• 간호행정학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.41-59
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• 1997

This study surveyed nurses' value of reward and recognition level of organizational reward, and measured the fit of both. It also looked into the relationship between the reward fit and attitude of nurses toward their job and organization (job involvement${\cdot}$organizational commitment). It was planned to suggest the alternative of a future reward system. The sample consisted of 625 nurses of 8 private University Hospitals. Data for this study was collected from Mar. 25 to Apr. 17 by structured questionnaire. This study examined the differences of nurses' value of reward by their demographic characteristics, and looked into the relationship between the reward fit and job involvement${\cdot}$organizational commitment. Four instruments and a demographic questionnair were used to collect the data. Developed for myself and repaired by panel of judges, the value of reward scale and organizational reward scale consisted of 34 items on five points Likert-type scale. Developed by Kanungo and repaired by panel of judges, the job involvement scale measured overall job involvement on 7 items. The organizational commitment scale was developed by Mowday et al and repaired by panel of judges on 10 items. The data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, ranking, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Chronbach alpha coefficient, t-test, SNK test, factor analysis with SPSS/PC+ progra,.Major findings are as follows 1. The mean of nurses' value of reward is 4.2435 and job content rewards are seen as the most important(M=4.5532). The following orders are seen as follows; financial rewards(M=4.4181), human realtion rewards(M=4.4130), establishment ${\cdot}$ facilities rewards(M=4.1632), professional rewards(M=4.1117), social status or prestige rewards(M=3.9228), career rewards(M=3.8816). Of 34 indivisual reward factors, the retainment allowance is seen to be thought of as the most important thing. 2. The mean of nurses' actual reward is 2.6035. The actual reward responded to the most extremely offered is job content rewards. The following orders are seen as follows ; human relation rewards(M=2.9420), financial rewards(M=2.7682), professional rewards(M=2.4601), social status or prestige rewards(M=2.3696), career rewards(M=2.3466), establishment ${\cdot}$ facilities rewards(M=1.9364). Of 34 indivisual reward factors, medical insurance benefits are felt to be most extremely offered. 3. The mean of fit of reward is -1.6874 and that means actual reward doesn't egual the value of the reward. What is offered mostly to nurses' value of reward is human relation rewards. The following orders are seen as follows; job content rewards(M=-1.5938), career rewards(M=-1.6381), social status of prestige rewards(M=-1.6382), financial rewards(M=-1.6836), professional rewards(M=-1.6854), establishment${\cdot}$facilities rewards(M=-2.3130). Of 34 indivisual factors, the item of fered most closely to nurses' value of reward is seen as the participation in educational programs at the nursing department of the hospital. 4. The mean of nurses' job involvement is 3.1987 and SD is 0.5667. 5. The mean of murses' organizational commitment is 2.9348 and SD is 0.6124, that is seen as a little lower than job involvement. 6. Significant value of reward differences were found among nurses by their demographic characteristics such as married status, tenure, academic career. 7. The fit of reward was significant related to job involvement and organizational commitment. When generalizing the result of this study, the value of reward, which nurses consider important and appropriate offers a reward that corresponds to the nurses' value of reward. This increases nurses' job and organization devotion further, as well as hospital effectiveness. It appears that nurses have recognized that the present reward offered in hospitals doesn't come up to their expectations so I think it is urgent to plan and perform the new reward system which is in accord with the nurses' reward fit.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.165-175
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• 2004

