• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.35-53
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• 2021

A field survey was carried out targeting 59 pine wilt disease control areas distributed in Andong, and the ecological characteristics of the areas affected by pine wilt disease were analyzed using vegetation information, ecological information, and land use information. Vegetation characteristics of Pine wilt disease affected forest area showed a 3-layer vegetation structure, high percentage of accidental occurrence species (37%) and secondary vegetation species (59.6%), appearing 12 taxa naturalized plants and 3 taxa ecosystem disturbance organisms designated by the Ministry of Environment. Ecological information of Pine wilt affected area showed frequent occurrence of water stress in south and west slopes, low lying grounds in mountains, and in well-drained soils. Also, surrounding the area has been used as roads, tombs, and cultivation where intensive human activities were the cause of disturbance and stress to the pine forest. It was analyzed that the pine forest in Andong city suffered extensive damage due to the onset of pine wilt disease while the pine trees were weakened due to continuous human activities. Conclusively, the spread and onset of pine wilt disease are worsened by artificial factors than natural environmental conditions.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.150-158
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• 2019

Exotic conifer trees have been extensively planted in southern China because of their high apparent growth and yield. These fast-growing plantations are expected to persist as a considerable potential for temporary and long-term carbon sink to offset greenhouse gas emissions. However, information on the carbon storage across different age ranges in exotic pine plantations is often lacking. We first estimated the ecosystem carbon storage across different age ranges of exotic pine plantations in China by quantifying above- and below-ground ecosystem carbon pools. The carbon storage of each tree component of exotic pine (Pinus elliottii) increased significantly with increasing age in Duchang and Yiyang areas. The stem carbon storage except <10 years in Ji'an areas was the largest component among all other components, which accounts for about 50% of the total carbon storage followed by roots (~28%), branches (~18%), and foliage (~9%). The mean total tree carbon storage of slash pine plantations for <10, 10-20 and 20-30 years across three study areas was 3.69, 13.91 and $20.57Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The carbon stocks in understory and forest floor were age-independent. Total tree and soil were two dominant carbon pools in slash pine plantations at all age sequences. The carbon contribution of aboveground ecosystem increased with increasing age, while that of belowground ecosystem declined. The mean total ecosystem carbon storage of slash pine plantations for <10, 10-20 and 20-30 years across China was 30.26, 98.66 and $98.89Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Although subtropical climate in China was suitable for slash pine growth, the mean total carbon stocks in slash pine plantations at all age sequences from China were lower than that values reported in American slash pine plantations.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.55-66
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• 2008

This study investigated the rheological and sensory characteristics of pickle with frozen pine mushroom. P3(Developed pickle seasoning) was the best by preference among three kinds of pine mushroom pickle seasoning. For flavor and functionality, pine mushroom pickle was processed by using three kinds of method(P3-1: P3+cinnamon 10 g, P3-2: P3+licorice 10 g and P3-3: P3+licorice 5 g+cinnamon 5 g). As a result, the product from P3-3(P3+licorice 5 g+cinnamon 5 g) was the best preferred pine mushroom pickle. The pH value of P3-3 was 2.15, 42.9 degrees Brix, and its color value was L(54.65), a(-1.61), b(17.87). Its texture level was higher than that of other products, but it would be lowered on storage. Until the 28th day of storage, microorganisms in pine mushroom pickle seasoning were detected less than 30 CFU/mL.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.260-263
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of spatial resolutions on digital image for detecting pine trees damaged by pine wilt disease. Color infrared images taken from PKNU-3 multispectral airborne photographing system with a spatial resolution of 50cm was used as a basic data. Further test images with spatial resolutions of 1m, 2m and 4m were made from the basic data to test the detecting capacity on each spatial resolution. The test was performed with visual interpretation both on mono and stereo modus and compared with field surveying data. It can be conclude that it needs less than 1m spational resolutions or 1m spatial resolutions with stereo pair in order to detect pine trees damaged by pine wilt disease.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.2 s.92
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• pp.164-172
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find the optimal mixing condition of three different amounts of pine leaf powder, butter and sugar for preparation of pine leaf cookies. The optimum mixing condition for pine leaf cookies was optimized by response surface methodology The optimum mixing rates of pine leaf powder, butter and sugar were 8.6 g, 252.8 g and 154.1 g for color, 8.4 g, 240.7 g and 149.8 g for appearance, 8.8 g, 246.5 g and 154.7 g for flavor and 10.9 g, 277.1 g and 134.6 g for texture respectively. The optimum mixture ratio which fulfilled all items was pine leaf powder 9.4 g, butter 270.5 g and sugar 141 g.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.513-518
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• 2004

Pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs (KMH) are known as effective therapeutic agents on various blood vessel disease. We have already reported the ameliorative effect of complex of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs against hyperlipidemia. But safety and non - toxicity of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs to normal animal cells have not been studied clearly. In this study, we investigated whether pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs show side effects on rat or not. These materials were administered to rats, and subacute toxicity was examined by measuring the hematological values, CBC differentiation, biochemical levels of blood (TP, total protein; albumin; ALP, alkaline phosphotase; AST, aspatate aminotrans- ferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; T-Chol., total cholesterol; T-Bil., total bilirubin) and urine analysis, suggesting that the sample have no side effects and cytotoxicity. These results indicate that the complex of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs may effective non- toxic, safety therapeutic agents on hepatocytes and hyperlipidemia.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.410-414
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• 2003

The effect of treatment with pine needle oil complex (complex of pine needle oil and Korean medicinal herbs) upon rat hepatocytes exposed to alcohol was investigated. We compared body weight gain and ratios of liver and kidney to body weight and the serum biochemistry of rats administered both alcohol and Pine needle oil complex to control rats treated with alcohol alone. Pine needle oil complex treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and triglycerides (TG) compared to the control rats. These data suggest that Pine needle oil complex represents an excellent candidate for protection of rat hepatocytes from alcohol-mediated damage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2003

This study examined the effect of pine needle distillate (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc) on the immune system and hematological parameters. C57BL/6 male mice weighing 20 ~21 g were divided into 3 groups and intraperitonially injected with either 200 $\mu$L of saline (control), 50% diluted (P50) or 100% pine needle distillate (P100) once a day for 24 days. At the end of the experiment, the mice were anesthetized by ether and peripheral blood was collected from the femoral artery and the spleen was excised. Spleen weight decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the pine needle groups compared to the control group. The blood was used for a complete blood count and flow cytometrical analysis after immunofluorescence staining. The pine needle distillate dose-dependently decreased the CD4$^{＋}$/CD8 sup ＋/ ratio (p <0.05), and showed a tendency to increase the mean FSC (forward scatter) values of the CD8$^{＋}$T cells, while decrease the values of the CD4$^{＋}$T cells. There were no significant differences in WBC, RBC and platelet counts among the three groups, but hemoglobin and hemoglobin-related parameters and platelet volume increased and red blood cell volumes decreased with the administration of the pine needle distillate. These results suggest that the pine needle distillate may have immunosuppressive effects.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.191-195
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• 2017

In this study, a smartphone application for reporting trees infected with pine wilt disease was developed to prevent the spread of the disease by the disease-carrying pests/insects, which is most damning to the country's pine trees, South Korea's representative tree species, and to ensure the sustained maintenance of the country's forest trees. Such application for handling information on the infected pine trees has three key components, as shown below. (1) Explanation of the pine wilt disease pests/insects, (2) Image capture of the infected pine tree, and transmission of its GPS location, (3) Inquiry on the neighboring area infected with pine wilt disease. It is possible to promptly provide the spatial information of the areas infected with pine wilt disease by developing a dedicated application for reporting trees infected with the disease based on GPS information. If users participate actively in the application and integration with the forest service application is to be realized, the application would be more actively utilized.