• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2006

In a wheel loader, the tail-pipe is installed at the exhaust tube of muffler for the reduction of exhaust noise and the cooling of engine room, however, the cabin noise level can be largely increased due to the tail-pipe. In this paper, to grasp and reduce the cabin noise, a series of noise and vibration tests were carried out in addition to numerical simulations. As a result, the transmission path of exhaust noise toward the cabin was exactly identified and the improved shape of tail pipe, that can reduce the cabin noise, was derived through various numerical simulations and real tests.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 폐자동차의 재활용 향상을 위하여 전량 소각 및 매립에 의해 처리되고 있는 폐자동차 tail lamp를 해체공정에서 회수하고, 마찰하전형정전선별법을 적용하여 재질분리 연구를 수행하였다. 하전특성 연구결과 PMMA재질이 폐자동차 tail lamp의 재질분리에 효과적인 하전물질로 확인되어, PMMA재질을 사용한 cyclone 하전장치를 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 cyclone 하전장치를 이용한 마찰하전형정전선별 실험결과, 최적 실험조건에서 폐자동차 tail lamp로부터 PMMA 재질의 품위와 회수율이 각각 99.0%와 90.2%인 결과를 얻어, 폐자동차 tail lamp를 재활용 할 수 있는 재질분리 기술을 확립하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.1036-1044
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• 2021

A linear array acoustic transducer with 12 tonpilz elements mounted independently on a gradual wedge-shaped tail mass was fabricated, tested and analyzed. The compensated transducer, which is modified by including a series inductance of 137 µH in the developed linear array transducer, attained improved figure of merit (FOM) performance characteristics compared with the uncompensated transducer. The four resonant frequency bands were identified from the measured FOM curve. The FOM response patterns over the frequency ranges of 31 to 40 kHz and 50 to 60 kHz were relatively uniform, whereas sharp resonance peaks were observed at around 73 kHz and 84 kHz. These results indicate that the developed linear array transducer can be used as an enhanced broadband transducer of echo sounder, and the operating frequency can be selected for more effective echo surveys in the fishing ground.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.97-130
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• 1979

Many industrial processes those employ bacteria are subjected to phage infestations. In L-glutamic acid fermentions using acetic acid, the phage infestations of the organisms have been recently recognized. In efforts to elucidate the sources of phage contamination involved in the abnormal fermentation, a series of study was conducted to isolate the phages both from the contents of abnormally fermented tanks and the soil or sewage samples from the surroundings of a fermentation factory, to define major charateristics of the phage isolates, and finally to determine the correlation between the phage isolates and temperate phages originating from the miscellaneous bacterial species isolated from the soil or sewage samples. The results are summarized as follows; 1) All phages were isolated from the irregular fermentation tanks and soil or sewage samples, and they were designated as phage PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6, and PR-7, in the order of isolation. These PR-series phages were proved to be highly specific for the variant strains of Br. lactofermentum only, namely, phage PR-1 and PR-2 for Br. lactofermentum No. 468-5 and phage PR-3~PR-7 for Br. lactofemrentum No. 2256. By cross-neutralization test, the 7 phagescould be subdivided into 3 groups, i. e., phage PR-I and PR-2 the first, phage PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6 the second, and the phage PR-7 the third. 2) The 7 phages were virulent under the experimental conditions. They produced plaques with clear and relatively sharp margins without distinct halo. The mean sizes of plaques were 1.5mm in diameter for phage PR-1 and PR-2, and 1. Omm for phages PR-3~PR-7. Double layer technique modified by Hongo and described by Adams, was applied to assay of the PR-series phages. The factors influencing the plaques were as follows;young age cells of host bacteria cultured for 3-6 hours represented the largest number and size, optimum was pH 7.0, incubation temperature was $30^{\circ}C$, and agar concentration and amount of overlayer medium were 0.6% and 0.2ml, respectively. 3) PR-series phages were stable in 0.05M tris buffer and 0.1M ammonium acetate buffer solution. The addition of $5{\times}10^{-3}M$ magnesium ion effectively increased the stability. Thermostability experiments indicated that PR-series phages were stable at the teinperture between $50^{\circ}{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ in nutrient medium, $45^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ in buffer solution. However, the phages mere completely inactivated at 603C and 65$^{\circ}$C within 10 minutes. The phages were stable at the range of pH6~9 in nutrient medium and of pH 8-9 in buffer solution, respectively. Exposure of the phages to UV for 25, 60 and 100 seconds resulted in the complete loss of infectivily, respectively. 4) Electron microscopy showed that PR-series phage particles exhibited rather similar morphology, differing in the size All of PR-series phages had a multilateral head and had a simple long tiil about three to five times long as compared with head. By the size, phage PR-1 and PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, and PR-6 and PR-7 were classified into same groups, respectively. The head and tail size of phage PR-1, PR-5, PR-5(T) and PR-7 were 85nm, 74nm and 235nm and 350mm, and 72nm and 210nm, respectively. 5) Nucleic acids of PR-series phages were double stranded DNA. The G+C contents of phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were 56.1, 52.9 and 53.7, respectively. The values of G+C contents derived from the $T_m$ were in agreement with the chemically determined values. 6) PR-series phages effectively adsorbed on their host bacteria at the rate of more than 90% during 5 min. K value for phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were calculated to be $6{\times}10^9 ml$ per minute, respectiveky. The pH of the medium did effect adsorption rate, but both temperature and age of host cells did not. Generally, optimum adsorption condition of phages seemed to be almost same as optimum growth conditions of host bacteria. 7) In one-step growth experiments, the latent periods at $30^{\circ}C$ for PR-1, and PR-7 were about 70, 50 and 55 min, respectively. The corresponding average burst size was 200, 70 and 90, respectively. Lpsis period according to the multiplicity of infection and a phage series. In case of m. o. i. 100, strain No. 2256 (PR-5) and No. 468-5(PR-1) failed to grow and turbidity decreased after 50 and 70min, respectively. 8) In the lysate of a plaque purified phage PR-5 infected bacteria, there observed 2 types ofphage particles, i. e., phage PR-5 and PR-5 (T) of similar morphology but differing at the length of phage tail, and phage tail like particles. The phage taillike particles could be divided into 4 types by the length. Induction experiments of Br. lactofermentum with UV irradiation, mitomycin C or bacitracin treatment produced neither phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles. 9) No lysis occured when the growth of 7 strains of miscellaneous bacteria, isolated from soil and sewage samples, were inoculated with either phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles the inoculation of phage PR-5 pellet resulted in the growth inhibition of the orgainsms in the spot test. The lysates obtained from 3 miscellaneous soil derived bacteria following mitomycin C treatment the growth of Br. lactofermentum, but did not lyze the bacterium.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.189-208
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• 2006