치료의 한계를 미리 알 수 있다면 현실적이고 체계적으로 치료목표와 계획을 설정 할 수 있을 것이며, 치료결과 또한 좀 더 예측 가능할 것이다. 대체적으로 볼 때, III급 수술-교정 치료 증례는 통상적인 증례보다 교정 치료를 통하여 얻어야 하는 치아 이동량이 많을 것으로 예상되어 이를 연구대상으로 선택하였고, 이들이 보인 교정적 치아이동 양상을 측정하여 교정적 치아이동의 한계에 대한 후향적 연구를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 치아 이동량의 측정방법으로서 선택한 치아 위치 측정 기구의 신뢰성을 평가한 다음, 이 방법을 이용하여 연구 대상의 교정적 치아 이동의 한계를 밝히는 것이었다. 이를 위하여 연구 재료로서 III급 수술-교정 치료를 받은 환자 55명의 치료 전$cdot$후 모형을 이용하였고, 연구 방법으로 각 모형에서 치아의 angulation, inclination 및 견치에서 제2대구치에 이르는 치열궁 폭경의 변화를 측정한 다음, 치아 이동량 측정방법의 신뢰성 검증을 위하여 임의 표본에 대하여 검사자간의 신뢰성을 분석하였으며, 기술 통계량을 얻고 paired t-test를 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 측정 방법의 양호한 신뢰성을 검증할 수 있었으며, 치아이동 범위는 악궁 내 각 부위에 따라 매우 다양함을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험의 연구 대상인 III급 수술-교정 치료 증례에서 치아 이동의 변화량을 해석한 결과, 수술-교정 치료 시 필요한 상$\cdot$하 구치부 치열궁 조화를 이루기 위한 치열궁 폭경의 변화량은 주로 구치부위의 경사 이동에 의한 것임을 추론할 수 있었다. 본 연구에 이용된 방법론은 II급 부정교합 등 다른 증례의 치료에서 치료 전$\cdot$후 치아 이동 양상의 해석에 적용할 수 있으며, 만일 이것을 통하여 특정 치료증례에서 치아 이동양상에 대한 충분한 자료를 얻는다면, 해당 치료 증례의 치료 계획 설정을 위한 유용한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.5-35
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• 1998

This study attempted to determine the relation between the maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers, and how it changed over time. A descriptive, longitudinal and comparative study design was conducted to collect and analyzed the data at three times(at 3-4days, at 4-6wks and at 3-month postpartum) regarding the change of maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers. The subjects were 133 first-time mothers who delivered vaginally at K university hospital in Deagu, Korea from Dec., 1994 to Oct., 1995. Among these 58 were employed and 75 were nonemployed first-time mothers. This instruments used to data collection in this study were by Hobbs(1968 : The Difficulty Index for First-time Parents), Staffensmeier(1982: Transition Difficulty Measure), Tayer(1976: Emotional Support from Husband), Lee, Hae Kyoung(1992 : Physical Support from Husband). The analysis of data was done with SAS/PC program which included percentage, $x^2$-test, Pearson correlation, Repeated Measure ANOVA, Time Contrast Analysis and t-test. The results were as follows : 1. There was a significant negative correlation only at 3-4days(r=-.19, P=.0265) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.18, P=.0392) between maternal role strain and husband's support of the first-time mothers. Thus, the more support from husband, the less maternal role strains the first-time mothers felt. Therefore, the 1st hypothesis that "the more husband's support the first-time mother felt at all the time of testing, the less maternal role strains they got" was partially supported at 3-days and 4-6 weeks postpartum. There was no correlation between maternal role strain and t husband's support of the employed first-time mothers at al testing times(at 3-4days postpartum : r=-.95, P=.9548, at 4-6wks postpartum : r=-.0960, P=.4733 and at 3-month postpartum : r=-.05, P=7306). On the contrary, the unemployed first-time mothers felt less maternal role strain when they received more support from their husband at 3-4 days postpartum(r=-.31, P=.0073) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.23, P=.0490). 2. There was no difference of maternal role strain between two groups with regards to employment status(F=.97, P=.3270). But the maternal role strains of two groups were changed differently each other over time(F=3.89, P=.00234). Therefore, the 2nd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the maternal role strains with regard to employment status and over time" was rejected. 3. There was no difference in husband's support between the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers(F=3.06, P=.0826). But there was a significant interaction between employment status and over time(F=3.64, P=.0267), so the support from husband of the employed and the unemployed first-time mothers was changed differently each other over time. The support from husband of the employed first-time mothers was lowered significantly and continuously at 4-6wks (F=5.20, P=.0263) and at 3-month postpartum(F=6.47, P=.0137) than at 3-4 days postpartum. On the contrary, there was no difference in change of husband's support of the employed first-time mothers between the 3-4 days and the 4-6wks postpartum(F=1.70, P=.1962) and between the 3-4 days and the 3-month postpartum(F=.21, P=.6513). Mean husband's support of the nonemployed first-time mothers was raised at 4-6wks postpartum than at 3-4 days postpartum but lowed at 3-month postpartum. The support form husband of both groups was tending downwards at 3-month postpartum than at 4-6wks postpartum, but the one between two groups was changed differently each other over time. The husband's support of the employed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=64. 