Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Review on the Atmospheric Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Asia Since 2000 - Part I: Data from Developed Countries

  • Received : 2012.05.07
  • Accepted : 2012.07.11
  • Published : 2012.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Among all hazardous air pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are more significant owing to their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic properties. Many researchers worldwide have focused on determining the concentrations of PAHs in ambient air. However, the literature survey reveals that the seriousness of air pollution in Asia in terms of PAHs, compared to the rest of the world. Owing to the importance of PAHs in Asia, this paper reviews the concentrations of PAHs in Asia in recent years. For convenience, this paper describes the concentrations of PAHs in developed Asian countries reported during 2000-2011 as Part-I and in developing Asian countries as Part-II. The first section of this review provides a brief description of the properties, sources of PAHs and the health effects caused by their presence in the atmosphere. The ambient air PAH concentrations in both particle and vapor phases in developed Asian countries are then discussed. This study finds the ambient air concentrations of PAHs in developed Asian countries was higher than the Western countries but was lower than the developing Asian countries. The present review predicts the accurate toxicity due to the presence of PAHs in the atmosphere by calculating the Risk Weighted Concentration (RWC), regardless of the total amount of PAHs. The total data obtained during the literature survey is tabulated and presented as supplementary information to the readers.

Keywords

References

  1. Alexandrov, K., Cascorbi, I., Rojas, M., Bouvier, G., Kriek, E., Bartsch, H. (2002) CYP1A1 and GSTM1 genotypes affect Benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts in smokers lung: comparison with aromatic/hydrophobic adduct formation. Carcinogenesis 23(12), 1969-1972. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/23.12.1969
  2. Amodio, M., Caselli, M., Gennarao, G.de., Tutino, M. (2009) Particulate PAHs in two urban areas of Southern Italy: Impact of the sources, meteorological and background conditions on air quality. Environmental Research 109, 812-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.011
  3. ATSDR, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2005) Toxicology profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public health Services. Atlanta, GA.
  4. Baek, S.-O. (1988) Significance and behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban ambient air. PhD. thesis, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, SW7 2BU, United Kingdom.
  5. Baek, S.-O., Field, R.-A., Goldstone, M.-E., Kirk, P.-W., Lester, J.-N., Perry, R. (1991) A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, fate and behavior. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 60, 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282628
  6. California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) (1997) Air toxics hot spots program risk assessment guidelines: Technical support document for determining cancer potency factors. Draft for public comment. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Berkeley, CA.
  7. Chang, K.-F., Fang, G.-C., Chen, J.-C., Wu, Y.-S. (2006) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from 1999-2004. Environmental Pollution 142, 388- 396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.025
  8. Chen, S.-C., Liao, C.-M. (2006) Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources. Science of the Total Environment 366, 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.047
  9. Chetwittayachan, T., Shimazaki, D., Yamamoto, K. (2002) A Comparison of temporal variation of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) concentration in different urban environments: Tokyo, Japan, and Bangkok, Thailand. Atmospheric Environment 36, 2027-2037. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00099-7
  10. Chiang, P.-C., Chiang, Y.-C., Chang, E.-E., Chang, S.-C. (2003) Characteristics of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air through a long-term Sampling program at a metropolitan city in Taiwan. Aerosol Science and Technology 37, 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820300953
  11. Choi, J.-S., Baek, S.-O. (2003) Characteristics of and affecting factors on the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in the urban atmosphere. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 19, 33-44.
