• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.125-151
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• 1990

This paper reviews the economic liberalization experiences of the Southern Cone countries and draws some lessons from their experiences. The Southern Cone countries-Chile, Argentina and Uruguay-followed the different sequences in liberalization. Chile implemented the fiscal reform and the following comprehensive trade reform in the beginning of liberalization, but capital controls were maintained until 1979. Argentina and Uruguay placed more emphasis on the financial reform with the goods market reformed afterwards, but the fiscal sector was never reformed in Argentina. Since the serious inflation plagued the Southern Cone countries, they combined the economic liberalization scheme with the economic stabilization programmes which are based on the monetarist model. Although economic situations in the Southern Cone countries are quite different from those of Korea, we can learn many lessons from their experiences. First, the monetary and fiscal policies should consist of strict financial discipline to bring in the stable domestic inflation. Without the domestic stabilization, the financial liberalization could disturb the domestic economy as the capital inflows in particular generate a real exchange rate appreciation. Second, the monetary approach which is based on the full purchasing power parity and perfect capital mobility make stabilization as simple as a matter of the appropriate exchange rate policy and the proper rate of domestic credit creation. The unsuccessful experiences with monetarist stabilization in the Southern Cone countries suggest that the monetarist model cannot make real exchange rate and real interest rate stable with the trade and financial reform. Third, both the theory and practice have not yet provided a precise solution on the optimal sequencing and speed of the goods and financial market. Nonetheless, it seems desirable to keep the real exchange rate and the real interest rate stable by gradually opening up the current account and then the capital account.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.733-767
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• 2005

During the past decades, there has been a fundamental change in the objectives and nature of mathematics education, as well as a shift in research paradigms. The changes in mathematics education emphasize learning mathematics from realistic situations, students' invention or construction solution procedures, and interaction with other students of the teacher. This shifted perspective has many similarities with the theoretical . perspective of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) developed by Freudental. The RME theory focused the guide reinvention through mathematizing and takes into account students' informal solution strategies and interpretation through experientially real context problems. The heart of this reinvention process involves mathematizing activities in problem situations that are experientially real to students. It is important to note that reinvention in a collective, as well as individual activity, in which whole-class discussions centering on conjecture, explanation, and justification play a crucial role. The overall purpose of this study is to examine the developmental research efforts to adpat the instructional design perspective of RME to the teaching and learning of differential equation is collegiate mathematics education. Informed by the instructional design theory of RME and capitalizes on the potential technology to incorporate qualitative and numerical approaches, this study offers as approach for conceptualizing the learning and teaching of differential equation that is different from the traditional approach. Data were collected through participatory observation in a differential equations course at a university through a fall semester in 2003. All class sessions were video recorded and transcribed for later detailed analysis. Interviews were conducted systematically to probe the students' conceptual understanding and problem solving of differential equations. All the interviews were video recorded. In addition, students' works such as exams, journals and worksheets were collected for supplement the analysis of data from class observation and interview. Informed by the instructional design theory of RME, theoretical perspectives on emerging analyses of student thinking, this paper outlines an approach for conceptualizing inquiry-oriented differential equations that is different from traditional approaches and current reform efforts. One way of the wars in which thus approach complements current reform-oriented approaches 10 differential equations centers on a particular principled approach to mathematization. The findings of this research will provide insights into the role of the mathematics teacher, instructional materials, and technology, which will provide mathematics educators and instructional designers with new ways of thinking about their educational practice and new ways to foster students' mathematical justifications and ultimately improvement of educational practice in mathematics classes.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.71-106
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• 2018

The 19th CPC National Congress has a key historical significance in the development of China's constitution. It will also play a decisive role in the history of the seventy years'constitutional change in New China. XiJinping's new socialist thought with Chinese characteristics established in the report of 19th CPC National Congress will be written in the preface of the March 2018 National People's Congress's constitutional amendment. The fifth revision of 1982 Constitution will touch on many issues such as the leadership of the CPC into the constitution, the abolition of the tenure of the president, the constitutional oath system, and the reform of the national supervisory system. In addition, the constitutionality review system, the establishment of the National Security Council, the constitutional status of socialist public property and private property and the adjustment of major economic system has become a hot topic in the theory field. In the history node towards a socialist country ruled by law, the theory and practice of the China indeed have the academic ideas, value position and path model differences, which will delay the Chinese constitutional development, but also is the necessary pain in the process of moving towards the rule of law in China. Indeed, how to the development and where to go in the future of Chinese constitutionalism itself has sample value, which deserves rational attention and in-depth inquiry from Chinese and Western academics.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.279-304
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• 2022