26${\pm}$8.63) was higher than the one of the nonemployed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=59.16${\pm}$11.11) (t=-2.98, P=.0035), so the 3rd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the husband's support with regard to employment status and over time" was supported. On the basis of these conclusions, the following suggestion is proposed. This study examined the change and relationship between maternal role strain and husband's support in the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers. So the further study regarding the comparison between the employed and the nonemployed multiparas is necessary.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.503-508
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• 2019

흉부 CT 검사의 스캔 기법의 하나인 VOLUME AXIAL MODE를 이용하여 관전압의 변화에 따라 진단적으로 가치가 높은 영상을 얻기 위하여 화질을 평가하고 적절한 관전압을 제시하고자 한다. CT 장비는 GE사의 Revolution(GE Healthcare, Wisconsin USA)모델을 이용하였으며, Phantom은 Pediatric Whole Body Phantom PBU-70을 사용하였다. Heart의 SNR 평균차이분석에서는 70 kvp에서 $-4.53{\pm}0.26$ 이었고 80 kvp는 $-3.34{\pm}0.18$ 이었으며 100 kvp는 $-1.87{\pm}0.15$이었고 70 kvp가 100kvp 보다 약 -2.66정도 SNR이 높았으며 통계적으로 유의하였다.(p<0.05) Lung의 SNR 평균차이분석에서는 70 kvp에서 $-78.20{\pm}4.16$이었고 80 kvp는 $-79.10{\pm}4.39$이었으며 100 kvp는 $-77.43{\pm}4.72$이었고 70 kvp가 100 kvp 보다 약 -0.77정도 SNR이 높았으며 통계적으로 유의하였다.(p<0.05). Lung의 CNR 평균차이분석에서는 70 kvp에서 $73.67{\pm}3.95$이었고 80 kvp는 $75.76{\pm}4.25$이었으며 100 kvp는 $75.57{\pm}4.62$이었고 80 kvp가 70 kvp 보다 약 20.9정도 CNR이 높았으며 통계적으로 유의하였다.(p<0.05) 관전압 100 kvp에서는 70 kvp와 80k vp를 비교 했을 때 심장 영상의 질을 유지하면서 SNR이 1에 가까웠다. 하지만 70 kvp와 80kvp에서는 SNR 차이가 없어 70 kvp 로 소아 흉부 CT 검사를 하여 방사선량을 줄일 수 있을 것이다. 반면에 CNR은 70 kvp에서 가장 1에 근사치를 나타냈었으며 80kvp와 100kvp에서는 차이가 없어 80 kvp로 소아 흉부 CT 검사를 하여 방사선량을 줄일 수 있을 것이다. 또한 Volume Axial mode 검사 시 0.3초의 짧은 scan time으로 검사 할 수 있어서 움직이거나 진정이 필요한 소아환자에게 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.153-173
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• 1990

One of the important tasks for new parents. especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas pereptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a casearean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were 3 random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent -infant Interaction Scale(1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale(1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts(Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and indulded X² test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers(p＝0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mothers' perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the bady. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience(p＝0.000) but no differences for labor or the bady according to the delivery method(p＝0.096, p＝0.389), 2. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery had higher average maternal-infant interaction scores(p＝0.029) than mothers who had a cesarean section. There were similar higher scores for the 1st day(p＝0.042), 2nd day (p＝0.009), and the 3rd day(p＝0.006) after delivery but not for later times. The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅱ that there would be differences in maternal-infant interaction for mothers having vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. However these differences deccreased section deliveries. However these differences decreased over time . by eight weeks the scores for vaginal delivery mothers averaged 8.1 and for cesarean section mothers, 7.9. 