• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.584-596
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• 2008

Purpose : This study was conducted to investigate treatment compliance and related factors in pediatric patients. Methods : Three hundred and fifty-five patients diagnosed with various acute diseases at a teaching hospital or clinic in October 2003 were enrolled. Data were analyzed using the Health Belief Model, which includes items on self-efficacy and family assistance. Results : The study found that 62.9% of pediatric patients adhered faithfully to agreed-upon hospital revisits, 41.6% complied with dose timings instructions, 65.8% precisely took medication, and 27.2% complied with all of these requirements. According to ${\chi}^2$ test analysis, the factors found to be related to therapeutic compliance (the taking of medicines requested) were; susceptibility, severity, benefit, barriers, mother's self-efficacy, and family assistance (P<.05). Multiple logistic analysis and path analysis showed that susceptibility, severity, barriers, and mother's self-efficacy were related to therapeutic compliance (P<.05). Moreover, mother's self-efficacy was identified as the most important factor. Conclusion : To improve therapeutic compliance among pediatric patients, parental education is necessary, and a health care professional must take a thorough history of how the medication was taken before it is assumed that treatment failure is attributable to the medication prescribed. Furthermore, the type of device recommended for dosing should be determined by clinicians. In addition, it is important that pediatric medications be discussed in relation to their palatability and internal acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-41
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• 1999

The perceived stress response inventory(PSRI) was developed to measure 4 types of current stress responses : emotional, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral responses. 242 patients with psychiatric disorders(71 patients with anxiety disorders, 73 patients with depressive disorders, 47 patients with somatoform disorders, 51 patients with psychosomatic disorders) and 215 healthy subjects completed the questionnaire including the PSRI. Global assessment of recent stress(GARS) scale, perceived stress questionnaire(PSQ) and symptom checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R) were also administered at the same time. Factor analysis for each of 4 types of stress responses yielded 8 factors : negative emotional responses, general somatic symptoms, specific somatic symptoms, lowered cognitive function and general negative thinking, self-depreciative thinking, impulsive-aggressive thinking, passive-responsive and careless behavior, and impulsive-aggressive behavior. Both test-restest reliability(r= .83 -.93) and internal consistency(Cronbach's alpha : .79 -.96 for each of 8 subscales and .98 for total items of the scale) were all at statistically significant levels. Total scores of the PSRI significantly correlated with total scores of GARS scale, PSQ, and global indicies of SCL-90-R, respectively. The patient group had significantly higher scores than healthy subjects in each of all the subscales except impulsive-aggressive behavior subscale. These results suggest that the PSRI is a reliable and valid tool stable over time which may be effectively used for the research in stress-related field including psychosomatic medicine.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.67-88
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• 2017

The purpose of this research was educational needs of experts for revitalizing youth entrepreneurship education and creating effective conditions for such education. The subjects of the survey were chosen 100 teachers who had participated in entrepreneurship-related professional training for teachers were selected and surveyed. A total of 100 questionnaires were collected, of which 92 (92.00%) were used for the analysis. Eight were excluded as they were not properly answered. As for the used survey tool, a total of 8 areas and 30 items were derived from the review of the literature, and the validity of the contents was examined through expert meetings. The data were analyzed using the SPSS (ver. 20.0) statistical program. The analysis was conducted in terms of the required competency level, perceived competency level and educational needs. As for the used analytical methods, first, the averages of the required competency level and perceived competency level were calculated and the education needs were calculated using Borich's formula, and then the averages were compared through paired t-test. The results turned out to be statistically significant (p<.000). The details are as follows: As a result of the calculation of the educational needs the educational needs in all areas turned out to be very high with the average being 4.94 points, which indicates that the teachers strongly feel the need for educational strengthening in relation to entrepreneurship. These results show that all the educational conditions such as entrepreneurship-related curriculum, teacher professionalism, educational environment, educational support and the perception among school community members are insufficient in the current school settings. For the improvement of the current status, the education conditions in the following areas should be improved: the cooperation from school community members including principals, teacher support such as an exclusive responsibility teacher system, the development of an entrepreneurship curriculum, the securing of teacher professionalism through the implementation of the curriculum, teacher training support for the enhancement of their professionalism and the provision of educational environment and facilities. For enhancing the perception of parents and society regarding entrepreneurship, it is necessary to establish the precise concept of entrepreneurship and promote it based on such work.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.78-91
