• 복식
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• 제30권
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• pp.261-274
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• 1996

In the present age dominate by both cer-taingty of 1% and uncertainty of 99% 'Fuzzy thinking' of Bart Kosko that is the way to solve the problems by the scientific way through a worldview of Buddhism or Taoism greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral greatly prevails around the world over 'Lateral thinking' and the authenticity or the right and-wrong of the uncertainty which is the thinking way to find the answer of the problems of illogical way of Edward de Beno against the western vertical thinking were Concurrently fashion designers over the world also adopt the oriental elements. But there exist differences of thoughts between the orient and the occident. And they have dif-ferent thinking way of aestheticism and references of the value on the beauty. Not only beauty but the view through the mind as intuitional thought in which not only the rec-ognition of sense but also the rationalism and the naturalness play key role. The aesthetic sense in the orient contains both the truth and virtue. 2) The beauty of the mean It's from the thought of neutralization of Confucius. The mean or moderation state which in harmony with ethical virtue and aes-thetic beauty is the ideal and is the ultimate. Therefore the thought of Confucian is the creativity in which the balance and the har-mony is most important. Fashion design is also one of the representation of the mean because the spirit of the designer is harmonized for-mlessly with the object of the model of the fashion design. 2) The beauty of skillfulness It indicates the Taoism of Lao-tzu and Chuangtzu. It takes a super-artistic declar-ation that human can feel and recognize the color of colorlessness the sound of sound-lessness and the taste of tastelessness. The thought of arts affected by Taoism is 'ad-vanced age' called the beauty of skillfulness. The view of arts of lao-tzu takes the beauty of cosmos and the nature as a standard. Es-pecially the beauty of inactivity is recognized by the linkage between the beauty and the ugliness. And these things appear in fashion design as a design element such as humor or exaggeration. 3) The beauty of non-dualism It is thought of Buddhism that all evil passions of worry occur form the opposition in dualism. Finally this thought leads to that everything is consistent and truth is only one from the point of view that virtue and vice has on linkage that is 'no virtues no vices' and 'one with two, two, with one, one is not two' A big tendency like this became the root forma-tion of the thought of the oriental arts. 3. Characteristics of the oriental aesthetic sense on the present fashion design 1) The formation of the fashion design on the oriental elements In the picture-incantation which was a representation of an era when the thought of 'cosmic dual forces' dominated the basic polygons of 'a circle square triangle' means both 'one two three' and 'the negative positive mean' of cosmic elements. From this point of view the was of planner cutting in the Orient is dif-ferent from that of the Occidental which is in three-dimensional. The planner polygon type of the cut-pieces comes to have the meaning of the three-dimension when they consist of a suit that has the combination of each cut-piece. This shows the consistency with the principle of cosmos creation of Taoism that one is two two is three and three is every-thing. 2) The coloring and the symbolic represen-tation of the fashion design on the orien-tal elements The sense on the colors in the Orient from the thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is not the experi-enced from the knowledge but contains the consideration of philosophy Five-primary-color representing compass directions Blue(East) Red(South) Yellow(Center) White (West) and Black (North) is called ' the posi-tive' for this five-primary-color secondary-color which comes from the compound of the primary colors is called 'the negative' The thought of 'the cosmic dual forces and the five elements' is also an theory containing the natural order of the cos-mos and this shows the perceptional differ-ence that they are not conceptual but to be recognized and fell directly. A thought of Buddhism which is 'Colors are colorlessness and Clolorlessness are color's proves that. 3) The pattern and symbolic representation of the fashion design on the oriental elements The pattern as a visual style is a figure of symbolic representation which adopt the mental and physical world of human and are the compo-sition of artistic revelation of the human nature and the religous thought of incantation. Es-pecially the symbolic representation of the oriental thought of Confusion. Buddhism and Taoism There are patterns such as plants aminals the oriental four gods and geometry. From the above it's the time toward the 21'th century when the world is constructing one global area and one historical zone. And the exotic mood of the Orient represented in the fashion which doesn't make the common feeling in general does not cease to develop only to express the visual modeling but also adopts the thought religion and the art which are the root of the Orientail and contains inherent willing of modeling.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.193-222
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to review the rights and duties of cargo owners, the party to the contract of international carriage of goods by air under the Warsaw Convention System and the IATA conditions. It is generally known that air freight is the most-cost mode of transportation. However, should there be considerations of total distribution cost, the use of air freight leads exporters to be advantageous in physical distribution. The Warsaw Convention System defined and limited the rights and duties of cargo owners and air carriers paticipating in the international carriage of goods, but it does not regulate every aspect of air transportation. Therefore, the unregulated parts are governed by national laws and by individual contracts of carriage. The International Air Transport Association(lATA), a worldwide organization of airlines, has formulated model conditions of contract for the carriage of cargo. These models are not uniformly followed but they serve as a basis for many of the individual standard form of contracts prepared by air carriers. The contract of air carriage of goods is a contract of adhesion, 'the consignor recognizing and accepting the conditions laid down by the carrier'. There are consignors and carriers as the parties to the contract of international carriage of goods. In addition to his basic right, implied in Warsaw Convention Article 18 and 19, to require devery of the goods in good condition and at the date agreed upon, the consignor has the right to dispose the goods in the course of the journey up to the moment when the consignee is entitled to require delivery. If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor, the carrier must so inform him forthwith. The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in accordance with Warsaw Convention Article 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the air waybill or the goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition. Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as the goods arrive. The consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out in the air waybill. The air waybill is supposed to be made out by the consignor. If the carrier makes it out, he is deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor, whether there is one air waybill or several, each must be made out in three original parts. The first is for the carrier, the second is for the consignee, and the the third is handed to the consignor when the shipment has been accepted. The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statement concerning the cargo appearing in the air waybill. Each of the original parts of the air waybill has evidential value and possession of his part is a condition for the exercise by the consignor or consignee of his rights under the contract of carriage. Hague Protocol set forth in Article 9 that nothing in this. Convention prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill, but Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 deleted this article. All charges applicable to a shipment are payable in cash at the time of acceptance thereof by the carrier in case of a prepaid shipment or at the time of delivery thereof by the carrier in case of a collect shipment. The carrier shall have lien the cargo for unpaid charges and, in the event of non-payment thereof, shall have the right to dispose of the cargo at public or private sale and pay itself out of the proceeds of such sale any and all such amounts. In conclusion, the Warsaw Convention System has the character of ambiguity in various respects, not only in the part of the forms of documents but also in conditions of contract. Accordingly, the following propositions might be considered: (1) If the carrier does not obey the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without proper reasons, he will be liable strictly for any damage which may be caused thereby to the cargo owner. The special agreement and carrier's conditions of carriage which limit unreasonably the consignor's right of disposition of the goods will be nullified. (2) The instrument of the Warsaw Convention System which is not yet in force(Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4) would considerably simplfy the processing and keeping of computerized records of the carriage. Until this instrument enters into force, the airlines will be faced with practical problems preventing them to substitute computerized data processing techniques for the formal issuance of the documents. Accordingly, Montreal Additional Protocol No. 4 should become effective as soon as posisble. From a practical point of view in the international trade, the issuance of negotiable air waybill should be permitted for the security of the bank.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2015년도 학술발표회
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• pp.237-237
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• 2015