3. The more highly positive the pereption of the delivery experience, the higher the maternal-infant interaction score for all subjects(F＝.3206, p＝.006). The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅲ that there would be correlations between perceptions of delivery and maternal-infant interaction. The maternal infant interaction was highest when the perception of the bady and deliery was positive(r＝.4363, p＝.000, r＝.2881, p＝.012). No correlations between perceptions of labor and maternal-infant interaction were found(p＝0.062). 4. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact after birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.20 and the highest 7.98(in a range of 0-10). This subjects group of mothers needed nursing intervention to promote their maternal- infant interaction. The daily scores for the maternal-infant over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day(p＝0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks after birth(P＝0.000). 5. When the eight items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated separately, “Expresses feelings about her role as mother” had the highest average score, 1.64(ina range of 0-3)and “Speaks to baby” the lowest, 0.9. All items, with the possible exception of “Expresses feelings about her role as mother”, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction. 6. There were positive correlations between certain general charateristis, namely, both a higher economic status(p＝0.002) and breast feeding(p＝0.202) and maternal - infant interaction. There were positive correlations between a mother's confidence in her role as a mother and the perception of the birth experience(p＝0.004). For mothers who had a cesarean section, a positive perception of the birth experience was related to the duration of her marriage(p＝0.010), a wanted pregnancy (P＝0.030) and her confidence in her role as a mother(p＝0.000). Pereptions of birth for mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery were positive than those for mothers who had a cesarean section. The level of maternalinfant interaction for mothers delivered vaginally was higher than for cesarean section mothers. The relationship between perception of birth and materanalinfant interaction was confirmed. Cesarean section has an impact on the mother's perceived experience of birth which, in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant interaction. Nursing intervention to enhance maternal-infant interaction should begin in prenatal classes with an exploration of the potential impact of cesarean section on the perceptions of the birth experience and continue throughout the perinatal and post-natal periods to promote the mother's ability to control with this crisis experience and to mobilize social support. Nursing should help transform a relatively negatively perceived experience into an accepted, positively perceived and self affirming experience which enhances the maternal-infant relationship.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.97-110
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• 1973

The goal of modern nursing is to provide comprehensive nursing care to patients. If comprehensive nursing care to children (within the hospital setting) is to be provided, consideration of the stage of growth and development of the child is especially important. From clinical observation, it appeared that nurses often disregarded individual requirements of children in giving nursing care. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to show that comprehensive nursing care which is based on an understanding of the growth and development of the child contributes to both the child and the mother's adaptability to the child's hospitalization. Method: Sixty children, three to three year of age, hospitalized at the Yonsei University Pediatric Ward ware studied. From April 1, 1973 to May 5, 1973, children admitted to the hospital were assigned to either an experimental or a compare groups. There were 30 children in each group. The sex and age of the children in each group was similar. In both groups were more male than female children. In the experimental group, each mother stayed with hot child continuously during his hospitalization. In the compare groups, the mother or some other member of the family stayed with the child. Each day on the child's admission the investigator visited the ward from 1-2 P.M. to 9-10 P.M., in order to provide comprehensive care for the experimental -group. The