• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.35-48
• /
• 2001

One of the areas of second language acquisition that enjoyed popularity in recent years is interlanguage pragmatics. The main reason for this popularity lies in the critical role of pragmatic competence in appropriate use of a target language. The aim of this paper was to examine L2 learners' pragmatic behavior in their speech act performance and determine main sources causing pragmatic difficulty. Four major sources of pragmatic errors were identified: linguistic proficiency, L1 transfer, waffling and teaching activities. Each source was discussed with empirical evidence in some detail, and teaching suggestions were provided for developing learners' pragmatic competence in EFL classrooms.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.519-526
• /
• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 고등학교 물리 교사들이 물리 교과서에 제시된 탐구를 지도할 때의 어려움 정도와 어려움의 요인을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 고등학교 물리 교사 63명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였다. 교사들은 물리 교과서에 제시된 탐구에 대해 지도하는 데의 어려움 수준을 표시하고, 지도하기 어려운 탐구에 대해 그 이유를 설명하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 물리 교사들의 교과서 탐구 지도의 어려움 수준은 평균 2.79로 보통 이하의 수준이었다. 가장 지도하기 어려운 탐구는 '마이스너 효과 실험'과 '$Cu_2O$판과 ZnO가루를 이용한 다이오드 특징 탐색'이었다. 둘째, 교사들의 물리 교과서 탐구 지도의 어려움 요인은 환경 영역, 교과서 영역, 학생 영역, 교사 영역의 순으로 많이 제시되었으며, 특히 환경 영역에서 '실험기구 준비의 어려움'과 '안전 문제'와 관련하여 탐구 지도가 어렵다는 의견이 많이 제시되었다. 교과서 영역에서는 '실험 자체의 문제점', 학생 영역에서는 '조작 능력 부족'과 관련한 의견이 많이 제시되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 고등학교 물리 교과서의 탐구를 활성화하기 위한 논의를 추가하였다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.1-28
• /
• 2002

This study explored teachers (n = 219) from northern, central, southern and eastern Taiwan concerning their views about children's learning difficulties, mathematical instruction and school mathematics curricular. Results showed that teachers' mathematics knowledge or their instruction methods had no significant influence on their views of children's learning difficulties. Even though teachers indicated that understanding of abstract mathematical concepts was the most prominent difficulty for children, they tended to employ direct instruction rather than constructive and cooperative problem solving in their teaching. However, teachers' views of children's learning difficulties did influence their instructional practice. Results from in-dept interviews revealed that there were some obstacles that prevented teachers from putting constructiveism perspectives of instruction into teaching practice. Further investigation is needed to develop a better understanding of epistemology and teaming psychology as well as to help teachers create constructive learning situations.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.285-294
• /
• 2008

This study investigated the effectiveness of article writing as a mean to teaching the traditional medical classics. We used questionnaire to evaluate the usefulness of the curriculum, reason for difficulty and measures for improvement. The creative and reasonable thinking was the major reason for difficulty, and this article writing program could be a proper methods to tackle this. We also found that the educational system was not satisfactory since other educative programs were not focusing on this issue. This study showed that this article writing program can be a useful teaching tool for achieving the purpose of traditional medical classics curriculum after several improvements such as more personalized guidance and understanding of anatomy of an article, lesser time burden and easier database access.

• 중국학논총
• /
• 제66호
• /
• pp.105-126
• /
• 2020

Complement is a special grammatical phenomenon in Chinese. There is no complement in Korean, so complement teaching is a difficulty. There are some similarities between the degree complement with "de" and the modality complement. For a long time, there has been a phenomenon of fuzzy classification in the academic circle, which also affects the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language. There are several different views on these two kinds of complements in the current textbooks. This makes students and teachers feel very confused. From the perspective of Chinese teaching, the author analyzes the characteristics, classification and grammatical significance of these two kinds of complements, and investigates the four sets of current teaching materials. It is found that: some teaching materials are confused in terms of terms and classification; some teaching materials are not fully reproduced in terms of knowledge points; the students are prone to have partial errors, and the situation of the clutch words with modal complements is ignored by most teaching materials. Some textbooks overemphasize Verb Copying in the arrangement of modal complements. Most textbooks are lack of context. The author puts forward some teaching suggestions. In class, teachers should concentrate on speaking and practicing, and focus on the types of errors that students are prone to make. The textbooks should be arranged according to the outline, the two kinds of "similar" complements should be clearly classified, the context should be added appropriately, and the textbooks compiled in South Korea can be nationalized. Students should listen carefully, participate in classroom activities and interact with teachers. Ask for advice in case of any problem you don't understand..

• 교육철학
• /
• 제46호
• /
• pp.45-70
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is researching on educational difficulty in the history of western education. In other words, the goal and significance of this paper lies in knowing the essential meaning of education based on the norms of difficulty. The major method for this study is hermeneutical-anthropological pedagogy. My fundamental claim is the following: the essential nature of teaching is difficulty at any instructional condition and situations. Such a discrete idea was clearly identified and confirmed in the process of pedagogical anthropology. That is, through the consciousness of educational difficulty and critical review for the history of western education, I can cleary define the concept of educational difficulty. Educational difficulty was various ways for understanding by all audiences. Namely, various formulars were developed for understanding it according to the age, cultures, nations, ideology, etc.. But there are continuous characters on the way for understanding on educational difficulty. The results on research are as followings. In the primitive age, fundamental difficulty of education lies in the initiation ceremony. At the classical ancient time, the purpose of education was 'Politai' with politike arete, in this educational conditions, instruction have a complex dimension politically as well as psychologically. At the medieval age, educational difficulty lies in the 'Askese' for instructional methods. In the modern and conventional age, educational difficulty is more and more complex and confused on goals, methods, evaluations, etc.. Most of all, the major or key concept of educational difficulty in this world is the conflict between the two instructional principles, that is, objectivism and constructivism in education. At now, the schoolworks for instruction over all educational situations and conditions have a difficulty of traditional as well conventional dilemma. In conclusion, educational difficulty have formal, natural, original attribute and it is general and universal phenomenon.