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• 2002

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop the somatization rating scale (SRS), and then to use the scale in clinical pracitice. Methods: First, a preliminary survey was conducted for 109 healthy adults to obtain 40 response items. Second, a preliminary questionnaire was completed by 215 healthy subjects. Third, a comparison was made regarding somatization responses among 242 patients (71 with anxiety disorder. 73 with depressive disorder, 47 with somatoform disorder, and 51 with psychosomatic disorder) and 215 healthy subjects. Results : Factor analysis yielded 5 subscales : cardiorespiratory and nervous responses, somatic sensitivity, gastrointestinal responses, general somatic responses, genitourinary, eye and muscular responses. Reliability was computed by administering the SRS to 62 healthy subjects during a 2-week interval. Test-retest reliability for 5 subscales and the total score was significantly high, ranging between .86-.94. Internal consistency was computed, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for 5 subscales ranged between .72-.92, and .95 for the total score. Convergent validity was computed by correlating the 5 subscales and the total score with the total score of the global assessment of recent stress (GARS) scale, the perceived stress questionnaire (PSQ), and the symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R). The correlations were all at significant levels. Discriminant validity was computed by comparing the total score and the 5 subscale scores of the patient and control groups. Significant differences were found for 5 subscales and the total score. Only the depressive disorder group was siginificantly higher than control group in all the subscale scores and total scores of SRS among 4 patient groups. In somatic sensitivity, only depressive disorder patients were significantly higher than the normal controls, whereas in general somatic subscale, depressive disorder and somatoform disorder groups were significantly higher than the normal controls. In total scores of the SRS, female subjects were significantly higher than males. Conclusion : These results indicate that the SRS is highly reliable and valid, and that it can be utilized as an effective measure for research in stress- and somatization-related fields. The depressive disorder and somatoform disorder groups showed more widespread somatization than the anxiety and psychosomatic disorder groups.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of commercially frozen sea foods. One hundred and sixteen samples in six different items from several refrigeration plant in Busan city were examined from March to December in 1974. In addition, the changes in bacterial density through the process from thawing, round or semifilleted frozen alaska pollack to the finishing as frozen fillet blocks were observed. To evaluate the sanitary quality, sanitary indicative bacteria such as total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci and enterococci as well as plate counts were determined. From the results, the median value of fecal coliform MPN was 20 per 100 grams of the samples and that of enterococci was 790. The median value of plate counts was $2.2\times10^4$ per gram. The plate counts were not correlated with the number of sanitary indicative bacteria. The results suggest that enterococci could be used advantageously in preference to coliform organisms as indicative bacteria for the evaluation of sanitary quality of frozen sea foods. The plate counts at $20^{\circ}C$ of the samples were 14 times higher than that at $35^{\circ}C$. Geometric mean of total coliform MPN was 310 and that of enterococci was 143. Bacterial density was reduced by fleering. Morethan 50 percent for total coliform MPN and $35^{\circ}C$ plate counts, and about 35 percent for enterococci MPN and $20^{\circ}C$ plate counts were reduced under the contact freezing unit which was generally operated at $-40^{\circ}C$. About fifty-five percent of the samples were negative in fecal coliform test and 10 percent of those were exceeded $1.0\times10^5$ per gram in $35^{\circ}C$ plate counts.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.68-82
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• 2020

