• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제33권
• /
• pp.136-161
• /
• 2000

This paper is a study on the design of the gilt-bronze sarira caskets discovered in 1959 and 1996, from a east and a west three-story stone pagodas in Gameunsa Temple site which was built in 682. One of the most interesting discoveries is the ceiling with Bokdu(覆斗) design which can be seen in Dun-Huang grotto of China, reflected upon the ceiling structure of the cover (outer casket) and the square box (inner casket). The structure of these sarira caskets, as art crafts, directly represents architectural structure of Dun-Huang grotto that was made during the early T'ang period of China. Moreover, the sarira caskets are decorated with ornate designs and these designs also can be seen on the murals of Dun-Huang grotto. Accordingly, those sarira caskets tell us creative ability and international taste of Silla's craftsmen. By tracing the origin of structure and design pattern of the sarira caskets to Central Asian and Chinese architectures, it is able to understand international style of the sarira caskets of Gameunsa Temple site.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.47-54
• /
• 2014

Hwangrong Temple was the center of the Buddhist culture of Silla dynasty. It was built in the 14th year of King Jinheung in Silla dynasty, and completely burnt out when the Mongol Army invaded the Korean peninsula during the reign of King Gojong of Koryeo dynasty. 8-year excavation of the site from 1976 as part of the Gyeongju Tourism Comprehensive Plan revealed many things about the Hwangrongsaji. Recently, a book introduced 'Geumdongnanganpyeon' among relics found in the site, but omitted in the Excavation Report published at that time. Though 'Palgak Geumdongnanganpyeon' has numerical signs 六, 七(six, seven), there was no clear explanation of the signs. Thus, this paper examines it. We can guess, through the remaining iron fragment, that the side of Geumdongnanganpyeon is octagonal, and the width of the side S13 fragment belongs to is about 400mm. The overall form of the face is similar to the Geumdong Palgaktop stored in the Museum of Dongguk University, but, in detail, it is similar to the Zhuanlunzang Pavilion of Longxing Temple and the Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple in China. And, numerical signs can be understand to designate the numbers of story and face. The reason why the number might indicate the number of story is that fragments which are presumed to be used for the same purpose contain different measurement values, and the basis of the concept of face can be found in efficiency of manufacturing and manufacturing techniques of artifacts of the time. The two aspects mentioned above cannot be confirmed because of not sufficient relics and related researches. But, the overall form may have been multi-story tower of at least two stories. If more studies in various fields are done in the future, it is expected that the original form will be recovered more accurately.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.460-466
• /
• 2011

감은사는 첨성대가 건축되고 46년 후 서력 682년에 세워진 신라시대 사찰로 현재는 금당터와 석탑 및 각종 석조 유물로 전해지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 1959년 1차 발굴 때 감은사지 금당터의 동편에서 발견된 동편 태극 장대석과 2차 발굴 때 감은사지 남편 연못에서 발견되어 1993년 인위적으로 서편에 배치된 서편 태극 장대석에 대한 과학적 의미를 파악하기 위하여 유물에 각인된 도형의 기하학적 분석을 한다. 그리하여 감은사지 태극 장대석이 의미하는 수학적, 천문학적인 도형의 현대적 해석을 통하여 당시의 과학 수준을 가늠할 중요한 척도를 얻게 되었다. 또한 동편 및 서편 태극 장대석이 나타내는 이등변삼각형들의 배치가 각각 해와 달과 관련된 책력과 연관함을 추론하게 된다. 이러한 엄밀한 수학적 개념 조사를 통하여 역사적 사실이 빈약한 오래된 역사적 구조물을 이해하고 고증하는데 새로운 연구 방향을 제시해준다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.120-135
• /
• 2014

최근의 백제사찰 재조사에서 기존 가람의 양식과는 다른 가람배치 양상이 확인되면서 금강사지의 가람에 대하여 다시금 조사의 필요성을 가지게 한다. 본 연구는 GPR탐사법을 이용하여 금강사지의 잔존 유구 및 사역전체의 건물배치 양상을 확인하고자 하였으며, GIS기술을 이용하여 항공사진을 분석하고 수치지형도를 활용한 토양유실량(RUSLE)을 분석하여 금강사지의 입지와 지형변화를 파악하고자 하였다. GPR탐사 결과, 사역의 북편과 서편에서 기 발굴조사에서 미처 확인되지 않았던 건물지가 추가로 확인되어 사역의 범위는 추정 가람보다 더 넓었을 것으로 보인다. 또한 금강사지는 하안 단구면에 위치하고 있고 토양유실량이 매우 적은 안정된 지형장에 위치하며 자연발생적인 배수체계를 기반으로 하는 최적의 입지를 보이고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.139-151
• /
• 2007

