• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.621-632
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical characteristic of the wheelchair users by directly measuring the disabled men who use a wheelchair and to classify body types. The subjects were 178 male wheelchair users 20-69 years range of age. The results of this study were as follows. The cause of disability was classified into four groups; Poliomyelitis(P), Spinal Cord Injury(S), Cerebral Palsy(C), Amputee(A). There was a remarkable difference in the physical characteristic of the wheelchair users due to their cause of disability. A have greater values in all the dimensions. P have the largest drop values and smaller values in the lower body dimensions. S have greater values in the height of upper body trunk, back interscye length, and chest circumference, whereas smaller values in waist front length and thigh circumference. C have smaller values in most body dimensions except circumference of lower limb. By the factor analysis on the anthropometric data came out the result to be eight factors. The result of cluster analysis using factor scores shows the body types of wheelchair users can be divided into four body types; PY, RBB, TBP, RA. PY type is short and has the largest drop values, whereas RBB type tends to have the smallest drop values. TBP type is tall and the torso tends to be larger than those of the other types. RA type has smaller values in front body dimensions and moderate values in other dimensions. The diversity in body types should be considered among the wheelchair users.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively estimate the settling and erosional properties for cohesive sediments in Shihwa lake. Settling tests are conducted by multi-depth method using a specially designed 1.8 m tall settling column, and erosion tests are conducted with annular flume under the uniform bed condition. As result of settling tests, it is confirmed that the settling velocity of the cohesive sediments has the range of $0.002 for suspended sediments concentration of 0.1$0.19{\sim}0.55N/m^{2}$ for bed shear stress of $1.14{\sim}1.32g/cm^{3}$, and the erosion rate coefficient decreases with logarithmic function in a range of $18.4{\sim}3.9mg/cm^{2}{\cdot}hr$ with increase of bed shear stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.901-910
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• 2002

This study is to classify somatotypes of the upper class boys in elementary school. The study is conducted through anthoropometric measurements and photometric measurements. The subjects are 320 boys in the age group of 10 to 11 years old. The following conclusions are drawn from this study. 1. The height items are increased along with age increase. The increases in the factors, which specify vertical sizes such as height and length, are a little larger than those of breadth, depth, and girth, which specify ; horizontal sizes. 2. The factor analysis on anthropometric measurements and photometric measurements reveals five somatic composition factors and those factors comprised 79.60% of total variance. 3. The torso shapes of the upper class boys in elementary school are classified into three categories. The first type is taller and heavier than the average elementary school upper class boys and has the highest rising shoulders. The shape of the back is about average and the chest is developed above average. The curvature of the lower back is gentle and lower abdomen protrudes the most of the three types. The second type is tall and slightly heavier than average and shoulders are raised a little. The shoulder blades protrude about average and the curvature of lower back is the most developed of all. The cheat is developed about average and the abdomen is a little protruding. The third type is the most common with the smallest height of the three and skinny with dropped shoulders. The chest is somewhat flat and the shoulder blades protrude about average.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.301-312
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• 2000

This study conducted an analysis of the middle aged women whose ages are from 35 to 59 years old in order to give those ladies much external satisfaction and covered body lines. I have come to present a few characters of body types as silhouettes which resulted in the factors of the upper bodies of middle aged women. I have adopted SAS(statistical analysis system) as a data process method of this survey. The followings are the results analysis. 1. The item of height have decreased, but increased in the items of thickness among the late middle aged women. 2. The body componant factor of middle aged women are extracted as 10 items, and the rate of their cumulative contribution is 78.9%. The first is the thickness of upper body, the second is the thickness of side upper body, the third is the height of upper body, the fourth is the length of upper body the fifth is width of upper body, the sixth is the projected rate of back, the seventh is the projected rate of breast, the eighth is the squared rate of shoulder, the ninth is the crooked rate of neck, and the tenth is the upper from of breast. 3. The body types of middle aged women can be classified into 4 types, and the followings are their characters. Type 1 is a standard type as the most common body character of the middle aged women, showing the appearing rate of 42.4%. Type 2 is a semi-curved body type like the curved figure of side body, showing the appearing rate of 34.5%. Type 3 is a reverse body type with the projected breast feature of front body, showing the appearing rate of 20.9%. Type 4 is a crooked body type with a tall height and crooked neck, showing the appearing rate of 2.2%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.22-33
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• 1991

The studies aimed to distinguish between initial (ionic or osmotic) effects of salinisation on growth and the longer-term consequences of excessive salt accumulation. Tall and dwarf varieties of rice were used to provide different growth rates. There was no significant effect upon the day-to-day pattern of growth, upon the ultimate length of leaves that were developing at the time of, or shortly after, salinisation with 50 mM NaCl. Leaves that developed after prolonged exposure of the plants to salinity were shorter. Addition of NaCl, KCl or mannitol to the root medium brought about a cessation of leaf elongation within one minute. Growth at a reduced rate restarted abruptly after a lag period that depended upon the external concentration. Elongation rate recovered to its original value within 24 hours after exposure to 50 mM NaCl, though not at higher concentrations. Addition of NaCl at concentrations up to 100 mM elicited no short-term effect upon photsynthetic gas exchange. No change in turgor pressure was detectable in the growing zone with the resolution of the miniature pressure probe used (about 70 kPa). It is concluded that the initial growth reduction in rice caused by salinisation is due to a limitation of water supply. A clear distinction is made between the initial effects of salt which are recoverable, and the long-term effects which result from the accumulation of salt within expanded leaves.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2000