  12. Ciaparra, D., Aries, E., Booth, M.-J., Anderson, D.-R., Almeida, S.-M., Harrad, S. (2009) Characterization of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of steelworks. Atmospheric Environment 43, 2070-2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.078
  13. Denissenko, M.-F., Pao, A., Tang, M.-S., Preifer, G.-P. (1996) Preferential formation of Benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in P53. Science 274(5286), 430-432. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5286.430
  14. Dyke, H.-P., Foan, C., Fiedler, H. (2003) PCB and PAH releases from power stations and waste incineration processes in the UK. Chemosphere 50, 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00627-6
  15. Elisabeth Galarneau (2008) Source specificity and atmospheric processing of airborne PAHs: Implications for source apportionment. Atmospheric Environment 42, 8139-8149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.025
  16. Fang, G.-C., Chang, K.-F., Lu, C., Bai, H. (2004a) Estimation of PAHs dry deposition and BaP toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) study at urban, Industry Park and rural sampling sites in central Taiwan, Taichung. Chemosphere 55, 787-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.12.012
  17. Fang, G.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Chen, M.-H., Ho, T.-T., Huang, S.-H., Rau, J.-Y. (2004b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan during 2002-2003. Atmospheric Environment 38, 3385-3391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.036
  18. Fang, G.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Fu, P.-C., Yang, I.-L., Chen, M.-H. (2004c) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of suburban and industrial regions of central Taiwan. Chemosphere 54, 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00706-9
  19. Fang, G.-C., Chang, C.-H., Wu, Y.-S., Fu, P.-P.-C., Yang, I.-L., Chen, M.-H. (2004d) Characterization, identification of ambient air and road dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in central Taiwan, Taichung. Science of the Total Environment 327, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.016
  20. Global Health Risks, WHO (2009) http://www.who.int/heli/risks/urban/urbanenv/en/.
  21. Guo, H., Lee, S.-C., Ho, K.-F., Wang, X.-M., Zou, S.-C. (2003) Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment 37, 5307-5317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.011
  22. Haemisegger, E.-R., Jones, A.-D., Reinhardt, F.-L. (1985) EPA's experience with assessment of site-specific environmental problems: a review of IEMD's geographic study of Philadelphia. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 35, 809-815. https://doi.org/10.1080/00022470.1985.10465959
  23. Han, J.-S., Lee, M.-D., Lim, Y.-J., Lee, S.-U., Kim, Y.-M., Kong, B.-J., An, J.-Y., Hong, Y.-D. (2006) Study on the distributions of VOCs, Aldehydes, PAHs concentration in Seoul metropolitan area. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 22, 574-589.
  24. He, J., Balasubramanian, R. (2009) A study of gas/particle partitioning of SVOCs in the tropical atmosphere of Southeast Asia. Atmospheric Environment 43, 4375- 4383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.055
  25. Hien, T.-T., Nam, P.-P., Yasuhiro, S., Takayuki, K., Norimichi, T., Hiroshi, B. (2007) Comparison of particlephase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their variability causes in the ambient air in HO Chi Minh City, Vietnam and in Osaka, Japan, during 2005-2006. Science of the Total Environment 382, 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.013
  26. Ho, K.-F., Lee, S.-C. (2002) Identification of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in Hong Kong. Science of the Total Environment 289, 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01031-2
  27. Ho, K.-F., Lee, S.-C., Chiu, G.-M.-Y. (2002) Characterization of selected volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyl compounds at a road side monitoring station. Atmospheric Environment 36, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00475-7
  28. Ho, S.-S.-H., Yu, J.-Z. (2004) In-injection port thermal desorption and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in atmospheric aerosol samples. Journal of Chromatography A 1059, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.013
  29. Hong, S.-B., Kang, C.-H., Kim, W.-H., Kim, Y.-P., Muk, S., Ghim, Y.-S., Song, C.-H., Jung, C.-H., Hong, J.-H. (2009) PAHs concentrations of $PM_{10}$ in Seoul metropolitan area. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 25, 347-359. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2009.25.4.347
  30. IARC, Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010) Some non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and some related exposures. Vol.92, 754-773.
  31. Junk, G.-A., Ford, C.-S. (1980). A review of organic emission from selected combustion processes, Report IS- 4727, Ames Laboratory. The US Department of Energy, IA, 11-44.
  32. Junko, O., Shigeru, N., Akio, Y., Takayuki, S. (2001) Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a road way tunnel. Atmospheric Environment 35, 4819-4827. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00262-X
  33. Lakshmi Narayana, S., Seo, Y.-K., Cha, Y.-C., Baek, S.-O. (2012) A Review on the atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Asia since 2000-Part II: Data from developing countries. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (Submitted).
  34. Leach, S. (1989) Physical and chemical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Proceedings of the 135th Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Santa Clara, California, 26-30 July 1988. Interstellar Dust 155-171.
  35. Lee, H.-S., Kang, B.-W., Kwon, D.-H., Yeo, H.-G., Chun, M.-Y. (2003) A study on the concentration characteristics of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chongju. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 19, 89-97.
