Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2012.6.1.053

Analytical Methods of Levoglucosan, a Tracer for Cellulose in Biomass Burning, by Four Different Techniques  

Bae, Min-Suk (Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University)
Lee, Ji-Yi (Department of Environmental Engineering, BK21 Team for Biohydrogen Production, Chosun University)
Kim, Yong-Pyo (Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University)
Oak, Min-Ho (College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University)
Shin, Ju-Seon (Department of Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology)
Lee, Kwang-Yul (Department of Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology)
Lee, Hyun-Hee (Department of environmental health, Seoul National University)
Lee, Sun-Young (Department of environmental health, Seoul National University)
Kim, Young-Joon (Department of Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology)
Publication Information
Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment / v.6, no.1, 2012 , pp. 53-66 More about this Journal
Abstract
A comparison of analytical approaches for Levoglucosan ($C_6H_{10}O_5$, commonly formed from the pyrolysis of carbohydrates such as cellulose) and used for a molecular marker in biomass burning is made between the four different analytical systems. 1) Spectrothermography technique as the evaluation of thermograms of carbon using Elemental Carbon & Organic Carbon Analyzer, 2) mass spectrometry technique using Gas Chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), 3) Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) for the identification of the particle size distribution and chemical composition, and 4) two dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time of Flight mass spectrometry (GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS) for defining the signature of Levoglucosan in terms of chemical analytical process. First, a Spectrothermography, which is defined as the graphical representation of the carbon, can be measured as a function of temperature during the thermal separation process and spectrothermographic analysis. GC/MS can detect mass fragment ions of Levoglucosan characterized by its base peak at m/z 60, 73 in mass fragment-grams by methylation and m/z 217, 204 by trimethylsilylderivatives (TMS-derivatives). AMS can be used to analyze the base peak at m/z 60.021, 73.029 in mass fragment-grams with a multiple-peak Gaussian curve fit algorithm. In the analysis of TMS derivatives by GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS, it can detect m/z 73 as the base ion for the identification of Levoglucosan. It can also observe m/z 217 and 204 with existence of m/z 333. Although the ratios of m/z 217 and m/z 204 to the base ion (m/z 73) in the mass spectrum of GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS lower than those of GC/MS, Levoglucosan can be separated and characterized from D (-) +Ribose in the mixture of sugar compounds. At last, the environmental significance of Levoglucosan will be discussed with respect to the health effect to offer important opportunities for clinical and potential epidemiological research for reducing incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Keywords
Levoglucosan; Organic molecular marker; ECOC; AMS; GC${\times}$GC-TOFMS; GC/MS;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Naeher, L.P., Brauer, M., Lipsett, M., Zelikoff, J.T., Simpson, C.D., Koenig, J.Q., Smith, K.R. (2006) Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology 19, 67-106.
2 Nolte, C., Schauer, J., Cass, G., Simoneit, B. (2001) Highly polar organic compounds present in wood smoke and in the ambient atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 1912-1919.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Park, S., Bae, M., Schauer, J., Kim, Y., Cho, S., Kim, S. (2006) Molecular composition of $PM_{2.5}$ organic aerosol measured at an urban site of Korea during the ACEAsia campaign. Atmospheric Environment 40, 4182-4198.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Pashynska, V., Vermeylen, R., Vas, G., Maenhaut, W., Claeys, M. (2002) Development of a gas chromatographic/ ion trap mass spectrometric method for the determination of Levoglucosan and saccharidic compounds in atmospheric aerosols. Application to urban aerosols. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 37, 1249-1257.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Schauer, J.J., Cass, G.R. (2000) Source apportionment of wintertime gas-phase and particle-phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 1821-1832.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Schauer, J.J., Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., Cass, G.R. (1996) Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmospheric Environment 30, 3837-3855.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Shafidazeh, F. (1984) The chemistry of pyrolysis and combustion. Advances in Chemistry Series 207, 489-529.   DOI
8 Laden, F., Schwartz, J., Speizer, F.E., Dockery, D.W. (2006) Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: extended follow-up of the harvard six cities study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 173, 667-672.   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Larson, T.V., Koenig, J.Q. (1994) Wood smoke emissions and non-cancer respiratory effects. Annual Review of Public Health 15, 133-156.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Simpson, C., Dills, R., Katz, B., Kalman, D. (2004) Determination of Levoglucosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 54, 689-694.   DOI
11 Smith, K.R. (2000) National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97, 13286-13293.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Swiston, J.R., Davidson, W., Attridge, S., Li, G.T., Brauer, M., van Eeden, S.F. (2008) Wood smoke exposure induces a pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response in firefighters. European Respiratory Journal 32, 129-138.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Levine, J.S. (1996) Introduction. In: Biomass Burning and Global Change. (Levine, J.S. Ed), MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 35-43.