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate chemical composition, dry matter(DM) digestibility, DM intake, relative feed value(RFV) and hay grade of imported roughage which was collected by wholesale dealer at Chungnam province in 1999. Experimental roughages includes 8 kinds of imported hays(com stover bale, tall fescue straw, green cell, bermudagrass straw, reed carnarygrass straw, alfalfa bale, sugarcane bale and oat hay) and mixture hay(control) which was harvested at Chungnam National University experimental field. Compared with mixture hay(control) except for alfalfa bale, crude protein of most imported roughage was low, but NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin compound were high. Futhermore, DM digestibility, DM intake, RFV and hay grade of imported roughage except for alfalfa bale was significantly lower than those of mixture hay(control)(P<0.05). Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the economic value in the aspect of quality for the imported roughages.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.339-352
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• 2014

This paper discusses the appropriate duration for basic gust wind speeds in wind loading codes and standards, and in wind engineering generally. Although various proposed definitions are discussed, the 'moving average' gust duration has been widely accepted internationally. The commonly-specified gust duration of 3-seconds, however, is shown to have a significant effect on the high-frequency end of the spectrum of turbulence, and may not be ideally suited for wind engineering purposes. The effective gust durations measured by commonly-used anemometer types are discussed; these are typically considerably shorter than the 'standard' duration of 3 seconds. Using stationary random process theory, the paper gives expected peak factors, $g_u$, as a function of the non-dimensional parameter ($T/{\tau}$), where T is the sample, or reference, time, and ${\tau}$ is the gust duration, and a non-dimensional mean wind speed, $\bar{U}.T/L_u$, where $\bar{U}$ is a mean wind speed, and $L_u$ is the integral length scale of turbulence. The commonly-used Durst relationship, relating gusts of various durations, is shown to correspond to a particular value of turbulence intensity $I_u$, of 16.5%, and is therefore applicable to particular terrain and height situations, and hence should not be applied universally. The effective frontal areas associated with peak gusts of various durations are discussed; this indicates that a gust of 3 seconds has an equivalent frontal area equal to that of a tall building. Finally a generalized gust response factor format, accounting for fluctuating and resonant along-wind loading of structures, applicable to any code is presented.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.509-519
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• 2017

Wind field in mountainous regions demonstrates unique distribution characteristic as compared with the wind field of the flat area, wind load and wind effect are the key considerations in structural design of television towers situated in mountainous regions. The television tower to be constructed is located at the top of Xiushan Mountain in Nanjing, China. In order to investigate the impact of terrain factors of hilltops on wind loads, firstly a wind tunnel test was performed for the mountainous area within 800m from the television tower. Then the tower basal forces such as bending moments and shear strength were obtained based on high frequency force balance (HFFB) test. Based on the experiments, the improved method for determining the load combinations was applied to extract the response distribution patterns of foundation internal force and peak acceleration of the tower top, then the equivalent static wind loads were computed under different wind angles, load conditions and equivalent goals. The impact of terrain factors, damping ratio and equivalent goals on the wind load distribution of a television tower was discussed. Finally the equivalent static wind loads of the television tower under the 5 most adverse wind angles and 5 most adverse load conditions were computed. The experimental method, computations and research findings provide important references for the anti-wind design of high-rise structure built on hilltops.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.411-419
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• 2009

This study was carried out to develop a shredding-burying machine for application of gramineae green manure crops that were tall and had high biomass yield such as sudan grass and rye. We made a prototype to operate both shredding and burying concurrently to attach at middle-sized tractors. Field tests were performed with the prototype to treat rye and sudan grass. The test results showed that the average cutting length became shorter and the quantity of entwined stem became obviously decreased when the PTO shaft speed was fast and running speed was slow. Also, We found, when the cut stem length became shorter, the burying ratio became more increasing and the PTO power requirement became more decreasing. Working efficiency of the prototype was better than conventional Rotary. The test results for treating rye/sudan grass with prototype showed that average cutting length was 21.2/22.5 cm and burying ratio was 98.4/98.1% when the PTO shaft speed was 1,000/1,000 rpm and running speed was 0.25/0.17 m/s. Also, the working performance of the prototype was 0.79 and 1.14 h/10 a for rye and sudan grass, respectively. Finally, we found that the prototype of shredding-burying machine was better for labor than conventional method that required at least 3 times bigger tractor.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.295-328
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• 2015

In recent years the monitoring of structural behavior through acquisition of vibrational data has become common practice. In addition, recent advances in sensor development have made the collection of diverse dynamic information feasible. Other than the commonly collected acceleration information, Global Position System (GPS) receivers and non-contact, optical techniques have also allowed for the synchronous collection of highly accurate displacement data. The fusion of this heterogeneous information is crucial for the successful monitoring and control of structural systems especially when aiming at real-time estimation. This task is not a straightforward one as measurements are inevitably corrupted with some percentage of noise, often leading to imprecise estimation. Quite commonly, the presence of noise in acceleration signals results in drifting estimates of displacement states, as a result of numerical integration. In this study, a new approach based on a time domain identification method, namely the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF), is proposed for correcting the "drift effect" in displacement or rotation estimates in an online manner, i.e., on the fly as data is attained. The method relies on the introduction of artificial white noise (WN) observations into the filter equations, which is shown to achieve an online correction of the drift issue, thus yielding highly accurate motion data. The proposed approach is demonstrated for two cases; firstly, the illustrative example of a single degree of freedom linear oscillator is examined, where availability of acceleration measurements is exclusively assumed. Secondly, a field inspired implementation is presented for the torsional identification of a tall tower structure, where acceleration measurements are obtained at a high sampling rate and non-collocated GPS displacement measurements are assumed available at a lower sampling rate. A multi-rate Kalman Filter is incorporated into the analysis in order to successfully fuse data sampled at different rates.