• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.320-324
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mechanical stimulation and growth regulators known to control overgrowth in hot temperature tomato transplants on the seedling quality and the growth and yield after planting. Brushing and impedance were applied as mechanical stimulation, and diniconazole and hexaconazole as chemical growth regulator were used in various ways at different concentrations and treatment times. Diniconazole treatment regardless of concentration and treatment times reduced plant height, leaf area and fresh weight of young plant. Though treatments of high concentration and many times reduced the yield of tomato after planting, these of proper amount and proper times maintained the level of control. Hexaconazole treatment controlled less plant height of transplants than diniconazole, and its effect also didn't support continuously after planting. However, hexaconazole treatment reduced the yield due to little fruit number and malformed plants, and also delayed the harvesting time as compared to the control. Both brushing and impedance controlled plant height of transplants. However, impedance treatment reduced the yield due to malformed plants after planting, and also delayed the harvesting time, while brushing treatment didn't reduced growth and yield as compared to the control. From the above results, it was thought that proper application of brushing and diniconazole can control excessive overgrowth without reducing yield.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 2012

A comparison of analytical approaches for Levoglucosan ($C_6H_{10}O_5$, commonly formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates such as cellulose) and used for a molecular marker in biomass burning is made between the four different analytical systems. 1) Spectrothermography technique as the evaluation of thermograms of carbon using Elemental Carbon & Organic Carbon Analyzer, 2) mass spectrometry technique using Gas Chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), 3) Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) for the identification of the particle size distribution and chemical composition, and 4) two dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of Flight mass spectrometry (GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS) for defining the signature of Levoglucosan in terms of chemical analytical process. First, a Spectrothermography, which is defined as the graphical representation of the carbon, can be measured as a function of temperature during the thermal separation process and spectrothermographic analysis. GC/MS can detect mass fragment ions of Levoglucosan characterized by its base peak at m/z 60, 73 in mass fragment-grams by methylation and m/z 217, 204 by trimethylsilylderivatives (TMS-derivatives). AMS can be used to analyze the base peak at m/z 60.021, 73.029 in mass fragment-grams with a multiple-peak Gaussian curve fit algorithm. In the analysis of TMS derivatives by GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS, it can detect m/z 73 as the base ion for the identification of Levoglucosan. It can also observe m/z 217 and 204 with existence of m/z 333. Although the ratios of m/z 217 and m/z 204 to the base ion (m/z 73) in the mass spectrum of GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS lower than those of GC/MS, Levoglucosan can be separated and characterized from D (-) +Ribose in the mixture of sugar compounds. At last, the environmental significance of Levoglucosan will be discussed with respect to the health effect to offer important opportunities for clinical and potential epidemiological research for reducing incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.310-315
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• 2007

To investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria in Andong-Soju fermentation and traditional nuruk maturation, several lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the Andong-Soju fermentation broth and traditionally matured nuruks using Lactobacilli MRS agar containing bromocresol purple. Among the isolated bacteria, ADS-L1 showed the highest lactic acid production and was dominant species in fermentation broth. Based on physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequencing results, the ADS-L1 was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. The ADS-L1 grew well at $50^{\circ}C$, and under the acidic conditions at pH 4, whereas the ADS-L1 failed to grew by treatments of 12% (w/v) ethanol or 0.01N HCl. Considering the high temperature of nuruk above $50^{\circ}C$ during nuruk maturation and the high ethanol concentration of broth above 12% at the end-stage of Andong-Soju fermentation, these results suggested that the ADS-L1 is popular in matured nuruks and plays role in the early-stage of fermentation. Analysis of pH, brix, reducing sugar content, lactic acid production, and cell growth during the cultivation of ADS-L1 further suggested that the ADS-L1 may contribute the prevention of contamination by rapid and steady acidification of broth, and do not cause problems by rapid death at the end-stage of fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.7 no.2 s.30
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• pp.71-80
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• 2006

