• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2003

This study was carried out to assess the combined repeated dose, reproduction and developmental toxicities of benzoyl peroxide for OECD SIDS (Screening Information Data Set) program. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to benzoyl peroxide at dose levels of 0, 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg/day for 29 days for males and for 41-51 days for females. No deaths were found in all animals including control group during exposure period. No hematological effects attributable to benzoyl peroxide were observed in all treated groups. Significant decrease in the weight of testes and epididymis were observed in males at 1,000 mg/kg/day. In females at 1,000 mg/kg/day, slight histopathological effects in uterus such as epithelial vacuolation or hyperplasia were observed. No treatment-related changes in precoital time and rate of copulation, fertility and gestation period were noted in all treated groups. There was no evidence of teratogenic effect of benzoyl peroxide, but body weight of pups at 1,000 mg/kg/day was significantly decreased. NOAEL for combined repeated dose and reproduction/developmental toxicity was 500 mg/kg/day.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2001

Korean ginseng products have been fumigated with ethylene oxide (EO) for sterilization and prolongation of storage periods. However, there had been controversies indicating that consumption of EO treated foods might cause harmful effects in human. In Korea, the use EO gas for food treatment was banned in 1991. Since then, irradiation technique has been developed as an alternative. This study was carried out to evaluate the safety of irradiated ginseng on embryo and fetal developmental toxicity effects in rats. Either EO gas fumigated or $\gamma$-irradiated ginseng was administered to pregnant Wistar rats by oral gavage from gestational day 7 to 17. The amount of irradiation used in this study was 5, 10 and 30 kGy, respectively. There were no treatment related changes of dams in deaths, clinical signs, food consumption and body/organ weight. No treatment related changes in implantation ratio, litter size, sex ratio and body/organ weight of fetuses were observed. Also, no F1fetuses with external, visceral, head and skeletal mal-formation were observed. The results of this study showed that $\gamma$-irradiated ginseng, up to 30 kGy, has no adverse effects on fetal development of rats.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.107-116
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• 2002

GLP regulations were initially “promulgated to address assuring the validity of data in the wake of investigations by EPA and FDA during the mid -1970's which revealed that some studies submitted to the agencies had not been conducted in accordance with acceptable laboratory practices.” [1] In the early 1970s, results of an investigation by the FDA in about 40 laboratories revealed many cases of badly managed studies, poor training of personnel and some cases of deliberate fraud. The general findings were that there were poorly trained study directors and study personnel, poorly designed protocols, protocols not followed, procedures not conducted as described, raw data badly collected, data not correctly identified, data without traceability, data not verified and approved by responsible persons, lack of standardised procedures, poor animal husbandry, inadequate characterisation of test items and test systems, inadequate resources, equipment poorly calibrated or otherwise qualified, reports not sufficiently verified, not an accurate account of the actual study, not a proper reflection of raw data and inadequate archiving of data. These problems are not just past history, since they resurface time and time again, even in quite recent times as the experience of GLP inspectors shows [1]. The GLPs specify minimum practices and procedures in order to ensure the quality and integrity of data submitted in accordance with a regulatory requirement

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.292-299
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the teratological effects of enrofloxacin, a veterinary antibiotic, on the embryos and fetus of hatching chicken eggs. A control group and four experimental fertilized egg groups were set up. The four experimental groups were injected with 0.05 ml, 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml, and 0.3 ml enrofloxacin ($50{\mu}g/ml$) respectively. During the hatching period, the weights of total eggs, inside material(yolk and white) and embryos or fetuses, embryo growth, and teratological effects were investigated. In the experimental groups (fertilized eggs injected with 0.05 ml, 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml and 0.3 ml enrofloxacin), the weights of total eggs were decreased, but the yolk and white weights were increased by the higher amount of antibiotics. The weights of embryos (fetuses) in experimental groups were 86.1%, 78.6%, 65.6% and 61.4% of the control, respectively. Retarded growth, deformity and embryo loss were observed in experimental groups. Teratological effects such as undeveloped eyes, wings and legs, and deformed head and bill were also detected. In conclusion, we found that veterinary antibiotics, enrofloxacin have made teratological effects on the embryos and fetus of hatching eggs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1629-1635
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• 2019

Azo dyes are recalcitrant pollutants, which are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic, that constitute a significant burden to the environment. The decolorization and the mineralization efficiency of Remazol Brillant Orange 3R (RBO 3R) was studied using a probiotic consortium (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum). Biodegradation of RBO 3R (750 ppm) was investigated under shaking condition in Mineral Salt Medium (MSM) solution at pH 11.5 and temperature $25^{\circ}C$. The bio-decolorization process was further confirmed by FTIR and UV-Vis analysis. Under optimal conditions, the bacterial consortium was able to decolorize the dye completely (>99%) within 12 h. The color removal was 99.37% at 750 ppm. Muliplex PCR technique was used to detect the Lactobacillus genes. Using phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and biototoxicity endpoints, toxicological studies of RBO 3R before and after biodegradation were examined. A toxicity assay signaled that biodegradation led to detoxification of RBO 3R dye.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.13 no.1_2
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• pp.95-101
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• 1997

Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a potent teratogen in rodents and is present at low concentration in fermented foods and alcohol beverages. It has been well hypothesized that some metabolic products are responsible for the teratogenic effects of the compound. In the present study, the effects of phenobarbital (PB) on EC-induced embryotoxicity were investigated in SD rats. Six groups were constructed: EC 300 (EC 300 mg/kg/day), EC 600 (EC 600 mg/kg/day), EC 600+PB (EC 600 mg/kg/day and PB 80 mg/kg/day), PB (PB 80 mg/kg/day), DR (dietary restriction, 8 g/day/rat) and a control group. Rats of the EC 600+PB group were pretreated with phenobarbital intraperitoneally for three days to induce cytochrome P450 enzymes, followed by oral administration of EC for two consecutive days. The incidence of fetal deaths in the EC 600+PB group was higher than that of the EC 600 group(42.7 vs. 14.3%). The incidence of fetal realformations in the EC 600+PB group was higher than that of the EC 600 group (external; 7.0 vs. 4.1%, visceral; 31.4 vs. 11.3%, skeletal; 11.1 vs. 6.5%). There was no embryotoxicity in the control, EC 300, PB and DR groups. These results show that the pretreatment with phenobarbital augments EC-induced embryotoxicity in rats, indicating an evidence that metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 may be the major pathway of EC to its embryotoxic forms.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.329-342
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• 1988

In methods of finding causes for cleft palate, many cases have been studied by investigators using teratogenic agents. Among them, a synthetic agent known as triamcinolone acetonide (TA) was widely used. When this drug was injected into mice during palatogenesis, it induced lowered body weight and a deformed mandible. But many cases have been studied on growth changes, only of the developmental stages of the palate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate craniofacial growth in experimentally induced cleft palate mice after finishing palatogenesis namely just before birth. Normal, alcohol treated, and TA treated DDY mice were obtained at 18-days of gestation and heads were prepared for serial sectioning in the sagittal plane. The midsagittal sections were photographically enlarged (${\times}40$) and measurements made to asses the amount of growth. The obtained results were as follows. 1. The incidence of cleft palate was 41.2% when TA was injected. 2. The body weight of the cleft palate group was lower than the control group. 3. In the cleft palate group, mandibular length (H-M) was lighter than the control group. 4. In the cleft palate group, degree of staining was not distinct compared to the control group by the double staining method. 5. In the cleft palate group, anteroposterior posture of the tongue tip to facial plane (C-M) was more posterior than the control group. 6. The cause of posterior posture of the tongue tip to facial plane (C-M) in the cleft palate group, was not short and retracted tongue but the mandibular length was increased. 7. The anteroposterior relationship of hyoid cartilage to cranial base was the same in all groups.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1998

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAMs) are ubiquitous contaminants in marine environments. PAMs enter estuarine and nearshore marine environment via several routes such as combustion of fossil fuels, domestic and industrial effluents and oil spills. PAHs have been the focus of numerous studies in the world because they are potentially carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic to aquatic organisms and humans from consuming contaminated food. However, one can hardly find any available data on PAM content in marine organisms in Korea. The present study was carried out in order to determine PAM content in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay, which is located in near urban communities and an industrial complex, and the bay is considered to be a major repositories of PAHs. 16 PAHs were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with uv/vis and fluorescence detectors in oysters: they are naphthalene (NPTHL), acenaphthylene (ANCPL), acenaphthylene (ACNPN), fluorene (FLURN), phenanthrene (PHEN), anthracene (ANTHR), fluoranthene (FLRTH), pyrene (PYR), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), chrysene (CHRY), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DahA), benzo(g,h,i)peryne (BghiP) and indeno(1,2,3,-cd)pyrene (I123cdP). The PAM contents in oysters from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Chinhae Bay ranged from < 0.1 to 992.0 ug/kg (mean $69.8\pm9.8$ ug/kg).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2006

Recently, we have reported that the environmental pollutant 2-bromopropane (2-BP) induces a significant embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in rats. However, the cause of developmental toxicity and the relationship between maternal and developmental toxicities could not be elucidated because the developmental toxicity of 2-BP was observed only in the presence of maternal toxicity The in vitro teratogenicity study using whole embryo culture was carried out to understand the teratogenic properties and the possible mechanism of teratogenicity induced by 2-BP in rats. Rat embryos aged 9.5 days were cultured in vitro for 48 hrs at medium concentrations of 0, 1, 3, or 10 mg/ml of 2-BP. Embryos were evaluated for growth, differentiation, and morphological alterations at the end of the culture period. At 10 mg/ml, 2-BP caused a delay in the growth and differentiation of embryos and an increase in the incidence of morphological alterations, including altered yolk sac circulation, abnormal axial rotation, craniofacial hypoplasia, open neuropore, absent optic vesicle and kinked somites. At 3 mg/ml, only a delay in the growth and differentiation of embryos was observed. There were no adverse effects on embryonic growth and development at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The results showed that the exposure of 2-BP to rat embryos results in a developmental delay and morphological alterations at dose levels of 3 mg/ml culture media or higher and that 2-BP can induce a direct developmental toxicity in rat embryos.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.147-168
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• 2012

Among all hazardous air pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are more significant owing to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties. Many researchers worldwide have focused on determining the concentrations of PAHs in ambient air. However, the literature survey reveals that the seriousness of air pollution in Asia in terms of PAHs, compared to the rest of the world. Owing to the importance of PAHs in Asia, this paper reviews the concentrations of PAHs in Asia in recent years. For convenience, this paper describes the concentrations of PAHs in developed Asian countries reported during 2000-2011 as Part-I and in developing Asian countries as Part-II. The first section of this review provides a brief description of the properties, sources of PAHs and the health effects caused by their presence in the atmosphere. The ambient air PAH concentrations in both particle and vapor phases in developed Asian countries are then discussed. This study finds the ambient air concentrations of PAHs in developed Asian countries was higher than the Western countries but was lower than the developing Asian countries. The present review predicts the accurate toxicity due to the presence of PAHs in the atmosphere by calculating the Risk Weighted Concentration (RWC), regardless of the total amount of PAHs. The total data obtained during the literature survey is tabulated and presented as supplementary information to the readers.