• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.214-226
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• 1990

For a man to maintain attention, he needs to keep a certain level of arousal. An inordinate increase or decrease in the level of arousal eventually has a negative influence on attention. Precedent research has shown that the degree of attention changes when an experience of stress is related to anxiety resulting in a rise in arousal. This research was done to examine this hypothesis by looking at the 27 female students, 14 of whom had failed in the annual examination. The results of the investigation are as follows : The stress of failure in the examination was seen to raise the level of physiological arousal. Although pulse and electromyography showed no significant change, further inquiries should be made based on other types of methodology. In spite of the rise of arousal, the performance of selective task was degraded. This suggests those students failed to give moderate attention to given information for that kind of task. But the exact reason of that failure was not identified : that is it was difficult decide whether they gave too much attention to the anxiety brought about by stress. Performance of integral tasks, however, did not show any degradation. Judging from these results, stress seems to exert significant influence on attention in the selection of the appropriate information among the various options given. This offers an important hint in relation to the health care situation where nursing information is offered. Clients who receive nursing information in stressful situations may have difficulty in separating and selecting this helpful information from other options which they have acquired through their life experience. The content and terminology of nursing information may be strange and unintelligible to clients, although they are quite familiar and distinct to nurses. So, it is desirable for nurses to give, in addition and at the same time when nursing information is given, some certain related information as devices for selection, instead of merely giving nursing informations as such. So far it is not clear whether the concepts of information processing theory can be suitably applied to nursing. However, it is obvious, according to this research, that the quality of attention is disturbed in the stress situation. This is why further inquiries should be made into attention in practical nursing situation.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.217-235
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• 2011

On recognizing the significance of Walter Benjamin's "The Task of a Translator" in recent discourses of postcolonial cultural translation, this essay examines the creative postcolonialist appropriations of Benjamin's theory of translation and their political implications. In an effort to dismantle the imperialist political hierarchy between the West and the non-West, modernity and its "primitive" others, which has been the operative premise of the traditional translation studies and anthropology, newly emergent discourses of cultural translation actively adopts Benjamin's notion of translation that does not prioritize the original text's claim on authenticity. Benjamin theorizes each text-translation as well as the original-as an incomplete representation of the pure language. Eschewing formalistic views propounded by deconstructionist critics like Paul de Man, who tend to regard Benjamin's notion of the untranslatable purely in terms of the failure inherent in the language system per se, such postcolonialist critics as Tejaswini Niranjana, Rey Chow, and Homi Bhabha, each in his/her unique way, recuperate the significatory potential of historicity embedded in Benjamin's text. Their further appropriation of the concept of the "untranslatable" depends on a radically political turn that, instead of focusing on the failure of translation, salvages historical as well as cultural potentiality that lies between disparate cultural entities, signifying differences, or disjunctures, that do not easily render themselves to existing systems of representation. It may therefore be concluded that postcolonial discourses on cultural translation of Niranhana, Chow, and Bhabha, inspired by Benjamin, each translate the latter's theory into highly politicized understandings of translation, and this leads to an extensive rethinking of the act of translation itself to include all forms of cultural exchange and communicative activities between cultures. The disjunctures between these discourses and Benjamin's text, in that sense, enable them to form a sort of theoretical constellation, which aspires to an impossible yet necessary utopian ideal of critical thinking.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.12
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• pp.4367-4381
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• 2023

Nuclear power plants are increasingly being equipped with digital I&C systems. Although some probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) models for the digital I&C of nuclear power plants have been constructed, there is currently no specific internationally agreed guidance for their modeling. This paper presents an initiative by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency called "Digital I&C PSA - Comparative application of DIGital I&C Modelling Approaches for PSA (DIGMAP)", which aimed to advance the field towards practical and defendable modeling principles. The task, carried out in 2017-2021, used a simplified description of a plant focusing on the digital I&C systems important to safety, for which the participating organizations independently developed their own PSA models. Through comparison of the PSA models, sensitivity analyses as well as observations throughout the whole activity, both qualitative and quantitative lessons were learned. These include insights on failure behavior of digital I&C systems, experience from models with different levels of abstraction, benefits from benchmarking as well as major contributors to the core damage frequency and those with minor effect. The study also highlighted the challenges with modeling of large common cause component groups and the difficulties associated with estimation of key software and common cause failure parameters.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.263-272
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• 2023

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an important factor in increasing production efficiency in industrial sectors, along with data collection, exchange and analysis through large-scale connectivity. However, as traffic increases explosively due to the recent spread of IIoT, an allocation method that can efficiently process traffic is required. In this thesis, I propose a two-stage task offloading decision method to increase successful task throughput in an IIoT environment. In addition, I consider a hybrid offloading system that can offload compute-intensive tasks to a mobile edge computing server via a cellular link or to a nearby IIoT device via a Device to Device (D2D) link. The first stage is to design an incentive mechanism to prevent devices participating in task offloading from acting selfishly and giving difficulties in improving task throughput. Among the mechanism design, McAfee's mechanism is used to control the selfish behavior of the devices that process the task and to increase the overall system throughput. After that, in stage 2, I propose a multi-armed bandit (MAB)-based task offloading decision method in a non-stationary environment by considering the irregular movement of the IIoT device. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain better performance in terms of overall system throughput, communication failure rate and regret compared to other existing methods.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.705-719
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• 2014