The district of Marlborough has had more than its share of river management projects over the past 150 years, each one uniquely affecting the geomorphology and flood hazard of the Wairau Plains. A major early project was to block the Opawa distributary channel at Conders Bend. The Opawa distributary channel took a third and more of Wairau River floodwaters and was a major increasing threat to Blenheim. The blocking of the Opawa required the Wairau and Lower Wairau rivers to carry greater flood flows more often. Consequently the Lower Wairau River was breaking out of its stopbanks approximately every seven years. The idea of diverting flood waters at Tuamarina by providing a direct diversion to the sea through the beach ridges was conceptualised back around the 1920s however, limits on resources and machinery meant the mission of excavating this diversion didn't become feasible until the 1960s. In 1964 a 10 m wide pilot channel was cut from the sea to Tuamarina with an initial capacity of $700m^3/s$. It was expected that floods would eventually scour this 'Wairau Diversion' to its design channel width of 150 m. This did take many more years than initially thought but after approximately 50 years with a little mechanical assistance the Wairau Diversion reached an adequate capacity. Using the power of the river to erode the channel out to its design width and depth was a brilliant idea that saved many thousands of dollars in construction costs and it is somewhat ironic that it is that very same concept that is now being used to deal with the aggradation problem that the Wairau Diversion has caused. The introduction of the Wairau Diversion did provide some flood relief to the lower reaches of the river but unfortunately as the Diversion channel was eroding and enlarging the Lower Wairau River was aggrading and reducing in capacity due to its inability to pass its sediment load with reduced flood flows. It is estimated that approximately $2,000,000m^3$ of sediment was deposited on the bed of the Lower Wairau River in the time between the Diversion's introduction in 1964 and 2010, raising the Lower Wairau's bed upwards of 1.5m in some locations. A numerical morphological model (MIKE-11 ST) was used to assess a number of options which led to the decision and resource consent to construct an erodible (fuse plug) bank at the head of the Wairau Diversion to divert more frequent scouring-flows ($+400m^3/s$)down the Lower Wairau River. Full control gates were ruled out on the grounds of expense. The initial construction of the erodible bank followed in late 2009 with the bank's level at the fuse location set to overtop and begin washing out at a combined Wairau flow of $1,400m^3/s$ which avoids berm flooding in the Lower Wairau. In the three years since the erodible bank was first constructed the Wairau River has sustained 14 events with recorded flows at Tuamarina above $1,000m^3/s$ and three of events in excess of $2,500m^3/s$. These freshes and floods have resulted in washout and rebuild of the erodible bank eight times with a combined rebuild expenditure of $80,000. Marlborough District Council's Rivers & Drainage Department maintains a regular monitoring program for the bed of the Lower Wairau River, which consists of recurrently surveying a series of standard cross sections and estimating the mean bed level (MBL) at each section as well as an overall MBL change over time. A survey was carried out just prior to the installation of the erodible bank and another survey was carried out earlier this year. The results from this latest survey show for the first time since construction of the Wairau Diversion the Lower Wairau River is enlarging. It is estimated that the entire bed of the Lower Wairau has eroded down by an overall average of 60 mm since the introduction of the erodible bank which equates to a total volume of $260,000m^3$. At a cost of $$0.30/m^3$ this represents excellent value compared to mechanical dredging which would likely be in excess of $$10/m^3$. This confirms that the idea of using the river to enlarge the channel is again working for the Wairau River system and that in time nature's "excavator" will provide a channel capacity that will continue to meet design requirements.