It is required to study systematical on the concrete quality management to extend structure life because rebuilding effect is reducing under present condition of large sized and high stories structure. Concrete, which shows its intensity by hydrating action and a big change in quality according to hot weather and temperature, produces a lot of quality problem under hot and cold weather. Because of each specification and construction plan which does not have basic standard on site, concrete's quality is irregular and makes some defect. As a result, Dae-gu is fumed out to be the longest area after investigating application period and days focused on 8 cities weather information about t relationship between hot weather circumstance and construction environment. Therefore, we first surveyed the curing construction processing in the region and found out the problem of quality management. Then figure out the way of solution. Moreover, we integrated curing quality management, which is applied differently to each site, to have equal quality and to reduce defect from construction site. And then, based on various test of construction condition and analysis of quality management item, we suggest effective concrete quality management to make curing construction standard guide and plan under hot weather.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.507-516
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of electron beam irradiation on control of Botrytis cinerea and postharvest quality of cut roses. Electron beam doses of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 10, and 20 kGy were applied with a 10-MeV linear electron beam accelerator (EB Tech, Korea). Electron beams inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea with increasing irradiation doses. Conidia of B. cinerea were more tolerant to irradiation than were mycelia: the effective irradiation doses for 50% inhibition ($ED_{50}$) of spore germination and mycelial growth were 2.02 kGy and 0.89 kGy, respectively. In addition, electron beam irradiation was more effective in reducing mycelial growth of B. cinerea at $10^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. Analysis of in vivo antifungal activity revealed that elevated irradiation doses exhibited increased control efficacy for tomato gray mold. Flower longevity and fresh weight of cut roses decreased when the irradiation dose was increased. In addition, flower bud opening tended to be inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Although 'Decoration', 'Il se Bronze', 'Queen Bee', and 'Revue' roses tolerated and maintained overall postharvest quality up to 0.4 kGy, 'Vivian' did not, demonstrating that the irradiation sensitivity of cut roses varies according to cultivar.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.798-803
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• 2015

This study was conducted to predict the effect of door opening in wooden cultural heritages (WCHs) on their conservation environment. For this prediction, measured relative humidity (RH) and surface wood moisture content (MC) of inner part of wood columns in open wooden building and neighboring closed wooden building were compared with minimum RH, including the duration of minimum RH, and MC required for spore germination and resultant growth of wood-degrading fungi reported in some literatures. Moisture conditions, namely RH of inside wooden building and MC of wood was unsuitable for decay and sap-stain fungi all the year round; however, moisture conditions during summer season was suitable for spore germination and resultant growth of surface mold fungi, regardless of door opening. When compared, the duration of minimum (75%) or higher RH and the number of wood columns with MC level greater than the minimum MC (15%) during summer season, the surface mold related to the conservation environment of inside wooden building was somewhat better in open building than in closed building. Rather, doors should be opened in closed building for reducing indoor RH as a necessary measure during summer season when outdoor RH is high.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 2001

Urea as a silage additive increases crude protein but reduces fermentation quality of silage by increasing pH and enhancing clostridial bacteria growth, especially in low sugar forages. Glucose and formic acid might be expected to compensate these defects caused by urea addition to grass silage. Thus, in this experiment urea formic acid or urea with glucose was applied to improve N content and the quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) silage. The first growth of napiergrass was harvested at 85 days of age and about 700 g of the grass was ensiled in laboratory silos (1.0 liter polyethylene containers) for 2, 7, 14, and 30 days at room temperature ($28^{\circ}C$). The treatments were no additives (control), urea, urea+glucose or urea+formic acid. Urea was added before ensiling at 0.5% of fresh weight of napiergrass and glucose and formic acid were added at 1% of fresh weight, respectively. After opening the silo, pH, dry matter content (DM), contents on DM basis of total N (TN), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA) and butyric acid (BA) were determined. The control at 30 days of fermentation showed 5.89 for pH with 13.8% for VBN/TN and 1.51% for AA. The addition of urea increased TN by about 1.5% units but decreased the fermentation quality by increasing pH from 5.89 to 6.86, increasing VBN/TN from 13.8% to 24.63%, increasing BA from 0.02% to 0.56%, and decreasing LA from 1.03% to 0.02%. Glucose addition with urea significantly decreased VBN/TN from 13.8% to 4.44% by reducing pH from 6.86 to 4.83 because of higher production of LA (2.62%). Adding urea and formic acid resulted in a more pronounced depression of VBN/TN and fermentation than the addition of urea and glucose. This study suggested that the combination of 1% glucose or 1% formic acid with 0.5% urea will improve nutritive value and fermentation quality of napiergrass silage.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.310-315
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• 1988