이 연구는 불교 유적지인 사찰과 사지의 공간적인 입지 특징을 GIS를 이용하여 계량적으로 분석한 것이다. 일반적으로 알고 있는 사찰의 입지를 공간적인 측면에서 분석하였다. 동일한 불교 유적이 상황에 따라 사찰 또는 사지로 존재하는 현상을 공간입지와 입지 경쟁력의 관점에서 분석하였다. 연구 결과 현재도 운영되고 있는 사찰이 사지에 대하여 지니는 경쟁력은 일반적인 시설물 입지의 결과와는 다른 특징을 보였으며, 지역에 따라서도 차별화된 입지 특징을 보였다. 춘천과 원주 같은 도시지역의 경우 입지 경쟁력이 높은 지역에는 일반적으로 사지의 형태로 존재하고, 대부분의 사찰은 상대적으로 입지환경이 열악한 지역에 위치하고 있었다. 반면에 삼척의 경우는 사지에 비하여 사찰의 입지환경이 우수하였다. 이러한 결과는 오랜 기간 동안 한반도라는 공간에서 한민족과 그 역사를 공유하고 있는 불교의 특수성이 만들어낸 결과로 생각된다.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 2016

It was believed that Jeongnimsa temple was built after the capital was moved from Gongju to Buyeo. It was confirmed that it was built A.D. $625{\pm}20$ by conducting a paleomagnetic analysis on the fireplace, which was recently found at the bottom of Jungmunji(middle gate). Consequently, it is assumed that the temple was built in the early 7th century unlike the previous point of view. Therefore, this study evaluated if the fireplace at the bottom of Jungmunji was found at the geological stratum representing the Jeongnimsa temple. Moreover, the study examined when the fireplace at the bottom of Jungmunji was constructed on the soil stratum. It is possible that the fireplace was built in the early 7th century as shown in the paleomagnetic analysis. However, when we compared the soil strata of the Jungmunji and the existing five-story stone pagoda, it showed that the ground was prepared differently and they were built over a fairly long period of time. Furthermore, I discovered that there was a wooden pagoda under the five-story stone pagoda by examining the soil strata map. Therefore, previous studies evaluated the arrangement of auxiliary buildings of Jeongnimsa temple and concluded that it was built in the early 7th century. It is hard to determine when the temple was built based on the arrangement of auxiliary buildings, because it takes a long time to build a temple and auxiliary buildings can be relocated during this long construction period. Rather, we have to admit that there are various arrangement patterns through minor changes in buildings from the one pagoda and one main building(Geumdang) arrangement.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제42권4호
• /
• pp.172-197
• /
• 2009

미륵사지와 정림사지 석탑은 한국석탑의 시원인 동시에 현재 유일하게 남아있는 백제석탑이다. 따라서 이 둘의 특징을 살펴보는 작업은, 넓게는 한국석탑, 좁게는 백제양식석탑을 이해할 수 있는 바탕이 된다. 백제의 뛰어난 건축술은 기록에도 전하듯이 아비지가 신라의 국가적인 사업인 황룡사목탑의 건립에 초청된 것을 통해서 알 수 있고, 그 과정에서 석탑과 관련된 기술과 양식이 신라에 전파되었음도 짐작된다. 그러나 신라통일을 맞이하여 백제석탑의 양식을 공유하는 석탑들이 일순간에 단절되었다고 보는 것은, 문화와 예술이 계승 발전된다는 측면에서 쉽게 수긍이 가지 않는다. 현재 학계에서는 여타의 백제지역 석탑들을 모두 고려시대 건립된 백제계 석탑이라는 틀로 규정하여, 일률적인 편년 아래 두고 있다. 등장요인으로는 불교의 대중화, 지방 호족의 지원, 문화의 복고적 경향 등을 들고 있는데, 과연 이것만으로 백제양식석탑이 약 300년간의 공백을 깨고 한 순간에 등장할 수 있었는지는 확신하기 어렵다. 물론 경주지역처럼 활발하지는 않았지만, 백제양식석탑이 일부 지역에 한정되어 전개되었을 가능성이 있다. 본 논문에서는 전개의 시발점에 초점을 맞추어, 백제양식석탑이 미륵사지와 정림사지 석탑을 통해서 형성되고, 그후 왕궁리 석탑을 통해서 전개가 시작되었음을 고찰해 보았다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is to look into the question-What kind of factors, among various influencing factors of temple architecture, change the development of villages with their its relationships to the temple. For the study, the villages located around a temple site with special geographic characteristics were chosen. It was analyzed and generalized what kind of social factors were chosen and applied to the design of residential buildings in those villages. The characteristics of the buildings in the villages that have relationships with the temple appeared to be as follows; Financial factor of the temple, rather than religious influences of it, appeared to influence strongly over the forms of building and the spaces of village. The village which formed along a new entrance axis to the temple were transformed to have a spatial organization along with added sightseeing and commercial functions. The villages have different spatial structures depending on their land uses. In short, the form of entrance axis to the temple has changed the economical dependence of villages on the temple, and becomes the major factor of transforming the spatial organization of the villages.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.7-29
• /
• 2010