assistance given the nurses by the investigator was in the form of conferences regarding care and in giving direct care to the child and his mother. The compare group of children received nursing care as usually provided by the hospital. The instruments used to obtain the data for analysis were as follows: 1. The fear and anxiety reaction of the child was recorded by observation of the investigator for four areas: 1) separation from parent and relatives 2) reaction to Doctor and Nurse with white gowns 3) reaction to nursing care 4) reaction to injection and tests, etc. 2. Regression in area of eating, sleeping, and elimination were recorded by the investigator by questioning the mother and by observation. 3. Adaptability to the hospitalization was recorded by direct questioning of the children for areas of emotional and social adjustment. For children older than 3 years of age or children not seriously ill, using the simple I. Q. test this was possible for only 35 of the total 60 children. Result: 1. 55 percents of the total 60 children had been prepared by their parents for hospitalization. The children who had received prior preparation accepted hospitalization more readily than those who had received no preparation. (χ²=4.6 Ρ<0.05) 2. On admission 31.7 percent of the children expressed verbal fear of their discase or treatment. 25 percent felt that the disease was due to their mistake. 3. There was a significant difference in the reaction of the child to separation from the parent or relatives between the two groups. The experimental groups showed less anxiety due to separation than the compare group. (χ²=4.34 Ρ<0.05) In both groups there was less anxiety due to separation among school age (6-12 years) children than among preschool age (3-5 years) children. (χ²=9.22 Ρ<0.05) 4. More than half of the children in both groups reacted with fear and avoidance to doctor and/or nurses wearing white gowns. (χ²=0.06 Ρ<0.05) 5. The experimental group reacted more favorably to nursing in general than the compare group. (χ²=4.8 Ρ<0.05) 6. There was no difference in the fear and refused reaction to special tests and/or such as X-rays and injections, etc. between the groups. (χ²=3.77 Ρ<0.05) 7. More children in the compare group showed regressive tendencies in eating, sleeping, and elimination habits than in experimental groups. (χ²=2.3 Ρ<0.05 χ²=3.88 Ρ<0.05 χ²=4.9 Ρ<0.05) 8. There was a significant difference in the adaptability to hospitalization between the two groups. The experimental groups adapted more readily. (χ²=2.02 Ρ<0.05) 9. For children who had higher I.Q. s the adaptability to hospitalization was better regardless of the group. (χ²=5.03 Ρ<0.05) However, because of the small number of cases (60), this finding cannot be extrapolated without further verification. The date demonstrates that there was a greater adaptability to hospitalization by the child when comprehensive nursing care was given. By planning care and applying knowledge of growth and development to meet, nurses are in a position to prevent some of the psychological trauma associated with hospitalization.

• CRM연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.43-68
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• 2010

본 연구는 최근 대학경영에 있어서 '고객'이라는 개념의 인식과 고객지향적 경영전략의 중요성이 확대됨에 따라 대학산업에 적합한 전사적 CRM 전략을 본격적으로 논의하기위한 토대로써 대학의 유형별 CRM 전략 요소의 차이점을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 CRM 전략의 핵심 프레임워크인 CRM 프로세스(CRM Process)와 고객자산가치 운영요소(Customer Equity Drivers) 이론을 중심으로 대학경영에 적합한 CRM 전략요소 측정도구를 개발하고, 대학의 평가순위과 대학의 소재 지역에 따라 구분되는 12가지 대학유형간의 차이를 다변량 분산분석 (MANOVA)을 통해 검정하였다. 분석결과, CRM 프로세스 활동과 고객자산가치 요소들의 수준이 대학의 평가순위 그룹유형에 대해서는 유의한 차이가 있지만, 대학의 소재 지역 그룹유형에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 존재하지 않았다. 즉, 관계획득활동과 관계강화활동이 상위권 대학과 하위권 대학에서 유의하게 차이가 나는 것을 알 수 있었고, 고객자산가치 요소 중 상위권 대학의 브랜드가치와 관계가치는 중위권 대학 및 하위권 대학과 유의한 차이가 발견되었으며, 또한 상위권 대학의 제품/서비스 가치(구매가치)는 하위권 대학의 구매가치와, 그리고 중위권 대학의 브랜드 가치는 하위권 대학의 브랜드 가치와도 분명한 차이가 존재한다는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2014

