• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.219-220
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• 2012

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.740-745
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• 2015

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) composite films filled with TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCN) were prepared in this study. In order to investigate mechanical and thermal properties of HPC/TOCN composite films, tensile strength and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) wer performed. As the loading level of TOCN increased, the tensile strength and modulus increased significantly. However, thermal stability of HPC/TOCN composite films was not related to the loading levels of the TOCN.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.141-151
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• 2014

This study reports anti-hierarchical initial-syllable lengthening of an utterance-internal phrase in Korean. That is, the phrase-initial syllable (e.g., /a/ of "apa-do" or /ma/ of "mapa-do") starting with a voiced phoneme (i.e., vowels or voiced consonants) manifests itself as significantly longer when it is preceded by another phrase without a pause than when it leads an utterance or follows a pause utterance-internally. The phenomenon was examined with regard to two other factors: (1) tempo and (2) tenseness of the consonant (/p, $p^{\prime}$, $p^h$/) following the target syllable /a/. First, the effect of tempo on initial lengthening was not significant. Apart from the statistical significance, however, a tendency was observed, i.e., the slower the tempo is, the greater the lengthening. By contrast, the faster the tempo is, the higher the ratio (%) of lengthening. Second, contrary to our expectations, initial-syllable lengthening was even greater before tense stops /$p^{\prime}$, $p^h$/ than before lax stop /p/ regardless of tempo, and it was remarkable when it comes to the ratio (%), which means that initial lengthening is free of the pre-consonantal vowel shortening effect. Final-syllable lengthening is a pre-boundary marker, while the initial-syllable lengthening is regarded as a post-boundary marker of a phrase.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.169-180
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• 2021

Inherent crystalline domains present in low formaldehyde to urea (F/U) molar ratio urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins are responsible for their poor adhesion in wood-based composite panels. To modify the crystallinity of low molar ratio (LMR) UF resins, this study investigates the additional effect of cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), such as cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and TEMPO-oxidized CNFs (TEMPO-CNFs) on the crystallinity of modified LMR UF resins. First, two modification methods (post-mixing and in situ) were compared for modified LMR UF resins with TEMPO-CNFs. The modified UF resins with TEMPO-CNFs decreased the nonvolatile solid contents, while increasing the viscosity and gel time. However, the in situ modification of UF resins with TEMPO-CNFs showed lower crystallinity than that of post-mixing. Then, the in situ method was compared for all CNMs to modify LMR UF resins. The modified UF resins with CMFs using the in situ method increased nonvolatile solid contents and viscosity but decreased the gel time. The crystallinity of UF resins modified with TEMPO-CNFs was the lowest even though the crystalline domains were not significantly changed for all modified UF resins. These results suggest that these CNMs should be modified to prevent the formation of crystalline domains in LMR UF resins.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine oxoammonium ion(TEMPO) and sodium bromide(NaBr) for the selective oxidation on primary alcohol groups of rice starch molecules in rice flour and to use oxidized rice flour in Julpyun to extend its shelf life. Reaction time decreased with higher levels of TEMPO and NaBr. Yield and selectivity decreased with increased NaBr levels. TEMPO increased yield until certain levels, but decreased thereafter. The levels of TEMPO and NaBr for the preparation of oxidized rice flour were determined as 0.9 and 44 mM/100 mM anhydroglucose unit, respectively. Water and oil binding capacities, and viscosity increased significantly by the oxidation of rice flour. The partial replacement of rice flour with oxidized rice flour increased peak viscosity and decreased setback. Oxidized rice flour with the increased amount of water showed positive effect on the textural properties of Julpyun during storage.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 2022

This research work reports the development of a Ruthenium/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO)/nitrate catalyst system for the highly selective transformation of isosorbide (1,4:3,6-dianhydro-D-glucitol) to isosorbide-diketone (2,6-dioxabicyclo (3,3,0)octan-4,8-one). Isosorbide is a critical platform molecule for future manufacturing processes. TEMPO has been utilized to convert alcohols to carbonyl compounds for a long time. The optimal chemical reaction condition was found to be when using isosorbide (0.5 mmol) with supported Ru (10 mol%), TEMPO (5 mol%), and sodium nitrate (0.03 mmol) in the presence of acetic acid (3 ml) as a solvent at 50 ℃ and 1 atm oxygen pressure. This catalyst system demonstrated good selectivity (> 97%) and yield (87%) with respect to the desired product, in addition to a putative catalytic double oxidation mechanism.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.4E
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• pp.141-149
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• 2003