The form of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site is that of the traditional form of the wooden pagodas constructed during the Baekjae Period. Likewise, it is an important ruin for conducting research on the form and type of the wooden pagodas constructed during the Baekjae Period. In particular, the method used for the installation of the central pillar's cornerstone is a new technique. The purpose of this research is to restore the ruin of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda of the Baekjae Period that remains at the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site. Until now, research conducted on the wooden pagoda took place mostly centered on the Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. Meanwhile, the reality concerning Baekjae's wooden pagoda is one in which there were not many parallel cases pertain to the design for restoration. This research paper wants to conduct academic examination of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda to organize the intention of design and design process in a simple manner. This research included review of the Baekjae Period's wooden pagoda related ruins and the review of the existing wooden pagoda ruin to analyze the wooden pagoda construction technique of the era. Then, current status of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site is identified to define the characteristics of the wooden pagoda, and to set up the layout format and the measure to estimate the size of the wooden pagoda in order to design each part. Ultimately, techniques and formats used for the restoration of the wooden pagoda were aligned with the wooden pagoda of the Baekjae Period. Basically, conditions that can be traced from the current status of the Wangheungsa Temple site excavation using the primary standards as the standard. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda was designed into the wooden pagoda of the Baekjae's prosperity phase. The plane was formed into $3{\times}3$ compartments to design into three tier pagoda. The height was decided by factoring in the distance between the East-West corridors, size of the compartment in the middle, and the view that is visible from above the terrace when entering into the waterway. Basically, the origin of the wooden structure format is based on the Goguryeo style, but also the linkage with China's southern regional styles and Japan's ancient wooden pagoda methods was factored in. As for the format of the central pillar, it looks as if the column that was erected after digging the ground was used when setting up the columns in the beginning. During the actual construction work of the wooden pagoda, central pillar looks as if it was erected by setting up the cornerstone on the ground. The reason that the reclaimed part of pillar that use the underground central cornerstone as the support was not utilized, was because the Eccentric Load of the central pillar's cornerstone was factored in the state of the layers of soil piled up one layer at a time that is repeated with the yellow clay and sandy clay and the yellow clay that were formed separately with the $80cm{\times}80cm$ angle at the upper part of the central pillar's cornerstone was factored in as well. Thus, it was presumed that the central pillar was erected in the actual design using the ground style format. It is possible to presume the cases in which the reclaimed part of pillar were used when constructed for the first time, but in which central pillar was installed later on, after the supplementary materials of the underground column is corroded. In this case, however, technique in which soil is piled up one layer at a time to lay down the foundation of a building structure cannot be the method used in that period, and the reclamation cannot fill up using the $80cm{\times}80cm$ angle. Thus, it was presumed that the layers of soil for building structure's foundation was solidified properly on top of the central pillar's cornerstone when the first wooden pagoda construction work was taking place, and that the ground style central pillar was erected on its upper part by placing the cornerstone once again. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda is significant from the structure development aspect of the Korean wooden pagodas along with the Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda construction technique which was developed during the prosperity phase of the Baekjae Period is presumed to have served as a role model for the construction of the Iksan Mireuksa Temple's wooden pagoda and Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. With the plan to complement the work further by excavating more, the basic wooden pagoda model was set up for this research. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda was constructed as at the Baekjae Kingdom wide initiative, and it was the starting point for the construction of superb pagoda using state of the art construction techniques of the era during the Baekjae's prosperous years, amidst the utmost interest of all the Baekjae populace. Starting out from its inherent nature of enshrining Sakyamuni's ashes, it served as the model that represented the unity of all the Baekjae populace and the spirit of the Baekjae people. It interpreted these in the most mature manner on the Korean peninsula at the time.

• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.55-66
• /
• 2007

Through analysing on construction cases of stupa built in A.D. 7,8th, I have researched about these : constructive methods of inner soil of stupa, spatial compositions, characteristics of structures, arrangements of inner soil and etc. And cases analysed are six ; Mireuksajiseoktap(stone pagoda of Mireuksa Temple site), Gameunsajisamcheumgseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Gameunsa Temple site), Goseonsajisamcheungseoktap(three storied stone pagoda of Goseonsa Temple site), Wolseong nawolliocheungseoktap(five storied stone pagoda in Nawonri, Wolseong), Guksagokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Guksa valley), Giamgokseoktap(three storied stone pagoda in Giam valley). Additionally we researched about inner soil of Sacheonwangsaji tapji(basement of stone stupa site in Sacheonwang Temple site) to speculate on composition of Synthetically, the foundation could be divided as core space and outer space. ; the former as structural function and the latter as ornamental function. And the core area could be divided again as center column space and buffer space. The relationship between core spaces and its formation are as belows; First, according to the area of foundation and scale of stone pagoda, formations of core are differed. As the scale of stone pagoda goes bigger, and the area of foundation goes larger, the structure of stone pagoda comprised by center column type and layered-core which endure upper load independently. On the contrary, as the scale of stone pagoda goes smaller, and the area of foundation goes lesser, the structure of stone pagoda tend to use only center column to endure upper part. Second, spatial composition of core area is comprised as two spaces, one which endure upper load and buffer space which absorb side pressure and upper pressure. The buffer space tend to be used in case of those structures which could not endure side pressure or have lots of joint. In some cases, it was located below the cover stone of foundation and gained upper load. And in case that have not gained pressure from side stone, the buffer space are comprised by smalle stone or roof tile to get structural supplement.