천리안해양관측위성(Geostationary Ocean Color Imager, GOCI)이 2010년 6월에 발사된 이후, 영상 자료의 보정과 검증을 위한 여러 차례의 현장 관측이 한반도 주변에서 수행되었다. 한국해양과학기술원 해양위성센터(Korea Ocean Satellite Center, KOSC)에서는 Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD)사의 분광 광도계 FieldSpec3나 TriOS사의 분광 광도계 RAMSES와 같은 현장관측장비의 특성 변화를 확인하기 위하여 미국국립표준기술원(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)의 표준화 절차를 거친 광원과 표준 분광 광도계를 이용하여 각각의 현장 관측 마다 기기의 성능을 측정하였다. 본 논문에서는 해양위성센터에 구축된 광학 실험실과 현장관측 분광 광도계의 상대적 복사 검교정 방법에 대해서 소개하고 있다. 광학 실험실은 98% 이상의 광원 균질성을 지니는 20인치 적분구(USS-2000S, LabSphere)와 360 nm 부터 1100 nm 까지 1.6 nm 파장 간격으로 측정이 가능한 표준 분광 광도계(MCPD9800, Photal), 그리고 ${\pm}0.1mm$의 편평도를 가지는 광학테이블($3600{\times}1500{\times}800mm^3$)을 기본으로 구성되어 있다. 실험실 내부는 정확한 검교정 실험을 위하여 일정한 온습도를 유지하고 있으며, 동일한 광원에 동일한 위치에서 표준과 현장관측용 분광 광도계를 동시에 측정하는 방법을 기본으로 한다. 해양위성센터가 보유하고 있는 ASD 를 측정한 결과, 현장관측용 분광광도계의 결과가 푸른 가시광 영역에서 미세한 차이가 측정 시 마다 나타나는 것을 확인하였고, 더불어 1년간의 상대 검교정 실험에 따르면 평균적으로 4.41% 정도의 파장별 광특성이 변화하는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 측정 정확도를 유지하고, GOCI 자료의 신뢰도를 확보하기 위하여 지속적인 검교정 실험을 수행해야 하는 이유를 보여주고 있다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.69-84
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develope and test the structural model for depression in middle-aged women. A hypothetical model was constructed on the basis of previous studies and a review of literatures. The conceptual framework was built around eight constructs. Exogenous variables included in this model were volunteer activity, health status & economic status. Endogenous variables were meaning of life, self-esteem, perceived life stress & depression. Empirical data for testing the hypothetical model was collected using a self-report questionnaire from 216 middle-aged women in Pusan City. The Data was collected from May to June, 1999. Reliability of the seven instruments tested with Cronbach's alpha was ranged from .86-.94. For the data analysis, SPSS 7.5 WIN Program and LISREL 8.12 WIN Program were used for descriptive statistics and covariance structural analysis. The results of covariance structure analysis were as follows: 1. The hypothetical model showed a good fit with the empirical data. [$x^2$/df=2.87(p=.72), GFI=1.00, AGFI=.98, RMSR=.025, NFI=.99, standardized residuals ($-1.44{\sim}1.44$)]. 2. To heighten for the parsimony and fitness of the model, a modified model was constructed by deleting according to the criteria of statistical significance and meaning. 3. The modified model also showed a good fit with the data. [$x^2$=5.26(01=7,p=.63), GFI=.99, AGFl=.97, RMSR=.025, NFI=.99, standardized reslduals ($-1.50{\sim}1.45$)] Results of the testing of the hypothesis were as follows : 1. Self-esteem(${\beta}_{42}$=-.48, t=-5.64) had a negative and perceived life stress(${\beta}_{43}$=.20, t=3.21)had a positive direct effect on depression. Meaning of life had a negative direct(${\beta}_{41}$=-.17, t=-2.19) and a negative indirect effect through self-esteem on depression. Volunteer activity had a negative indirect effect through meaning of life, meaning of life and self-esteem on depression. Health status had a negative direct and a negative indirect effect through meaning of life, meaning of life and self-esteem on depression. Economic status had a negative indirect effect through perceived life stress on depression. Self-esteem was the most significant variable. 2. Volunteer activity(${\gamma}_{11}$=.43, t=6.78) and health status(${\gamma}_{12}$=.35, t=4.88) had positive direct effect on meaning of life. 3. Meaning of life(${\beta}_{21}$=.50, t=6.53) had a positive direct effect on self-esteem. Volunteer activity had a positive indirect effect through meaning of life on self-esteem. Health status had a positive direct(${\gamma}_{22}$=.18, t=2.23) and a indirect effect through meaning of life on self-esteem. Meaning of life was the most significant variable. 4. Economic status (${\gamma}_{33}$=-.44, t값=-6.01) had a positive direct effect on perceived life stress. The results of this study showed that self-esteem had the most significant direct effect on depression. Meaning of life and health status had significant direct effect on this self-esteem. Volunteer activity and health status had direct effect on meaning of life. The results of this study suggested that there is a need to develope intervention to promote degree of self-esteem and alleviate degree of depression in middle-aged women.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.631-648
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• 1993