• 대중서사연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.13-51
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• 2021

본 논문의 목적은 만화 연구에서 소외되었던 1970년대 순정만화를 조명하는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 1970년대의 잡지인 『여학생』의 기사와 연재만화를 분석하고 당시의 이상적인 소녀상을 고찰한다. 순정만화는 1960년대와 1970년대의 차이가 상당히 크다. 단행본 순정만화 분석만으로는 이러한 간극에 대해 설명되지 않는다. 만화 검열이 만화 전반의 발전을 저해하는 요소로 작용했지만 다른 장르의 만화와 비교했을 때 1970년대 순정만화의 정체는 지나치다. 순정만화와 함께 소녀를 대상으로 하는 대표적인 대중매체였던 잡지 연구를 통해 순정만화 변화의 원인에 대한 답을 얻을 수 있을 것이다. 잡지의 기사는 그 잡지의 편집방침과 특징을 보여주기도 하지만 그 시대의 가치관과 이념을 반영한다. 잡지에 실린 만화 역시 마찬가지이다. 특히 잡지 만화는 검열에서 비교적 자유로웠다. 본 논문에서는 1970년대 소녀잡지의 기사와 만화가 당시의 소녀상을 어떻게 형성했는지 『여학생』의 특집 기사와 만화를 통해 분석했다. 『여학생』에 연재된 만화 중에서 엄희자의 <푸른 지대>와 방영진의 <미니 행진곡>을 살펴보았다. <푸른 지대>와 <미니 행진곡> 모두 『여학생』의 기사에서 강조한 이상적인 소녀상을 보여준다. <푸른 지대>는 가정 안의 성실하고 순종적인 딸의 모습을, <미니 행진곡>은 명랑하고 밝은 소녀의 모습을 그린다. 연구를 통해 1970년대 잡지는 사회에 순응하면서 화목한 가정을 돕는 소녀를 이상적인 소녀로 평가했다는 것 그리고, 잡지에서 끊임없이 주장했던 이상적인 소녀상은 순정만화의 검열과 창작의 기준이 되어 많은 작품의 내용과 표현에 큰 영향을 주었다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 1970년대는 만화 검열과 합동 출판사의 독과점 전횡으로 연구사적 의미에서 그 중요성이 희석된 시기이다. 검열의 틀에서 표현의 한계가 명확했고 그 결과 양질의 작품도 많지 않아 1970년대 한국만화 연구는 많은 부분이 공백으로 남아 있다. 본 연구는 1970년대 만화 연구의 공백을 채우는 데에 의미가 있다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.39-77
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• 2019