As music of digital form has been widely used, many people have been interested in the automatic extraction of natural information of music itself, such as key of a music, chord progression, melody progression, tempo, etc. Although some studies have been tried, consistent and reliable results of musical information extraction had not been achieved. In this paper, we propose a method to extract chord and tempo information from general polyphonic music signals. Chord can be expressed by combination of some musical notes and those notes also consist of some frequency components individually. Thus, it is necessary to analyze the frequency components included in musical signal for the extraction of chord information. In this study, we utilize a sinusoidal modeling, which uses sinusoids corresponding to frequencies of musical tones, and show reliable chord extraction results of sinusoidal modeling. We could also find that the tempo of music, which is the one of remarkable feature of music signal, interactively supports the chord extraction idea, if used together. The proposed scheme of musical feature extraction is able to be used in many application fields, such as digital music services using queries of musical features, the operation of music database, and music players mounting chord displaying function, etc.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.47
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• pp.193-215
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• 2017

This study has researched that tempo is an element influencing the fun of narrative webtoon. In spite of many elements that could create fun in narrative webtoon, the theory this study pays attention to is the accumulation and solution of tension. Lee Hyun-bee said in his book that the accumulation and solution of tension would be the element creating fun. Tensions of a story create the immersion by bringing readers into the story. However, if such tensions are maintained throughout the whole story, readers get insensitive to tensions, so that the accumulation and solution of tension should be used in turn to maintain the immersion. One of the directions creating the accumulation and solution of tension in narrative webtoon is the direction of tempo. When creating a narrative webtoon with the full-length structure, it is not easy to describe the whole incident from beginning to the end of it in order of time. Therefore, it is inevitable to have differences between story time and narrative time, and the difference of this time is called 'tempo'. This tempo creates fun when readers are immersed in the work, by adjusting breaths of the story in the direction of narrative webtoon. Such a role of tempo direction is based on the relation between the occurrence of tempo direction and information of the story. The information actually leading the story creates the accumulation and relief of tension which is the essential element of fun formation while tempo also maximizes the effects of accumulation and relief of tension. Tempo direction in narrative webtoons uses panels and gaps between them. The scene direction using panels and gaps between them considers tempo and dynamics because of the temporality of panels and gaps between them. This paper analyzes the use of tempo direction for narrative webtoon through the analysis on the 1st episode of . The significance of this study is to reveal that tempo direction is one of the factors creating fun in narrative webtoons, and also to suggest the theoretical grounds for researches on direction creating fun in the future.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.2E
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• pp.74-78
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• 2006

This paper proposes an effective method for classifying emotions of the music from its acoustical signals. Two feature sets, timbre and tempo, are directly extracted from the modified discrete cosine transform coefficients (MDCT), which are the output of partial MP3 (MPEG 1 Layer 3) decoder. Our tempo feature extraction method is based on the long-term modulation spectrum analysis. In order to effectively combine these two feature sets with different time resolution in an integrated system, a classifier with two layers based on AdaBoost algorithm is used. In the first layer the MDCT-driven timbre features are employed. By adding the MDCT-driven tempo feature in the second layer, the classification precision is improved dramatically.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.116-121
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• 2016

In Internet of things (IoT) area, researches on recognizing human emotion are increasing recently. Generally, multi-modal features like facial images, bio-signals and voice signals are used for the emotion recognition. Among the multi-modal features, voice signals are the most convenient for acquisition. This paper proposes an emotion recognition method using tone and tempo based on voice. For this, we make voice databases from broadcasting media contents. Emotion recognition tests are carried out by extracted tone and tempo features from the voice databases. The result shows noticeable improvement of accuracy in comparison to conventional methods using only pitch.