  36. Lee, J.-Y., Kim, Y.-P., Kang, C.-H., Ghim, Y.-S. (2006) Seasonal trend of particulate PAHs at Gosan, a background site in Korea between 2001 and 2002 and major factor affecting their levels. Atmospheric Research 82, 680-687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.02.022
  37. Lee, J.-Y., Kim, Y.-P., Kaneyasu, N., Kumata, H., Kang, C.-H. (2008) Particulate PAHs levels at Mt. Halla site in Jeju Island, Korea: Regional background levels in northeast Asia. Atmospheric Research 90, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.04.005
  38. Lee, J.-Y., Kim, Y.-P., Kang, C.-H. (2011) Characteristics of the ambient particulate PAHs at Seoul, a mega city of Northeast Asia in comparison with the characteristics of a background site. Atmospheric Research 99, 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.08.029
  39. Lee, S.-C., Ho, K.-F., Chan, L.-Y., Zielinska, B., Chow, J.-C. (2001) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonyl compounds in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment 35, 5949-5960. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00374-0
  40. Li, Z., Porter, E.-N., Sjodin, A., Needham, L.-L., Lee, S., Russell, A.-G., Mulholland, J.-A. (2009) Characterization of $PM_{2.5}$-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Atlanta-seasonal variations at urban, suburban, and rural ambient air monitoring sites. Atmospheric Environment 43, 4187-4193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.031
  41. Lin, T.-C., Chang, F.-H., Hsieh, J.-H., Chao, H.-R., Chao, M.-R. (2002) Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total suspended particulate in indoor and outdoor atmosphere of a Taiwanese temple. Journal of Hazardous Materials A95, 1-12.
  42. Luch, A. (2005) The Carcinogenic Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. London: Imperial College Press.
  43. Marchand, N., Besombes, J.-L., Chevron, N., Masclet, P., Aymoz, G., Jaffrezo, J.-L. (2004) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheres of two French alpine valleys: Sources and temporal patterns. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 4, 1167-1181. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-4-1167-2004
  44. Mastral, A.-M., Callen, M.-S. (2000) A Review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from energy generation. Environmental Science and Technology 34(15), 3051-3057. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001028d
  45. Mohanraj, R., Azeez, P.-A. (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and their Toxic potency. Resonance 20-27.
  46. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), United States Department of Labor. (http://www.osha. gov/SLTC/coaltarpitchvolatiles/index.html).
  47. Ohura, T., Amagai, T., Sugiyama, T., Fusaya, M., Matsushita, H. (2004a) Characteristics of particle matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air in two cities in Shizuoka, Japan. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2045-2054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.01.038
  48. Ohura, T., Amagai, T., Fusaya, M., Matsushita, H. (2004b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor environments and factor affecting their concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1021/es030512o
  49. Ohura, T., Amagai, T., Fusaya, M., Matsushita, H. (2004c) Spatial distributions and profiles of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two industrial cities in Japan. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1021/es030541z
  50. Park, C.-K., Eo, S.-M., Ki, W.-J., Kim, K.-H., Mo, S.-Y. (2001) The influence of Yellow sand phenomena on the concentration variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of Seoul. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 17, 179-192.
  51. Park, S.-S., Kim, Y.-J., Kang, C.-H. (2002) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydro-carbons in Seoul, Korea. Atmospheric Environment 36, 2917-2924. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00206-6
  52. Park, C.-K., Yun, J.-S., Eo, S.-M., Shin, J.-S., Kim, M.-Y., Sohn, J.-R., Mo, S.-Y. (2006a) Contributive estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by emission source in Seoul area. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 22, 287-295.
  53. Park, S.-S., Kim, Y.-J., Kang, C.-H., Cho, S.-Y., Kim, T.-Y., Kim, S.-J. (2006b) Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs in the vapor and particulate phases in Chongju. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 22, 57-68.
  54. Park, S.-S., Kim, Y.-J., Kang, C.-H. (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bulk PM2.5 and size-segregated aerosol particle samples measured in urban environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 128, 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9308-4
  55. Ravindra, K., Sokhi, R., Grieken, R.-V. (2008) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation. Atmospheric Environment 42, 2895-2921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010
  56. Skupinska, K., Misiewicz, I., Guttman, T.-K. (2004) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Physico chemical properties, environmental appearance and impact on living organisms. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica-Drug Research 61(3), 233-240.