Purpose: This study evaluated the dietary quality and nutritional status of elderly people using the Nutrition Quotient for Elderly (NQ-E). Methods: The participants were 204 elderly people over 65 years of age (38 men and, 166 women) in Seoul. The dietary information was analyzed using a questionnaire of NQ-E, which consisted of 19 checklist items, and 24-recall test data. The NQ-E scores and its four factors, including 'balance', 'moderation', 'diversity', and 'dietary behavior' factors, were calculated according to general characteristics of the subjects. The subjects were divided into the 'monitoring needed group' (62 > NQ-E score) and the 'good group' (62 ≤ NQ-E score) according to their NQ-E score. Results: The mean NQ-E score of the total subjects was 61.9, which was within the mediumhigh grade. The scores of balance, moderation, and dietary behavior factors were within the medium-high grade, while the score of the diversity factor was within the medium-low grade. The NQ-E score was 54.8 in the monitoring needed group and 69.3 in the good group. For the score of the diversity factor, the elderly living alone had a significantly lower score than the score for the elderly living with a spouse. The female subjects showed significantly higher scores of moderation and dietary behavior factors than did the male subjects. The daily intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C and calcium in the monitoring needed group were significantly lower than those in the good group. The nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) of vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C and calcium in the monitoring needed group were significantly lower compared to the scores of the good group. The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) of vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium and potassium were less than 1 for all the subjects. The monitoring needed group had a significantly lower consumption of total foods, vegetables and mushrooms than the good group. As a result, the nutritional status of the monitoring needed group was significantly lower than that of the good group. Conclusion: The results of this study show that NQ-E would be a useful tool for assessing the dietary quality of the elderly. In conclusion, a focused-nutrition education program and a useful guideline are needed for promoting the health and nutritional status in elderly people.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.397-405
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• 2009

A trienzyme extraction method (use of ${\alpha}$-amylase, protease and folate conjugase) for food folate assay has been used to release folate from the food matrix. In order to reduce the incubation time with three enzymes, folate values were compared between two incubation protocols; separate incubation (SI, incubated with ${\alpha}$-amylase and conjugase separately for 2 hours after protease treatment) and combined incubation (CI, incubated with ${\alpha}$-amylase and conjugase together for 2 hours after protease treatment) using 88 food items from 12 kinds of fast foods and processed foods. We found that folate values by CI were comparable to or higher than those by SI, indicating that CI might be a better extraction procedure to shorten the entire incubation time. We measured folate contents in 49 fast foods and 26 processed foods by microbiological assay after CI. Mean folate contents of one serving of various burgers ranged from 43.1 to 62.0 ${\mu}g$. One serving of French fries, pizza, sandwich and triangled kimbab contained a mean of 53.3, 28.4, 47.4, and 25.7 ${\mu}g$ of folate, respectively. Folate contents of non-alcoholic beverages were very low, ranging from 1.0 to 5.2 ${\mu}g$/100 g. Some of our values were comparable to the values in the folate database published in Korean Nutrition Society, however, some of the published values were 140 times higher than the measured values in this study. Folate values measured by the more recent modifications here can be used to update Korean folate database to accurately estimate dietary folate intake.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.122-134
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• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop the Anger Response Scale(ARS), and then to use the scale in clinical practice. Methods First, a preliminary survey was conducted for 123 healthy adults to obtain 16 response items. Second, a preliminary questionnaire was completed by 258 healthy subjects. Third, a comparison was made regarding anger responses among 189 patients(59 with anxiety disorder, 72 with depressive disorder and 58 with somatoform disorder) and 258 healthy subjects. Results : Factor analysis yielded 4 subscales : aggression, irritability, avoidance and anger suppression. Reliability was computed by administering the ARS to 53 healthy subjects during a 2-week interval. Test-retest reliability for 4 subscales and the total score was significantly high, ranging between .53-.71. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ for 4 subscales ranged between .62-.72, and .76 for the total score. Convergent validity was computed by correlating the 4 subscales and the total score with the total score of Aggression Questionnaire, State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, anger and aggression subscale of Stress Response Inventory and hostility subscale of Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. The disorder group was significantly higher than normal group in scores of the avoidance and anger suppression subacale. The depressive disorder and somatoform disorder groups scored significantly higher on the avoidance subscale than the normal group. Conclusion : These results indicate that the ARS is highly reliable and valid. In addition, avoidance response is likely to be a characteristic anger response of the depressive disorder and somatoform disorder groups.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-39