국제항공운송에 종사하는 승무원은 업무의 성격상 여러 나라에서 근로를 제공하게 된다. 국제사법에 의하면 일상적 노무제공지는 국제근로계약의 준거법 결정(제28조 제2항), 국제재판관할의 결정(제28조 제3항, 제4항)에서 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 일상적 노무제공지는 국제재판관할과 준거법의 결정을 위하여 EU에서 제창된 개념으로, 국제항공법에서 항공안전을 확보할 목적으로 승무원의 피로관리를 위해 도입된 개념인 모기지(母基地)와 입법목적이 서로 달라, 일상적 노무제공지와 모기지는 같은 개념이라고 볼 수 없다. 승무원의 일상적 노무제공지를 결정하기 위해서는 (i) 승무원이 근무를 시작하고 종료하는 곳, (ii) 승무원이 업무를 수행하는 항공기가 주로 주기(駐機)된 곳, (iii) 사용자가 전달한 지시사항을 알게 되고 근무활동을 조직하는 곳, (iv) 근로계약상 승무원이 거주할 의무가 있는 곳, (v) 사용자가 제공하고 승무원이 사용할 수 있는 사무실이 있는 곳, (vi) 승무원이 업무에 부적합하거나 징계사유가 발생할 때 참석할 의무가 있는 곳 등을 종합적으로 고려하여야 한다. 그런데 위에서 열거한 사항은 모두 모기지 소재지와 동일하므로, 승무원의 일상적 노무제공지를 결정할 때 모기지를 가장 중요한 요소로 고려하는 것이 타당하다. 이와 달리 기적국을 일상적 노무제공지로 보아서는 안 된다. 대상사안에서 CJEU는 국제항공운송에 종사하는 객실승무원의 일상적 노무제공지에 관하여 최초로 판단기준을 제시하였는바, 이는 우리나라 국제사법의 모범이 되었던 브뤼셀 규정의 해석이므로, 국제항공운송 승무원에 관하여 국제사법상 일상적 노무제공지의 개념을 이해하는데 많은 도움이 될 것으로 보인다.

• 기록학연구
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• 제50호
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• pp.273-309
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• 2016

서울시는 다른 기관과 달리 기능분류시스템 구축과 업무관리시스템 도입 사이에 3년의 시간차가 발생하여 기능분류체계의 현행관리가 되지 못했고, 이것은 기록관리기준표를 수립하지 못하는 문제로 이어졌다. 2012년 9월 서울시는 기록관리와 정보공개를 전담하는 정보공개정책과의 신설을 통해 기능분류시스템과 기록관리기준표의 운영부서를 통합하였다. 이를 계기로 2013~2014년 2년에 걸쳐 'BRM 및 기록관리기준표 정비사업(이하 BRM 정비사업)'을 추진하게 되었다. 본 연구는 서울시 사례를 중심으로 BRM 정비를 통한 기록관리기준표 개선사례를 소개하고자 한다. 서울시 BRM 정비사업은 업무담당자의 부담과 업무관리시스템의 운영공백을 최소화하기 위한 정비방법론을 수립하였다. 업무관리시스템 도입 후 분류체계를 정비하는 선례가 없는 상황에서 관련부서와의 긴밀한 협의를 통해 독자적인 절차를 개발하고 정비결과를 시스템에 탑재하였다. 또한 BRM 정비사업을 성공적으로 수행하고 향후 안정적인 운영을 위해 BRM 부서관리자를 대상으로 정비 전 후 2차례에 걸쳐 교육을 진행하였고, 정비사업 기간 동안 뉴스레터를 배포하여 전 직원들의 적극적인 참여를 유도하고 기록관리 인식을 높이기 위해 노력하였다. 뿐만 아니라 정비성과를 유지하고 향후 BRM의 체계적인 관리를 위해 기록관리시스템에 단위과제 현황기능 개발, 업무관리시스템에 과제관리 기능 보완, BRM 목적별 분류체계를 서울시 정보소통광장의 서비스에 적용하는 등 여러 개선사항을 마련하였다. 본 연구가 새롭게 BRM을 도입하려는 기관 또는 분류체계 정비사업을 준비하는 기관에서 시행착오를 줄이는데 참고사례가 될 수 있기를 바란다.