대부분의 국내 선행연구들은 이분산성은 GARCH모형으로, 꼬리위험은 EVT모형으로 따로 고려하였다. 이 경우 이분산성 및 꼬리의 두꺼움을 동시에 고려하지 못한 VaR값은 실제 위험량을 적절히 반영하지 못할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이분산성 및 꼬리의 두꺼움을 고려할 수 있는 GARCH-EVT모형이 정규분포를 가정한 VaR와 이분산성을 가정한 VaR보다 높은 성과를 나타내는지 살펴보았다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주식수익률은 정규분포보다는 꼬리부분이 두꺼운 형태를 보이고, 이분산성을 가진다. 이 경우 정규분포하에서 산출된 VaR는 실제 손실금액을 과소평가할 위험성이 있어 이분산성과 꼬리의 두꺼움을 감안할 수 있는 모형의 도입이 필요함을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 이분산성과 꼬리의 두꺼움을 고려한 GARCH-EVT모형하에서의 VaR는 정규분포를 가정한 VaR와 이분산성을 가정한 VaR보다 높은 성과를 보였다. 셋째, 이분산성 및 꼬리의 두꺼움을 고려한 GARCH-EVT모형하에서의 ES는 정규분포를 가정한 VaR와 이분산성을 가정한 VaR보다 높은 성과를 일관되게 보여주지 않았다. 결론적으로 이분산성과 꼬리의 두꺼움을 동시에 반영한 GARCH-EVT모형하에서 VaR가 금융기관의 위험관리의 유용한 도구가 될 수 있는 가능성을 발견하였다. 비록 상대적으로 높은 성과를 보이지는 않지만 ES는 VaR함께 위험척도로 같이 사용할 때 보수적인 위험관리 차원에 부합될 것이다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.239-259
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• 2019

The transmuted generalized extreme value (TGEV) distribution was first introduced by Aryal and Tsokos (Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications, 71, 401-407, 2009) and applied by Nascimento et al. (Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 45, 1847-1864, 2016). However, they did not give explicit expressions for all the moments, tail behaviour, quantiles, survival and risk functions and order statistics. The TGEV distribution is a more flexible model than the simple GEV distribution to model extreme or rare events because the right tail of the TGEV is heavier than the GEV. In addition the TGEV distribution can adjusted various forms of asymmetry. In this article, explicit expressions for these measures of the TGEV are obtained. The tail behavior and the survival and risk functions were determined for positive gamma, the moments for nonzero gamma and the moment generating function for zero gamma. The performance of the maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) of the TGEV parameters were tested through a series of Monte Carlo simulation experiments. In addition, the model was used to fit three real data sets related to financial returns.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2010년도 학술발표회
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• pp.571-575
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• 2010