14 Abas, M.R., Oros, D.R., Simoneit, B.R.T. (2004) Biomass burning as the main source of organic aerosol particulate matter in Malaysia during haze episodes. Chemosphere 55, 1089-1095.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Lee, J., Lane, D.A. (2009) Unique products from the reaction of naphthalene with the hydroxyl radical. Atmospheric Environment 43, 4886-4893.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Lee, J., Lane, D.A. (2010) Formation of oxidized products from the reaction of gaseous phenanthrene with the OH radical in a reaction chamber. Atmospheric Environment 44, 2469-2477.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Leithead, A., Li, S., Hoff, R., Cheng, Y., Brook, J. (2006) Levoglucosan and dehydroabietic acid: Evidence of biomass burning impact on aerosols in the Lower Fraser Valley. Atmospheric Environment 40, 2721-2734.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Levine, J.S. (1991) Introduction. In: Global Biomass Burning: Atmospheric, Climatic, and Biospheric Implications. (Levine J.S. Ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 25- 30.
19 Lobert, J.M., Scharffe, D.H., Hao, W.M., Crutzen, P.J. (1990) Importance of biomass burning in the atmospheric budgets of nitrogen-containing gases. Nature 346, 552-554.   DOI
20 Mader, B.T., Schauer, J.J., Seinfeld, J.H., Flagan, R.C., Yu, J.Z., Yang, H., Lim, H.J., Turpin, B.J., Deminter, J.T., Heidemann, G., Bae, M., Quinn, P., Bates, T., Eatough, D.J., Huebert, B.J., Bertram, T., Howell, S. (2003) Sampling methods used for the collection of particle-phase organic and elemental carbon during ACE-Asia. Atmospheric Environment 37, 1435-1449.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Migliaccio, C.T., Bergauff, M.A., Palmer, C.P., Jessop, F., Noonan, C.W., Ward, T.J. (2009) Urinary levoglucosan as a biomarker of wood smoke exposure: observations in a mouse model and in children. Environmental Health Perspectives 117, 74-79.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Ezzati, M., Kammen, D.M. (2001) Quantifying the effects of exposure to indoor air pollution from biomass combustion on acute respiratory infections in developing countries. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 481-488.   DOI
23 Ion, A., Vermeylen, R., Kourtchev, I., Cafmeyer, J., Chi, X., Gelencser, A., Maenhaut, W., Claeys, M. (2005) Polar organic compounds in rural $PM_{2.5}$ aerosols from K-puszta, Hungary, during a 2003 summer field campaign: Sources and diel variations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Phsics 5, 1805-1814.   DOI
24 Fraser, M., Lakshmanan, K. (2000) Using levoglucosan as a molecular marker for the long-range transport of biomass combustion aerosols. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 4560-4564.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Graham, B., Mayol-Bracero, O., Guyon, P., Roberts, G., Decesari, S., Facchini, M., Artaxo, P., Maenhaut, W., Koll, P., Andreae, M. (2002) Water-soluble organic compounds in biomass burning aerosols over Amazonia-1. Characterization by NMR and GC-MS. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, 1-16.