• 한국과학교육학회지
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.111-124
• /
• 2023

본 연구는 좋은 과학수업에 대한 과학교사의 인식을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 과학수업을 관찰하고 개선하기 위한 목적으로 개발된 KTOP(Korean Teaching Observation Protocol)을 이용하여, 1차로 KTOP의 각 항목들이 좋은 과학수업을 위해 중요하다고 생각하는지, 어느 정도로 실행하고 있는지, 그리고 어느 정도로 실행하기 어렵다고 생각하는지를 조사하였고, 2차로 실행하기 어려운 KTOP 항목들에 대한 이유와 해결 방안은 무엇이라고 생각하는지를 조사하였다. 1차로 63명과 2차로 35명의 과학교사로부터 얻은 응답은 응답의 특성에 따라 유형별로 분류하고, 분류한 내용을 요약하여 그 특징을 논의하였다. 그 결과, 과학교사들은 1개의 항목을 제외한 KTOP의 모든 항목들이 좋은 과학수업을 위해 중요하다고 응답하였으나, 실행하기 어려운 경우에는 실행정도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 중요하지만 실행하기 어려워 실행정도가 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 나타난 13개 KTOP 항목에 대해서는 그 이유를 학생과 교사에게 있는 것으로 많이(69%) 응답하였으나, 어려움에 대한 해결방안은 교사에게서 찾아보려는 응답(60%)이 가장 많았다. 이로부터 좋은 과학수업을 위해서는 외적인 환경보다는 교사들에 대한 이해와 지원, 역량 강화 등이 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과가 과학수업에 대한 교사의 어려움을 구체적으로 이해하고, 어려움을 해결하기 위해 실제에 기반한 노력에 기여할 수 있기를 바란다.

• 영어어문교육
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.133-156
• /
• 2007

Although the understanding of English tense system is a crucial factor for communicative English learning and teaching for EFL students, it has been neglected over the years. As with other areas of the grammar, difficulties may arise from the nature of the system itself or from differences between time, tense and aspect. Consequently, many learners face a considerable difficulty with the English tense system as they are more often unable to grasp the basic conceptual differences of present/present continuous, past/present perfect, will/be going to along with many others. More concerning fact is that lots of instructors or so-called native English teachers seem not to be aware of the importance of teaching English tense system. The purpose of this study is to review and examine various theories and practical usages of tense in order to establish and/or present better methods for teaching tenses. This paper is focused on comparatively exact distinction of time, physical notion from tense, grammatical category as well as sequences of tenses in view of school grammar and communicative function. At the end or middle of each chapter, efficient teaching and learning techniques or strategies on tenses are suggested to help instructors or learners who relentlessly face confusions in understanding tense and its usage for communicative English learning and teaching. This study attempts to influence learners' ability to recognize and write tense in authentic contexts not to mention spoken English.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine elementary teachers' perception on birds and problems on teaching it. For this study, the science textbooks from 3rd grade to 6th grade according to the 7th national curriculum were analyzed. Results revealed that, firstly, there were 34 bird species recorded and these were described 55 times in the surveyed textbooks. Secondly, the survey showed that $20\%$ of the teachers were interested in birds despite the fact that $98\%$ of them had no special knowledge about birds nor had studied them in college. Additionally, it was revealed that $41\%$ of the teachers felt lacking in specialist knowledge about birds and this lead to difficulties in teaching on this subject. Thirdly, academic backgrounds had an affect teachers' perceptions on teaching this area. The teachers' levels of interest in birds and the teachers' ratio of teaching on this topic tended to increase as their academic careers developed, and the proportion of male teachers in this category were higher than female teachers. To overcome difficulty in teaching on this area, it is suggested that a reconstitution of subject materials, as well as a revision of the teachers' guidebooks be undertaken.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.451-456
• /
• 1999

교과서내의 모든 지도항목들은 순서가 정해져있다. 그러나 같은 종류의 교과서들에서는 지도항목의 순서가 다른 것을 볼수 있다. 학생들은 이전 항목들의 배움없이는 다음항목을 이해하는데 어려움을 겪을 수 있다. 따라서 수업계획 작성시 지도항목의 우선순위결정은 매우 중요하다. 이러한 지도항목의 우선순위 결정문제를 해결하기 위해 Isamu MATSUBARA은 그래프이론을 이용한 해결방안이 제시됐다. 그의 방안에는 직선형, 그룹형, 분기형 독립형의 4가지형이 있다. 이들 가운데 직선형을 제외한 나머지 세간지형은 객관성이 결여되어있다, 본논문은 퍼지이론을 이용하여 그룹형 분기형 독립형의 객관적인 해결방안을 제시한다.