Two isoenzymes of chorismate mutase(E.C.5.4.99.5) designated as chorismate mutase I(CM I) and chorismate mutase II(CM II), were detected and partially purified from a sp. of intrasporangium isolated from soil. CM I and CM II had pH optima of pH 6.5 and 8.0, respectively and showed the same temperature optimum of 45$^{\circ}C$. The activation energy of the enzymatic reaction was estimated to be 14.7kcal/ mole with CM I and 10.8kcal/mole with CM II. The affinity of isoenzyme CM I for substrate(Km= 1.35mM) was almost the same level as that of CM II(Km = 1.22mM). Both isoenzymes were stable at pH values ranged from pH 6.5 to 9.0, but rapidly denaturated at temperatures above 45$^{\circ}C$. CM II was activated about 7$^{\circ}C$ of its activity by $Ba^{++}$ or $Mg^{++}$ while CM I was slightly inhibited by the same metal ions. Thiol compounds were found not to be necessary for stability of the two enzymes but Co$^{++}$ and EDTA had a little stabilizing effect on CM II only. p-Chloromercuribenzoate strongly inactivated the activities of both enzymes but the reducing agents such as dithiothreitol and L-cysteine protected them against the pCMB inhibition.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.167-175
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• 2018

Natural gas is a clean fuel that discharges almost no air-contaminating substances. This study examined the simultaneous reduction of $CH_4$ and NOx of NGOC/LNT catalysts for CNG buses related to the improvement of the $de-CH_4/NOx$ performance, focusing mainly on identifying the additive catalysts, loading of the washcoat, stirring time, and types of substrates. The 3wt. % Ni-loaded NGOC generally exhibited superior $CH_4$ reduction performance through $CH_4$ conversion, because Ni is an alkaline, toxic oxide, and exerts a reducing effect on $CH_4$. A excessively small loading resulted in insufficient adsorption capacity of harmful gases, whereasa too high loading of washcoat caused clogging of the substrate cells. In addition, with the economic feasibility of catalysts considered, the appropriate amount of catalyst washcoat loading was estimated to be 124g/L. The NOx conversion rate of the NGOC/LNT catalysts stirred from $200^{\circ}C$ to $550^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours showed 10-15% better performance than the NGOC/LNT catalysts mixed for 2 hours over the entire temperature range. The NGOC/LNT catalysts exhibitedapproximately 20% higher $de-CH_4$ performance on the ceramic substrates than on the metal substrates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2016

Electrolyzed activated water (EAW) has been reported to exhibit strong bactericidal effects on foodborne microorganisms. However, the disinfection efficacy of EAW is affected by factors such as water source and hardness. This study investigated bactericidal effects of EAW against three gram-positive (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus) and three gram-negative (Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Enteritidis) foodborne pathogens. Six strains were treated with EAW prepared at different water temperatures (4, 22, and $40^{\circ}C$) for 15 min, and D-values were generated. The results show that the lowest D-values for Lis. monocytogenes by EAW produced at $4^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ were 6.60 and 1.57 min, respectively. The lowest D-value for Sal. Enteritidis by EAW produced at $22^{\circ}C$ was 2.92 min. D-values of all strains treated by EAW produced at $40^{\circ}C$ decreased significantly compared to those treated by EAW produced at $4^{\circ}C$ (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that applying EAW produced at warm temperature is more effective for reducing foodborne pathogens for food safety.