• 아동학회지
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• 제1권
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• pp.65-81
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• 1980

This study is aimed at investigating the compensatory education which was already implemented or is being implemented in the U.S.A. and Japan; and at studying the types of programs and their characteristics; and at sounding out the possibilities of the application of such programs in family and social conditions is Korea. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, the established items for the study are as follows: (1) Various types of early children's education (2) Programs of compensatory education for the disadvantaged Children (3) Head Start Program, Early Training Project and Montessori School (4) Integrated Preschool Programs (5) Day-Care Center for employed mothers We investigated the various compensatory education programs for the preschool children who are in economically, socially, culturally disadvantaged conditions. Head Start Programs were federally supported programs for preschool children and opened as summer programs in 1965 for the first time. The purpose of Head Start has been to give preschool children the kinds of experiences they need in preparation for school. The Head Start children were found to be significantly better prepared for school than the normal children. However, after six to eight months, their initial advantages had virtually. disappeared and then the simple problem with Head Start and other such programs was that little long-term good could be evidenced unless the high quality educational environment was maintained. Therefore, to solve this problem, three other programs were funded as part of the overall Head Start. These three programs are the Parent-Child Center, Home Start, and the Child and Family Resources Program. The Early Training Project for disadvantaged children was implemented by Klaus and Gray of Peabody College in 1962. The program was a field research study concerned with the development and testing over time of procedures for improving the educability of young children from low income homes. Its major concern was to study whether it was possible to offset the progressive retardation observed in the public schooling careers of children, living in deprived circumstances. Children, who were trained through the Early Training Project were superior to control groups in the test of IQ and vocabulary as well as linguistic abilities, and preparation for reading. This project showed the possibilities which could prevent preschool children from being disadvantaged socially, culturally and mentally. In 1907, Montessori School was established by Maria Montessori in Italy and her school program has been introduced at present to several countries in the world as one compensatory educations. She first began her experimental methods with retarded children, followed by disadvantaged children from the tenements of Rome. The Montessori approach futures a prepared environment and carefully designed, self-correcting materials. The Montessori curriculum presents tastes that feature sequence, order, and regularity, in addition to those that develop motor and sensory skills. She was interested in children's intellectual development and in developing good work habits. One of the latest developed programs for disadvantaged children is "Integrated Preschool Program" which has successfully integrated handicapped and nonhandicapped children. Several studies have showed that handicapped children in integrated school environments are accepted by and interact with their nonhandicapped peers. In fact, this program provides a number of potential, and perhaps opportunities for nonhandicapped children to serve as valuable resources in fostering the development of their handicapped peers. Next we turn to Japanese programs which are divided into two different types. One is Day-Care Center which was established by Child Welfare Law and the other is kindergarten organized by School Education Law. The kindergarten opened in 1876 and it has been part of school systems since 1947 by the implementation of education law, and the Day-Care Center which started in 1890 for the employed mothers. was changed into Day-Nursery by the enactment of child welfare law in 1947. The laws and operational regulations for the Day-Nursery were set up and were put in effect by the establishment standard acts of children welfare facilities, and the Day-Nursery has been operated in various types by the increasing demand, chiefly because of the socio-economical changes of family structures in both urban and suburban areas. Nursery education for physically and mentally disadvantaged children is for those who are blind, deaf and dumb, mentally retarded; physically disadvantaged by accidents or diseases. Montessori education in Japan was started in 1968 and many research groups for studying Montessori were organized. In 1977, Montessori remedial education society was also organized in which they started a number of studies; a study for developing materials; in-service training for the remedial education; and seminars and lectures, etc It is strongly suggested that we study the early educations that are being implemented in Japan and a variety of compensatory educations that were already implemented in the U.S.A. and modify them for the organization of our own model and properly accommodate them to our social needs.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.46-58
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• 1999