This study is a descriptive study to provide basic data related to types of uniforms worn by nurses. Nurses, other medical center personnel, patients and their famillies were asked for their opinion on changing nurses’ uniforms and how the image of nurses is 1 elated to the type of uniform worn by the nurses. The data for this study were collected during the period from Feb. 25, 1993 to Mar. 26, 1993 at Y-University Medical Center from 132 nurses, 137 other medical center personnel, 117 patients and their families. The instruments used for this study were the Nurses’ Image Scale(NIS) developed by Bown(1986), and an instrument to measure opinions of uniform and cap using photographs of nurses’ uniforms that was developed by the researcher through a literture review. Data were analyzed using the SPPS / PC package, Statistics used for analysis were frequencies, percentages, paired t -test, and oneway ANOVA The results of this study are summarized as follows ; 1. Of the nurses, 84.3%, along with, 51.5% of the medical center personnel, 39.1% of the patients and their families agreed to a change in the color of nurses uniforms. 2. Similarly, 87.4% of the nurses,27.7% of the medical center personnel, 19.3% of the patients and their families were in favor of nurses not wearing caps. 3. Only 11.8% of nurses answered that a white uniform was important to the professional image of nursing. Only 2.4% of the nurses answered that a cap was very important to the professional image of nursing. 4. Only 1.6% of the nurses answered that a white uniform and cap were important to show the role of nurses in the twenty first century. 5. About 1/3, 36.5%, of the medical center personnel, the patient and their families answered that changing the color of the nurses' uniform will make a change in the image of nurses. 6. A White uniform and cap were seen as being im-portant in distinguishing nurses from other medical personnel in the hospital by 76.5% of the medical personnel, the patients and their families. 7. Nurses gave high marks to the idea of no cap regardless of the color of the uniform which would still portray the symbol of the nurses’ role, identity and would differentiate the role from other jobs. The patients and their families gave high marks to a white uniform with cap. 8. Generally, nurses, medical center personnel and patients and their families thought that a colored uniform with cap presented a good image of nurses. 9. There was a significant difference in the response among the three groups(F=24.65, P〈.001) to the figure in a white uniform with a cap, and the patients and their families thought it was the best portrayal of the image of nurses. There was a significant difference among the three groups(F=9.03, P〈.001) to the figure in a white uniform with no cap and the nurses indicated that it was the beat portrayed of the image of nurses. There was no significant difference among the three groups to the figure in a colored uniform with cap. There was a significant difference(F=17.50, P〈. 001) to the figure in a colored uniform with no cap, and the nurses indicated that it was the best portrayal of the image of nurses. In summary, the nurses wanted to change the color of uniform and not to wear a cap. But many of the medical center personnel, patients and their families indicated they did not agree with this idea. Therefore, changing the type of uniform worn by nurses should be done only after consideration has been given to the relation of the change to the professional role of nurses and the image of nurses held people in general. Suggestions arising from this study are as follows : 1. The relation between the role of nurses and their uniform was surveyed, and these results can be used as data when considering a change in uniforms. 2. A change in uniforms should be tried based on the norm established about uniforms. 3. The nurses did not want to wear a cap, but before a decision is definitely made it is necessary to study the philosophy related to the symbol of the cap because the figure of a nurse with a cap portrayed a positive image of the nurses. If the cap is kept, the symbol of the cap should be redefined. 4. In this study, only the image related to the uniform was examined, but in future studies it will be necessary to examine the practicality of various types of uniforms.