Drought is a natural hazard with different properties that are usually dependent to each other. Therefore, a multivariate model is often used for drought frequency analysis. The Copula based bivariate drought severity and duration frequency analysis is applied in the current study in order to show the effect of tail behavior of drought severity and duration on the selection of a copula function for drought bivariate frequency analysis. Four copula functions, namely Clayton, Gumbel, Frank and Gaussian, were fitted to drought data of four stations in Iran and Canada in different climate regions. The drought data are calculated based on standardized precipitation index time series. The performance of different copula functions is evaluated by estimating drought bivariate return periods in two cases, [$D{\geq}d$ and $S{\geq}s$] and [$D{\geq}d$ or $S{\geq}s$]. The bivariate return period analysis indicates the behavior of the tail of the copula functions on the selection of the best bivariate model for drought analysis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 1984

An ultrastructural study on the mature spermatoBoa oi Cloptorchis sineitsis was carried out. For this study, the liver cukes were collected from the livers of rabbits and rats artificially infected with the metacercariae obtained from the fresh water fish, Pseudorasbora parve. Six-month old worms were used. The collected liver fiukes were washed with 0.85% saline solution and then immediately moved to cold 2% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffier (pH 7.4) . The materials were dissected into appropriate pieces in the fixative about 30 minutes after beginning of the fixation. Two hours later the materials containing the seminal receptacle were rinsed several times with the buffier and were secondarily fixed with cold, bugeyed 1% osmium tetroxide(OsO4) for 2 hours. The fully mixed tissue blocks Ivere dehydrated in a series of graded concentrations of acetone and were embedded in Epon 812 mixture. Thin sections obtained from LKB-5 ultramicrotome were stained with uranyl acetate and Reynold's lead citrate. Observations of the sections were carried out with JEM-100CX II electron microscope, In general, the mature sperm was long thread-like form with a sickle-shaped head. According to the longitudinal sectioned view of the sperm tail, the nucleus seemed to be spirally coiled and run a little far along the tail. The acrosome was not observed. The cytoplasm of the tail was biflagellated as usual in trematodes. Unlike other platyhelminth spermatozoa, the sperm tail of Clenorchis sinensis showed the ${\ulcorner}9+2{\lrcorner}$ in the microtubular arrangement. The mitochondria with poorly developed cristae were observed throughout the middle piece. The middle piece of the tail showed dull ladder or triangular shapes with the two flagella at the bottom. But, the principal piece of the tail was slightly flattened cylindrical shape with two aagella within the cytoplasm. The end piece was uniflagellated. It was not clearly identised whether the end piece was subdivided into two by aagellum or the lengths of the two aagella were different. The glycogen granules were rich in the cytoplasm throughout the lenght of the spermatozoa. These granules might be the energy source for the movement of the spermatosoa.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.189-197
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• 1997

A series of short (8 hours) and long term (96 hours) exposure studies was conducted on a laboratory scale to evaluation (1) the threshold concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon in seawater which can lead to tainting problems in yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata) and (2) the time to recover (depuration period) once the tainting has occurred. The water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil was prepared by stirring the oil with cold seawater. The main component of the WSF were low-boiling aromatics, although these were only al small proportion of the starting oil. From the sencory evaluation it was concluded that the threshold hydrocarbon levels in seawater which will impart a taint in yellow tail fillets within a 8-hour exposure period (short exposure period) are in the range of 0.4 to 1.0 ppm and within a 96-hour exposure period (long exposure period) are in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. Depuration trials were carried out with WSF from crude oil. The fish were exposed for 48 hours to concentration of 2.5 ppm hydrocarbons. After 48-hour exposure period, the fish were allowed to depurate in fresh, uncontaminated seawater. Depuration time for these fish was 10 days. The taste panelists were able to detect the contaminated fillets very easily while the depurated fish could not be distiguished from the control.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.55-67
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• 2021

This study aims to measure the lower tail dependence as risk contagion from the U.S. economy to 18 developing countries affecting FDI inflows using time-series data from 2005 to 2019. Firstly, we utilize four dynamic copula models, namely, Student-t, Clayton, rotated survival Gumbel, and rotated survival Joe, to measure the tail dependence structure between the U.S. and each developing country's real GDP growth. Secondly, we use the regression model to explore the contagion effects on FDI inflows. The results show that there is evidence of the tail dependence between the U.S and developing economies, indicating the presence of the contagion effects. Primarily, we observe that the degree of contagion effects of the global financial crisis varies across countries; a strong impact is observed in Chinese, South African, Russian, Colombian, and Mexican economic growth. Furthermore, we found significant contagion risk affecting FDI inflows positively in China, Indonesia, Columbia, Morocco, and negatively in the Philippines, Bulgaria, and South Africa. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the copulas model in terms of examining contagion. Our findings shed light on the influence of sound policies and regulations to cope with both positive and negative consequences of the contagion on the capital movement.