned submersible 7,000 m dive test. The"Jiaolong" oceanauts CR(Corrected CFP) is dynamic from 3.0615E-3 to 4.2948E-3, the CR caused by the environment is 1.2333E-3. The result shown the PMV-CREAM method could describe the dynamic human reliability of manned submersible caused by thermal environment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2005

1. 우측(右側) 수지(手指) 3-4지에 $2.0{\times}2.0cm$의 수포와 $6.0{\times}4.0cm$의 발적(發赤)이 형성된 2도 화상의 환자를 5회의 환부자침(患部刺鍼)만으로(총 11일) 흉터 없이 완치되는 효과를 얻었다. 2. 피부 손상의 경우, 환부주위(患部周圍)에 자침(刺鍼)하여 십이피부(十二皮膚)의 기혈(氣血)소통을 원활히 해주면 우수한 치료효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 욕창(褥瘡)이나 창상(創傷)등에서도 훌륭한 치료 효과가 기대된다. 2. 화상의 정도가 심한 경우는 사순청양음(四順淸凉飮) 같은 청열해독작용(淸熱解毒作用)과 통리대소편(通利大小便)하는 처방을 사용 하여 내외동치(內外同治)하면 효과가 극대화되리라고 사료된다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.229-233
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• 2001

This Paper deals with the development of a technology for making a hydrophilic gel of Polyethylene oxide reception in which radiating ability is employed to cause cross-linking of Polymers in a water solution. The gel of polyethylene oxide was shown to be nontoxic contain 5-50% of polymer and be useful in composite medicinal forms along with biologically active substances including Bac. subtilis proteases. Proteases immobilized in the gel possess high thermal stability and proteolytic activity and are readily applied in medicine. The effect of immobilized proteolytic and glucolytic enzymes of Bac. subtillis (Immozimase) on the warm ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) which can cause hepatic and jejunum injury was also studied. These enzymes were immobilized on water-soluble polymer polyethylene glycol by means of an electron beam. The number of degraanulated mast cells as well as serum ALT after I/R in the group with Immozimase was decreased to almost half as compared with the control group. Pretreatment with Immozimase resulted in significant reduction of hepatic and gut neutrophil accumulation as compared with control animals. It was concluded that Immozimase has a protective effect for hepatic and gut ischemia/reperfusion, and this effect seems to be associated with prevention of leukocyte accumulation .

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.3.1-3.10
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• 2019

Objectives: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the effect of cooling water temperature on the temperature changes in the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head during high-speed tooth preparation using an electric handpiece. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight intact human molars received a standardized occlusal preparation for 60 seconds using a diamond bur in an electric handpiece, and one of four treatments were applied that varied in the temperature of cooling water applied (control, with no cooling water, $10^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$). The temperature changes in the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head were recorded using K-type thermocouples connected to a digital thermometer. Results: The average temperature changes within the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head during preparation increased substantially when no cooling water was applied ($6.8^{\circ}C$ and $11.0^{\circ}C$, respectively), but decreased significantly when cooling water was added. The most substantial drop in temperature occurred with $10^{\circ}C$ water ($-16.3^{\circ}C$ and $-10.2^{\circ}C$), but reductions were also seen at $23^{\circ}C$ ($-8.6^{\circ}C$ and $-4.9^{\circ}C$). With $35^{\circ}C$ cooling water, temperatures increased slightly, but still remained lower than the no cooling water group ($1.6^{\circ}C$ and $6.7^{\circ}C$). Conclusions: The temperature changes in the pulp chamber and at the handpiece head were above harmful thresholds when tooth preparation was performed without cooling water. However, cooling water of all temperatures prevented harmful critical temperature changes even though water at $35^{\circ}C$ raised temperatures slightly above baseline.

• 대한정형외과학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.271-275
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• 2020

외상은 횡문근육종을 포함한 일부 육종의 발생에 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있고 수술 후 반흔이나 화상 흉터, 골절 부위, 금속 내고정물 주위에서 수년 간의 잠복기를 거쳐 육종을 일으킨 사례들이 드물게 보고되고 있다. 저자들은 컨베이어 벨트에 의해 압궤상을 입은 전완부에 11년 뒤 발생한 횡문근육종의 사례를 경험하였다. 조직 손상으로 인한 염증 반응, 많은 방사선 촬영에 대한 노출, 금속 내고정물, 감각 및 운동 마비로 인한 무의식적이고 반복적인 손상이 육종의 발생에 영향을 미쳤으리라고 생각된다. 이러한 광범위한 조직 손상 후에는 육종 발생 가능성을 염두에 두고 육종 유발 요인에 대한 노출에 주의를 기울여야 하겠다.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2020