  57. Sloss, L., Smith, I. (1993) Organic compounds from coal utilization. IEACR/63, London, UK. IEA Coal research. pp. 69.
  58. Sofowote, U.-M., Hung, H., Rastogi, A.-K., Westgate, J.-N., Su, Y., Sverko, Ed., Ivy D'Sa., Roach, P., Fellin, P., McCary, B.-E. (2010) The gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected at a sub- Arctic site in Canada. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4919-4926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.028
  59. Son, J.-H., Hwang, I.-J., Kim, D.-S. (2000) A preliminary statistical study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic elements data for estimation ambient PM-10 sources-Near the Huge Young-Tong construction area during Feb.1996 to June 1996. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 16, 11- 22.
  60. Srogi, K. (2007) Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters 5, 169-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0
  61. Sundeep, S. (2007) Health effects of ambient air pollution in children. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 8, 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2007.08.008
  62. Tamamura, S., Sato, T., Ota, Y., Wang, X., Tang, N., Hayakawa, K. (2007) Long-range transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the eastern Asian continent to Kanazawa, Japan with Asian dust. Atmospheric Environment 41, 2580-2593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.021
  63. Tang, N., Hattori, T., Taga, R., Igarashi, K., Yang, X., Tamura, K., Kakimoto, H., Mishukov, V.-F., Toriba, A., Kizu, R., Hayakawa, K. (2005) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air particulates and their relationship to emission sources in the Pan-Japan Sea countries. Atmospheric Environment 39, 5817-5826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.018
  64. Tham, Y.-W.-F., Takeda, K., Sakugawa, H. (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with atmospheric particles in Higashi Hiroshima, Japan: Influence of meteorological conditions and seasonal variations. Atmospheric Research 88, 224-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.10.015
  65. Thrane, K.-E. (1967) Ambient air concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fluoride, suspended particles and particulate carbon in areas near aluminum production plants. Atmospheric Environment 21(3), 617-628.
  66. Van Metre, P.-C., Mahler, B.-J., Scoggins, M., Hamilton, P.-A. (2006) Parking lot Sealcoat-A major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban and suburban environments: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3147-50.
  67. Vasilakos, Ch., Levi, N., Maggos, Th., Hatzianestis, J., Michopoulos, J., Helmis, C. (2007) Gas-particle concentration and characterization of sources of PAHs in the atmosphere of a suburban area in Athens, Greece. Journal of Hazardous Materials 140, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.047
  68. Wada, M., Kido, H., Kishikawa, N., Tou, T., Tanaka, M., Tsubokura, J., Shironita, M., Matsui, M., Kuroda, N., Nakashima, M. (2001) Assessment of air pollution in Nagasaki city: Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated derivatives, and some metals. Environmental Pollution 115, 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00093-8
  69. Wenzl, T., Simon, R., Kleiner, J., Anklam, E. (2006) Analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food and the environment needed for new food legislation in the European Union. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 25(7), 716-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2006.05.010
  70. Zhang, Y., Dou, H., Chang, B., Wei, Z., Qiu, W., Liu, S., Liu, W., Tao, S. (2008) Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons form indoor straw burning and emission inventory updating in China. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1140, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1454.006
  71. Zhang, Y., Tao, S. (2009) Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004. Atmospheric Environment 43, 812-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.050

Cited by

  1. A Stochastic Approach for Prediction of Partially Measured Concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene in the Ambient Air in Korea vol.10, pp.4, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2016.10.4.197
  2. Review on the Concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene in the Indian Environment Since 1983 vol.37, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2016.1140658
  3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban Greenland soils of Nanjing, China: concentration, distribution, sources and potential risks vol.42, pp.12, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00490-5
  4. Monitoring of particulate hazardous air pollutants and affecting factors in the largest industrial area in South Korea: The Sihwa-Banwol complex vol.25, pp.6, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.419
  5. Characteristics of Atmospheric Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds over the Himalayan Middle Hills: Implications for Sources and Health Risk Assessment vol.15, pp.4, 2012, https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2021.101