This paper quantitatively analyzes the current status of North Korean consumer payment instruments through a questionnaire survey of 292 North Korean defectors. In the 2010s, it was found that the payment experience ratio of domestic currency cash and grain decreased, while the payment experience ratio of foreign currency cash increased. The use of foreign currency reached a stage where it was spread not only as a store of value but also as a medium of exchange. However, the most frequently used payment instrument by North Korean consumers was still domestic currency cash. By region, in inland urban areas both domestic currency cash and U.S. dollars are used and in the North Korea-China border region both domestic currency cash and Chinese yuan are used, while in inland rural areas dollarization does not occur because both domestic currency cash and grain are used. Meanwhile, despite the stable price trend during 2013-2019, the dollarization hysteresis effect is appearing, and both the purchasing power risk theory and the network externality theory are considered to have explanatory power for the cause. The results of this paper suggest that as dollarization is intensifying, it is expected that more costs such as shortages of commodities will be incurred than in the past if North Korea's de-dollarization policy is reimplemented. Also, in the case of domestic currency cards, which the North Korean authorities introduced in 2015 as part of a means of financial reform, this paper suggests that it may continue to be difficult for domestic currency cards to normalize official finance under the dollarization hysteresis.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2014

Purpose - This study illustrates research product industrial engineering, which needs to be promoted to encourage knowledge intensive businesses. Research traditions related to industrial business products and a fuzzy multi criteria decision approach in technology management for product design industries have undergone continuous changes over time. However, there is no clarity on the present situation, and there is a need to reform business enterprises. Research design, data, and methodology - Using fuzzy theory and appraising multi-goal plans, the manner of promoting the competitive advantage of industrial businesses is analyzed using a case study. In the case study, various aspects are examined, such as product design and manufacture, fuzzy set decisions with multi attribute policy making, flaws in the present system, and a review of the related literature. Results - New fuzzy and multi criteria designs can improve the existing keyboard by solving product problems, resulting in a clear and durable typeface for a creative LED keyboard. Conclusion - Using a fuzzy set with multi attribute policy-making influences the achievements appraisal system and can help achieve the anticipated strategy goal of product design.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the issues that can be expected in the smart intelligent information society led by artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, and how to resolve the issues in terms of PR.The results were as follows. First, there are three major issues that can be expected Second, in order to resolve the issue, it is necessary to prepare and carry out a public interest campaign to create and participate in a new paradigm for the alienated public. Third, welfare technology can be considered as an alternative to the issues.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.43-56
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• 2003

In late 19C, German mathematician Felix Klein declaired "Erlangen program" to reform mathematics education in Germany. The main ideas of "Erlangen program" contain the importance of instructing the concepts of functions and groups in school mathematics. After one century from that time, the importance of concepts of groups revived by Bourbaki in the sense of the algebraic structure which is the most important structure among three structures of mathematics - algebraic structure. ordered structure and topological structure. Since then, many mathematicians and mathematics educators devoted to work with the concepts of group for school mathematics. This movement landed on Korea in 21C, and now, the concepts of groups appeared in element mathematics text as plane rigid motion. In this paper, we state the rigid motions centered the symmetry - an important notion in group theory, then summarize the results obtained from some classroom activities. After that, we discuss the responses of children to concepts of groups.of groups.

• Research in Mathematical Education
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.293-307
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• 2004

Psychological and social theories have influenced on making sense of teaching and learning of mathematics. This paper analyzes major influences of such theories - behaviorism cognitivism, and situativity - on mathematics education. Instead of reviewing the theories perse, it intends to explicate how different perspectives have shaped our understanding of mathematics education both in theory and in practice. Given that the current mathematics education reform ideas are theoretically based on the constructivist and the sociocultural perspectives, the main focus is given on cognitivism, situativity, and various coordinations between the two. Exploring about psychological and social theories in the context of mathematics education is expected to enrich our understanding of where we have come from and where we are going.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.496-504
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate the phasic characteristics of the adjustment process to Korean food with an analysis of Japanese independent tourist culture social resistance factors. To collect data for empirical study, a survey was distributed to 284 Japanese tourists through Korean travel agencies. Logistic regression analysis was carried out in order to determine media and cultural beliefs affecting the diffusion process of Korean food. The results showed that cultural beliefs had no significant effects on the diffusion process of most Korean food. However, people who valued similarities between the two countries-South Korea and Japan-demonstrated a significant effect on performance and identification group. Therefore, cultural beliefs did not influence the diffusion of Korean food, although there are surely cultural beliefs and subjective factors affecting their reform decisions.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 한국철도학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.74-82
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• 2001

This paper sets out what can be said in general about pricing within transport sectors. In this paper we briefly restate the economic principles of pricing that hold for two transport sectors-road and rail. This is used as a basis for a discussion of pricing principles in the transport sector. Here we focus on the pricing of user charges of transport infrastructures. We start this paper to analyse road transport sector and compare it with rail sector. In fact as a result of the trend towards rail reform, the issue of charging mechanisms for the use of rail infrastructure has become increasingly important. In this paper, we just take the problem in theory and present some foreign cases. But our long-run objective will be the design of efficient user charges of infrastructures based on fair intermodal competition.