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop the safety theme-based integrated teaching learning process plans for the middle school Home Economics(HE) Instruction and ultimately to contribute for the middle school students to live their safe lives. To achieve the goals of this study, HE curriculum documents from the 1st to the 2015 revision were analyzed and a survey was conducted to identify the middle school students' current status of safety accidents and needs on the HE safety education. The respondents of the survey were the 512 students of one ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ Girls' Middle School in Busan. And then, the seven integrated themes were selected, each seven integrated theme-networks were formed, and safety theme-based Home Economics curriculum and learning materials were developed. The results of this study were as the follows. The safety education content has continually been included from the first HE curriculum of 1954 to the 2015 revised HE curriculum. The middle school student respondents highly needed the content of 'the methods to deal with sexual violence and prostitution prevention', 'suicide prevention', and 'bullying net' for the HE safety education. All the 42 items were needed for the HE safety education by the respondents. The safety theme-based HE teaching learning process plans developed finally included the seven integrated themes, which were (1) dietary life safety, (2) adolescents' sex and safety, (3) adolescents' relationships with friends and safety, (4) family life and safety, (5) dwelling life and safety, (6) adolescents' egos and safety, and (7) social environment and safety. Each integrated theme consisted of three to six small themes, which amounted to total 28(for 35 lessons). Each small theme was presented with learning objectives and particular goals. The total 157 learning materials including the Home Economics curriculum were developed, which offered learning objectives and content for each safety theme, total 28 teaching and learning plans(for 35 lessons) were developed, which offered specific instructions for the easy implementation of the curriculum in the classroom, 28 PPTs, 25 film materials, four reading materials, 61 workbooks, 14 activity sheets, 16 evaluation sheets, 3 test sheets, 2 reference materials, and 4 learning material models(the refrigerator model, traffic lights for discussions, food tray model and stickers, and food mileage card). In this study, the safety education themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety' were not addressed because these theme were not needed highly by the respondents. Therefore, for the further development of the teaching learning process plans for the HE safety education, it is necessary to develop and evaluate the teaching learning process plans to address the themes of 'clothing life and safety', 'conflict and safety', 'professional life and safety', and 'consumer and safety'.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on elementary school children's lifestyle and to contribute to developing on the health education program in elementary schools. The subjects were 1,412 children in 4 elementary schools in Gangwon-Do and Chonrabuk-Do area. Data collection was done from September to November 2001 by questionnaire and school health documents. The questionnaire corrected for the purpose of this study which had been developed by Bronson School of Nursing(1991), 'Lifestyle Questionnaire for School-age Children'. The questionnaire consists of 3 categories; 'Activities that promote health', 'Injury prevention', 'Feeling'. Cronbach coefficient alpha for the 29 items was .68. The data analyzed to obtain frequency, mean, percentage, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS Win program. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Females(50.2%) of gender, 6th grade(24.2%) of grade, nuclear family(82.0%) of family type, beyond college graduate(54.5%) of father's school career, under high school graduate(58.1%) of mother's school career, first of birth order(47.1%) were majority. Mean of father's age was 41.2 and mother's age was 38.1. 2. The mean of lifestyle was 66.4, feeling was 73.3, activities that promote health was 60.3 and injury prevention was 64.0. The highest degree of activities that promote health was 「I eat fruits」and injury prevention was 「I look both ways when crossing streets」and feeling was 「I enjoy my family」. The lowest degree of activities that promote health was 「I visit the dentist every tear」 and injury prevention was 「I wear a helmet when I go on bike trips」 and feeling was 「I think it is okay to cry」. 3. There were significant differences in lifestyle of gender(t=4.309, p=.000), grade(F=6.299, p=.000), father's age(t=2.534, p=.011), father's education(t=-4.933, p=.000), mother's education(t=-3.360, p=.001), birth order (t=5.363, p=.000). There were significant differences in activities that promote health of gender(t=-2.462, P=.014), grade(F=4.893, p=.000), father's education(t=-4.480, p=.000), birth order(t=4.343, p=.000), in injury prevention of gender(t=-4.452, p=.000), grade(F=8.636, p=.000), father's age(t=3.386, p=.001), mother's age(t=2.059, p=.040), father's education(t=-6.051, p=.000), mother's education(t=-5.173, p=.000), birth order(t=4.417, p=.000) and in feeling of gender (t=-3.285, p=.001), grade(F=7.526, p=.000), mother's age(t=-3.268, p=.001). 4. Activities that promote health was positively correlated with injury prevention(r=.432, p=.000), feeling(r=.210, p=.000), lifestyle (r=.785, p=.000). Injury prevention was positively correlated with feeling(r=.256, p=.000), lifestyle(r=.854, p=.000) also feeling was positively correlated with lifestyle(r=.504, p=.000). These findings suggest the need to develop nursing strategy to promote elementary school children's health. Because helmet use score in injury prevention marked the lowest score, it is necessary to encourage helmet use when planning injury prevention and health promotion.