The purpose of this research was to find out the state of the nursing performance of the home care nurses in Seoul in order to provide the data for the practical work guide. The data were collected from fifty home care nurses working in 22 institutions located in Seoul. The research tool used for this research was modified and tested by Song Jong-Rye(1999) which was originally modified the standard tool of American Nurses Association (1998) and was partly supplement and adjusted for this research. The reliability of this tool was Cronbach's $\alpha$=.0982. The collected data were statistically processed using SAS for t-test, ANOVA. $Scheff\'{e}$ test. Among the surveyees, 50% have been working as a home care nurse more than three years and 74.0% of them were married. And 52% have B.S degree with certification of home care nurse from the certification program for Home Care Nurses affiliated at nursing schools. Half of the home care nursing organizations were based on the general hospitals, and most(78%) of the responsible senior personnels of those organizations were nurses. The following results are drawn from this research. 1) The level of nursing performance by the task sectors General performance level of home care nurses was relatively high in grade of 3.06 from total 4.00. Among the task sectors. the ethical field scored the highest points, and the next were nursing intervention, professional training, and data gathering, and the research sector scored the lowest point. 2) The level of nursing performance by general features of home care nurses Statistically relevant correlation between performance according to the duration of working experience as a nurse(p=0.8951) and performance according to the duration of working as home care nurse(p=0.2263) did not emerge. Also, performance by marriage status(p=0.2218), education(p=0.5733), and taking the certification program for home card nurse(p =0.1560) has no statistically meaningful correlation. 3) The level of nursing performance by the type of home care nursing organizations There exists a significant difference(p=0.002) between performances by the types of organizations. Most of the responsible senior personnels of the home care nursing organization were nurses. The level of nursing performance of the home care nursing organization under nurse management was relatively higher than that of home care nursing organizations led by medical doctors or non-medical professional, but this was not proved as statistically meaningful(p =0.3617). 4) The level of nursing performance by task sectors according to the characteristic of home care nursing service organization There exists a significant difference between nursing performances by task sectors according to the characteristics of home care nursing organization(p=0.002). In case of model research center of one College of Nursing, the nursing performance in the sectors of organization, theory, and data gathering were lower than that of in hospital based home care nursing service. And in case of local home care centers, performances in sectors of organization, theory, data gathering, nursing intervention. professional training, and research sectors were significantly low. Based on the obtained results, overall performance of home care nurses can be appraised as relatively good. Especially, performances in sectors of the nursing intervention, nursing plan. and data gathering including the in direct nursing were recorded high scores. From this, it can be concluded that high quality of nursing is relatively practicing for home patients at these days. Since the high quality of nursing for patients was directly related to the level of nursing performances of home care nurses, it is required to improve practical performance level of them by making constant evaluation and running continual education program and supplementing curriculum for the sectors with low scores.

• 기록학연구
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• 제20호
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• pp.77-114
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• 2009