Recently the importance of operational risk is gradually increasing in risk management of financial institute. Especially the service interruption caused by system failure can lead to customer complaints, decrease of profit and customer secession. Thus, financial industry makes diverse effort to minimize the impact caused by the system failure of IT application. Common modules are used in IT system in financial industry to exclude redundant development and to use the system efficiently. However, when a failure in common module is occurred, the risk that affects all the tasks using the common module exists. In this study, the damage affected by a failure in application program is prevented separating common module which has a large risk by task in the perspective of IT operational risk. In order to cope with damage, the research on the factors related to common module is conducted and proposes the separating common module standard for decrease of operational risk of the financial IT.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.9
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• pp.28-41
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• 2006

Recently, Baruah et.al. proposed an optimal Pfair scheduling algorithm in the hard real-time multiprocessor environments, and several variants of it were presented. All these algorithms assume the fixed unit quantum size, and this assumption has two problems in the mode change environments. If the quantum size is too large, it results in the scheduling failure due to the decreased processor utilization. If it is too small, it increases the frequency of scheduling points, and it incurs the task switching overheads. In this paper, we propose several methods that determine the maximum quantum size dynamically such that the task set can be scheduled in the mode change environments.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.509-524
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• 2005

Due to the strict requirements of emerging applications, per-flow admission control is gaining increasing importance. One way to implement per-flow admission control is using an on­path resource reservation protocol, where the admission decision is made hop-by-hop after a new flow request arrives at the network boundary. The next-steps in signaling (NSIS) working group of the Internet engineering task force (IETF) is standardising such an on-path signaling protocol. One of the reservation methods considered by NSIS is reduced-state mode, which, suiting the differentiated service (DiffServ) concept, only allows per-class states in interior nodes of a domain. Although there are clear benefits of not dealing with per-flow states in interior nodes-like scalability and low complexity-, without per-flow states the handling of re-routed flows, e.g., after a failure, is a demanding and highly non-trivial task. To be applied in carrier-grade networks, the protocol needs to be resilient in this situation. In this article, we will explain the consequences of a route failover to resource reservation protocols: Severe congestion and incorrect admission decisions due to outdated reservation states. We will set requirements that handling solutions need to fulfill, and we propose extensions to reduced-state protocols accordingly. We show with a set of simulated scenarios that with the given solutions reduced-state protocols can handle re-routed flows practically as fast and robust as stateful protocols.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.753-758
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• 2011

According to the needs for equipment performance, reliability, and performance for impending time to guarantee its viability, various redundancy techniques have been used in many military systems. Typically, one of redundancy schemes to increase the viability of the system is to configure a network between two processes. However, when some failure or loss in a physical network occur, redundancy schemes may not operate well. In this paper, we present a protocol scheme of VMEbus master and slave of a shared memory region, interrupts, and a dedicated task communication. Specifically, we confirm the validity of the presented scheme through the direct implementation of the protocol and some experimental results.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2010

In this paper the TRMS (Tilting Rolling-stock Maintenance System) that applies the concept of RAM (Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability) and RCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance) to Preventive and Corrective Maintenance Policy for TTX (Tilting Train Express) will be discussed. We will briefly introduce the RCM concepts and discus show these concepts and procedures are implemented in the TRMS S/W. In the TRMS S/W there are four modules, System and Operations Information Module, FMECA(Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis)module, RAM Information Module, and RCM Analysis Module. The System and Operations Information Module provides the user interface for collection of systems and operations related data and the FMECA module provides a groundwork for the RCM analysis. The algorithms to calculate the reliability and failure rate for Weibull distribution and formulae to calculate the task intervals and task costs are proposed in the RAM and RCM Analysis Module respectively. There is a good possibility of applying RCM to other rolling stock maintenance systems if the benefit that RCM can brings to the maintenance world is fully recognized.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.189-207
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• 2023

In the present study, the thermoshearing experiment on a rough rock fracture were modeled using a three-dimensional grain-based distinct element model (GBDEM). The experiment was conducted by the Korea Institute of Construction Technology to investigate the progressive shear failure of fracture under the influence of thermal stress in a critical stress state. The numerical model employs an assembly of multiple polyhedral grains and their interfaces to represent the rock sample, and calculates the coupled thermo-mechanical behavior of the grains (blocks) and the interfaces (contacts) using 3DEC, a DEM code. The primary focus was on simulating the temperature evolution, generation of thermal stress, and shear and normal displacements of the fracture. Two fracture models, namely the mated fracture model and the unmated fracture model, were constructed based on the degree of surface matedness, and their respective behaviors were compared and analyzed. By leveraging the advantage of the DEM, the contact area between the fracture surfaces was continuously monitored during the simulation, enabling an examination of its influence on shear behavior. The numerical results demonstrated distinct differences depending on the degree of the surface matedness at the initial stage. In the mated fracture model, where the surfaces were in almost full contact, the characteristic stages of peak stress and residual stress commonly observed in shear behavior of natural rock joints were reasonably replicated, despite exhibiting discrepancies with the experimental results. The analysis of contact area variation over time confirmed that our numerical model effectively simulated the abrupt normal dilation and shear slip, stress softening phenomenon, and transition to the residual state that occur during the peak stress stage. The unmated fracture model, which closely resembled the experimental specimen, showed qualitative agreement with the experimental observations, including heat transfer characteristics, the progressive shear failure process induced by heating, and the increase in thermal stress. However, there were some mismatches between the numerical and experimental results regarding the onset of fracture slip and the magnitudes of fracture stress and displacement. This research was conducted as part of DECOVALEX-2023 Task G, and we expect the numerical model to be enhanced through continued collaboration with other research teams and validated in further studies.