26 Hinwood, A., Trout, M., Meurby, J., Barton, C., Symons, R. (2008) Assessing urinary Levoglucosan and methoxyphenols as biomarkers for use in woodsmoke exposure studies. Science of the Total Environment 402, 139-146.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Jaeckels, J.M., Bae, M., Schauer, J.J. (2007) Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of molecular marker measurements to quantify the sources of organic aerosols. Environmental Science and Technology 41, 5763-5769.   DOI   ScienceOn
28 Jayne, J.T., Leard, D.C., Zhang, X., Davidovits, P., Smith, K.A., Kolb, C.E., Worsnop, D.R. (2000) Development of an aerosol mass spectrometer for size and composition analysis of submicron particles. Aerosol Science and Technology 33, 49-70.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Jordan, T.B., Seen, A.J., Jacobsen, G.E. (2006) Levoglucosan as an atmospheric tracer for woodsmoke. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5316-5321.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Bae, M., Schauer, J.J., DeMinter, J.T., Turner, J.R., Smith, D., Cary, R.A. (2004) Validation of a semi-continuous instrument for elemental carbon and organic carbon using a thermal-optical method. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2885-2893.   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Bergauff, M.A., Ward, T.J., Noonan, C.W., Migliaccio, C.T., Simpson, C.D., Evanoski, A.R., Palmer, C.P. (2010) Urinary Levoglucosan as a biomarker of wood smoke: results of human exposure studies. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 20, 385-392.   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Bae, M., Schauer, J.J., Turner, J.R. (2006) Estimation of the monthly average ratios of organic mass to organic carbon for fine particulate matter at an urban site. Aerosol Science and Technology 40, 1123-1139.   DOI   ScienceOn
33 Bai, N., Khazaei, M., van Eeden, S.F., Laher, I. (2007) The pharmacology of particulate matter air pollutioninduced cardiovascular dysfunction. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 113, 1629.
34 Barregard, L., Sallsten, G., Gustafson, P., Andersson, L., Johansson, L., Basu, S., Stigendal, L. (2006) Experimental exposure to woodsmoke particles in healthy humans: Effects on markers of inflammation, coagulation, and lipid peroxidation. Inhalation Toxicology 18, 845-853.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Brauer, M., Hisham-Hashim, J. (1998) Fires in indonesia: crisis and reaction. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 404-407.   DOI   ScienceOn
36 Brook, R.D., Franklin, B., Cascio, W., Hong, Y.L., Howard, G., Lipsett, M., Luepker, R., Mittleman, M., Samet, J., Smith, S.C., Tager, I. (2004) Air pollution and cardiovascular disease a statement for healthcare professionals from the expert panel on population and prevention science of the American heart association. Circulation 109, 2655-2671.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Crutzen, P.J., Delaney, A.C., Greenberg, J., Haagenson, P., Heidt, L., Lueb, R., Pollock, W., Seiler, W., Wartburg, A., Zimmerman, P. (1985) Tropospheric chemical composition measurements in Brazil during the dry season. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 2, 233-256.   DOI
38 Dorland, L., Wadman, S.K., Fabery, J.H., Ketting, D. (1986) 1,6-Anhydro-b-D-glucopyranose (b-glucosan), a constituent of human urine. Clinica Chimica Acta 159, 11-16.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Zdrahal, Z., Oliveira, J., Vermeylen, R., Claeys, M., Maenhaut, W. (2002) Improved method for quantifying Levoglucosan and related monosaccharide anhydrides in atmospheric aerosols and application to samples from urban and tropical locations. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 747-753.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Tan, W.C., Qiu, D.W., Liam, B.L., Ng, T.P., Lee, S.H., van Eeden, S.F., D'Yachkova, Y., Hogg, J.C. (2000) The human bone marrow response to acute air pollution caused by forest fires. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 161, 1213-1217.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Miller, K.A., Siscovick, D.S., Sheppard, L., Shepherd, K., Sullivan, J.H., Anderson, G.L., Kaufman, J.D. (2007) Longterm exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. New England Journal Of Medicine 356, 447-458.   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Mochida, M., Kawamura, K., Umemoto, N., Kobayashi, M., Matsunaga, S., Lim, H., Turpin, B., Bates, T., Simoneit, B. (2003) Spatial distributions of oxygenated organic compounds (dicarboxylic acids, fatty acids, and Levoglucosan) in marine aerosols over the western Pacific and off the coast of East Asia: Continental outflow of organic aerosols during the ACE-Asia campaign. Journal of Geophysical Research 108. D23.