1980년대 이후 한국의 '전투적' 노동운동은 노동계급의 존재를 세상에 알렸다. 그러나 한국 현대 노동운동의 역사를 재현하는 것은 간단치 않은 일이다. 그동안 노동계급 주체의 기록이 체계적으로 관리되지 않았기 때문이다. 노동조합의 기록관리 현실은 제대로 된 기록관리 규정이 없는 사실로도 입증된다. 노동조합의 기록관리 관련 규정은 '조선총독부 처무규정'과 마찬가지로 '처무규정'의 이름으로도 존재한다. 노동조합에서 기록은 증빙기록 위주로 구성되어 있다. 기록의 분류 편철 폐기 등은 1970년대 '정부공문서' 규정과 같은 수준에서 이루어지고 있다. 그러한 의미에서 노동조합의 기록관리 규정은 '원시적'이다. 노동조합의 기록 보존기간 책정 기준은 전문성이 결여되어 있다. 영구 기록 선별 기준도 기본적인 문서 또는 이에 준하는 문서라는 규정에 의지하고 있으며, 거의 증빙기록 중심이다. 다분히 자의적이고 추상적이다. 전국노동조합협의회의 잔존기록은 매우 분절적으로 존재한다. 단체교섭 업무를 계획수립, 조사활동, 단체교섭 요구서 작성 의견수렴 활동, 요구안 제출 선전, 교섭, 타결 후 활동 등으로 구분하여 잔존기록을 살펴보았지만, 단위사업장 기록은 일부만 남아 있다. 교육 관련 기록, 대의원대회 기록 또한 마찬가지이다. 업무 과정과 결과 전체를 재현할 수 있는 기록 시리즈는 거의 없다. 이러한 점은 미국 남부 노동 아카이브 컬렉션들과 비교하면 많은 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 즉 남부 노동 아카이브 기록들은 지역 노동조합 중앙의 집행 조직과 관계된 지역의 기록은 물론이고, 팸플릿 잡지 사진 개인 기록 구술 기록, 협정서 정관 내규 등의 조직 기록, 총회 의사록 등을 포함하고 있다. 결국 백서 발간 준비 시점에 이르러서야 기록을 수집하는 현상은 현재의 노동조합에서도 여전히 나타날 수 있는 문제이기 때문에 기록을 생산하는 시점부터 기록을 관리해야 한다는 인식이 시급히 노동조합에 확산되어야 할 것이다. 최근 노동운동 기록의 수집과 관리 등을 사업으로 설정한 '노동자역사 한내'가 조직되어 기록의 전산화와 편찬사업 등 활발한 활동을 전개하고 있다. '한내'는 한국 사회에서 노동 아카이브로 전환될 수 있는 일정한 조건을 갖추고 있다. 그러나 단순히 전환의 문제만은 아니다. 노동 아카이브를 설립하는 과정에서 연대와 실천을 통해 노동조합의 기록관리 기반을 만들고 정상화 시켜야 한다. '노동조합 표준 기록관리 규정'의 보급, 보유일정표 재설계, 노동조합의 기록관리 모형 개발 등 기록관리의 기초적인 활동을 사업의 중심으로 삼아야 한다. 또한 기록의 공유를 통한 연대와 소통을 위해 노동 아카이브 허브 기관의 역할도 담당해야 할 것이다. 이러한 것이 가능할 때 노동 아카이브 설립은 현실화 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.71-85
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• 2021

국내 대표적인 창업지원 기관으로 창업보육센터, 창업진흥원, 테크노파크, 창조경제혁신센터 등이 있으며, 전국에 창업보육센터는 260여개가 있다. 창업보육센터는 운영 주체로 대학, 연구소, 재단·협회 등이 운영하고 있고, 센터는 센터장과 창업보육전문매니저(이하 '매니저') 등으로 구성되어 센터 운영관리 및 입주기업 창업보육지원서비스 등의 업무를 수행하고 있다. 그동안 창업보육센터 운영에 관한 연구는 주로 입주기업의 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 중심으로 연구되었지, 창업보육센터 매니저의 역량 특성과 조직몰입이 업무성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구는 부족했다. 본 연구의 목적은 창업보육센터 매니저의 역량 특성이 조직몰입과 직무성과에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인들을 탐색하고 각 요인 간의 인과관계를 밝힘으로써 창업보육센터 운영에서 매니저의 역할에 실무적인 시사점을 제시하는 것이다. 본 연구는 탐색적 연구로써 연구대상은 전국 창업보육센터에 근무하는 약 600명의 매니저를 대상으로 설문조사를 하였으며, 유효한 116개의 응답 자료를 근거로 기술통계 분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석 등과 구조방정식모형으로 가설을 검정하였다. 분석 결과, 창업보육센터 매니저의 인지적 특성인 기술, 행동적 특성인 의사소통과 상황대처가 매니저의 자기효능감에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 행동적 특성이 인지적 특성보다 자기효능감에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 매니저의 인지적 특성과 행동적 특성, 그리고 자기효능감은 조직몰입과 업무성과에 직간접적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 매니저의 자기효능감은 조직몰입과 업무성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는데, 이러한 결과는 매니저의 역량 특성이 조직몰입과 업무성과에 직접적인 영향을 미치기보다는 매니저의 자기효능감을 매개로 간접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 시사점은 창업보육센터 매니저의 자기효능감이 행동적 특성과 업무성과 간의 인과관계에서 매우 중요한 매개역할을 하므로 창업보육센터를 효율적으로 운영하기 위해서는 매니저의 자기효능감을 높일 수 있도록 업무환경을 조성하고 매니저의 역량을 향상시키기 위한 교육이나 지원이 필요하다는 점이다. 또한 본 연구결과는 국가직무능력표준(NCS)에서 창업보육센터 매니저의 직무 능력에 자기효능감을 직업기초능력으로 포함할 필요가 있다는 것을 시사한다.