Background and Objectives A picosecond-domain laser treatment using a microlens array (MLA) or a diffractive optical element elicits therapeutic micro-injury zones in the skin. This study examined the patterns of tissue reactions after delivering multiple pulses of 1,064-nm, MLA-type, picosecond neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser treatment. Materials and Methods Multiple pulses of picosecond laser treatment were delivered to ex vivo human or brown micropig skin and analyzed histopathologically. A high-speed cinematographic study was performed to visualize the multiple pulses of picosecond laser energy-induced skin reactions in in vivo human skin. Results In the ex vivo human skin, a picosecond laser treatment at a fluence of 0.3 J/cm² over 100 non-stacking passes generated multiple lesions of thermally-initiated laser-induced optical breakdown (TI-LIOB) in the epidermis and dermis. In the ex vivo micropig skin, stacking pulses of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 at a fluence of 0.3 J/cm² generated distinct round to oval zones of tissue coagulation in the mid to lower dermis. High-speed cinematography captured various patterns of twinkling, micro-spot reactions on the skin surface over 100 stacked pulses of a picosecond laser treatment. Conclusion Multiple pulses of 1,064-nm, MLA-type, picosecond laser treatment elicit marked TI-LIOB reactions in the epidermis and areas of round to oval thermal coagulation in the mid to deep dermis.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2020

Background and Objectives For experiments on simulated burn, the preparation of an animal model is a very important step. The purpose of the current experiment is to design a simple and controllable method for the preparation of third-degree scald in a mouse model using the boiling water method. Materials and Methods A total of 18 Swiss mice were used. After the anesthetization, the mice were scalded by boiling water (100℃) using a mold with a 1 cm² circle area on the dorsum at contact times of 3s, 5s, and 8s. After confirming that 8 seconds of scald can cause a third-degree scald, the skin samples were collected at day 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, and analyzed by histopathological examinations. The wound retraction index (WRI) was also measured. Results Third-degree scald involving full-thickness skin was observed in the 8-second scald group, while a 3-second scald caused a superficial second-degree scald and a 5-second scald caused a deep second-degree scald. After third-degree scald, the burn wound continued to contract until day 14. Conclusion The scalding model of mice can be successfully established by the boiling water method. This method is easy to operate, it has a low cost, and it can control the scald depth by controlling the scald time. This is adequate to study skin thermal injury in the future. The scald model established by this method can last for 14 days.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.119-134
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• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the analgesic effects of filiform acupuncture and laser acupuncture at the points of $TE_3{\cdot}GB_{41}$ in neuropathic pain induced rats. Methods : Neuropathic pain in rats was induced by partial resection of the tibial and sural nerves. Three weeks after the neuropathic surgery, each of the experimental groups(AT, LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT) was injected at the $TE_3{\cdot}GB_{41}$ twice per week for three weeks. Results : 1. All of the experimental groups(AT, LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT) showed a significant decrease in the plantar withdrawal response of allodynia and the thermal allodynia as compared with the control group. During the early phase, the AT and AT + LAT groups have been marked as more significant than the LAT + AT and LAT groups. 2. The expression of c-Fos significantly decreased in the LAT and LAT + AT groups as compared with the control group. 3. The LAT + AT group showed a significant decrease in Bax as compared with the control group. In each experimental groups(AT, LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT), Bcl-2 increased and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decreased as compared with the control group. 4. The LAT, AT + LAT and LAT + AT groups showed a significant increase in mGluR5 as compared with the control group. Conclusions : These results represented that the filiform acupuncture and laser acupuncture at the $TE_3{\cdot}GB_{41}$ exerted anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on the model of neuropathic pain, thereby suggesting that they should be available for decreasing mechanical allodynia.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.448-452
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• 2004

외상성 교합은 교합력의 결과로서 치주조직에 가해지는 손상이다. 주된 증상은 치아의 동요도이고, 통증, 타진에 민감, 열에 민감한 증상이 동반될 수 있으며 교합력에 의해 치아가 이동을 할 수도 있다. 만성으로 진행시 치아의 과도한 교모가 나타나며 방사선학적으로 치근막 공간의 비후, 치조백선의 비후, 치조골의 방사선 투과성 치근흡수 등이 나타날 수 있다. 외상성 교합은 치주질환의 원인과 관련되어 있다. 증가된 치아동요도를 야기하며 외상성 교합 자체는 치은염과 치주낭을 발생시키지 않으나 국소적 치태와 염증이 존재하고 있는 하에서 골소실, 치주낭이 발생할 수 있다. 치은퇴축은 외상성 반월, 맥콜스 팽윤, 스틸만 균열의 형태로 나타난다. 본 증례는 하악 유견치 부위의 치주질환을 주소로 내원한 5세 남아로서 상하악 유견치의 조기 접촉에 의해 하악 좌우측 유견치의 중증도의 동요도, 교합마모, 치은 퇴축, 치조골 파괴의 증상이 나타났기에 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.807-814
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• 2013

소화기 내시경에 장착된 808 nm 파장의 고출력 근적외선 레이저를 장벽에 조사하여 병변을 제거할 수 있는 치료용 의료기기의 개발을 목적으로 레이저-조직 상호작용에 관한 기초 실험을 진행했다. 레이저 출력 3~12 W, 조사 시간 5~20 s 범위에서 각 변수의 증가에 따라 천공 깊이가 1~4 mm 범위에서 선형적으로 증가했다. 돼지에서 적출한 각 장기에 대한 레이저 조사 시 천공 깊이가 조직 특성에 따라 달라짐을 확인했다. 온도 측정 결과로부터 열에너지가 레이저 조사 지점에 집중되고 심부로 전달되어 주변 조직의 열손상은 방지됨을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 위, 대장 등의 소화기 조직에서 일정한 절개 깊이를 얻기 위해 필요한 근적외선 레이저의 구동 조건을 결정하는데 활용될 수 있다.