• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.97-112
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• 2007

Most traditional newspaper publishers provide online editions to counter the competition of online news providers. However, the relationship between the online and print editions of the same newspaper has not been clearly defined. Some see the online newspaper as a substitute, while others consider it a complement. A 2002 NAA online newspaper consumer survey indicated that one-third of its respondents said they were now using the print newspaper less. Others have argued that the online edition will not wipe out print consumption, and may even complement it. While the print edition offers particular advantages such as portability, less eye strain, and the tactile experience of a printed page, the online edition also offers specific advantages such as access to breaking news, continually updated information, access to old archives, etc. All these factors would tend to lower the degree of interchangeability between the products. However, recent empirical studies show that the online edition is a substitute for rather than a complement of the print edition. Still, to some print readers, the online edition provides additional value. In this paper, by capturing the two different aspects of online editions the substitute aspect and the additional value added aspect as well as other available online alternatives, we develop an analytical model to derive the optimal production and distribution strategies of both online and print editions. Confronting the "free versus fee" issue, we show that it is optimal to provide an online version of the print newspaper for free to non-print subscribers. However, the amount of free news content that the publishers need to put on the Web depends on the available alternatives on the online market. The "fee" and "free" options both have merits and demerits as well. If the publisher charges for the online version of the print newspaper, she can generate revenue from the fee charged to online readers. However, doing so will limit the size of the online audience and further reduce online advertising revenue. At the same time, by providing a high-quality online version and charging for it, the price of the print newspaper must stay low in order to lure high valued readers. On the contrary, if the publisher provides an online version of the print newspaper for free, she can obtain a larger audience for the online version. At the same time, by providing a low-quality online newspaper, the publisher can increase the print newspaper price to get more revenue from high valued offline readers, although no revenue is incoming from online version readers. Through systematic measuring of all the pros and cons, our analysis shows that the optimal option is not "fee" but "free."

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 2000

Purpose : Resection of the epileptogenic zone in the parietal and occipital lobes may be relevant although only few studies have been reported. Methods : Eight patients with parietal epilepsy and nine patients with occipital epilepsy were included for this study. Preoperatively, all had video-EEG monitoring with extracranial electrodes, MRI, 3D-surface rendering of MRI using Allegro(ISG Technologies Inc., Toronto, Canada), and PET scans. Sixteen patients underwent invasive recording with subdural grid. Eight had parietal resection including the sensory cortex in two. Seven had partial occipital resection. Two underwent total unilateral occipital lobectomy. The extent of the resection was made based mainly on the data of invasive EEG recordings, MRI, and 3D-surface rendering of MRI, not on the intraoperative electrocorticographic findings as usually done. During resection, electrocortical stimulation was performed on the motor cortex and speech area. Results : Out of eight patients with parietal epilepsy, three had sensory aura, two had gustatory aura, and two had visual aura. Six of nine patients with occipital epilepsy had visual auras. All had complex partial seizures with lateralizing signs in 15 patients. Four had quadrantopsia. One had mild right hemiparesis. Abnormality in MRI was noticed in six out of eight parietal epilepsy and in eight out of nine occipital epilepsy. 3D-surface rendering of MRI visualized volumetric abnormality with geometric spatial relationships adjacent to the normal brain, in all of parietal and occipital epilepsy. Surface EEG recording was not reliable in localizing the epileptogenic zone in any patient. The subdural grid electrodes can be implanted on the core of the structural abnormality in 3D-reconstructed brain. Ictal onset zone was localized accurately by subdural grid EEGs in 16 patients. Motor cortex in nine and sensory speech area in two were identified by electrocortical stimulation. Histopathologic findings revealed cortical dysplasia in 10 patients ; tuberous sclerosis was combined in two, hamartoma and ganglioglioma in one each, and subpial gliosis in six. Eleven patients were seizure free at follow-up of 6 months to 37 months(mean 19.7 months) after surgery. Seizures recurred in two and were unchanged in one. Six produced transient sensory loss and one developed hemiparesis and tactile agnosia. One revealed transient apraxia. Two patients with preoperative quadrantopsia developed homonymous hemianopsia. Conclusion : This study suggests that surgical treatment was relevant in parietal and occipital epilepsies with good surgical outcome, without significant neurologic sequelae. Neuroimaging studies including conventional MRI, 3Dsurface rendering of MRI were necessary in identifying the epileptogenic zone. In particular, 3D-surface rendering of MRI was very helpful in presuming the epileptogenic zone in patients with unidentifiable lesion in the conventional MRI, in planning surgical approach to lesions, and also in making a decision of the extent of the epileptogenic zone in patients with identifiable lesion in conventional MRI. Invasive EEG recording with the subdural grid electrodes helped to confirm a core of the epileptogenic zone which was revealed in 3D-surface rendered brain.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.445-452
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• 2015

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that delivers a low-intensity direct current to the cortical areas, thereby facilitating or inhibiting spontaneous neuronal activity. This study was designed to examine the changes in various sensory functions after tDCS. A single-center, single-blinded, randomized trial was conducted to determine the effect of a single session (August 4 to August 29) of tDCS with the current perception threshold (CPT) in 50 healthy volunteers. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed in relation to the median sensory and motor nerves on the dominant hand to discriminate peripheral nerve lesions. The subjects received anodal tDCS with 1mA for 15 minutes under two different conditions, with 25 subjects in each group. The conditions were as follows: tDCS on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and sham tDCS on DLPFC. The parameters of the CPT was recorded with a Neurometer$^{(R)}$ at frequencies of 2000, 250 and 5 Hz in the dominant index finger to assess the tactile sense, fast pain and slow pain, respectively. In the test to measure the CPT values of the DLPFC in the anodal tDCS group, the values increased significantly in all of 250 and 5 Hz. All CPT values decreased for the sham tDCS. These results showed that DLPFC anodal tDCS can modulate the sensory perception and pain thresholds in healthy adult volunteers. This study suggests that tDCS may be a useful strategy for treating central neurogenic pain in rehabilitation medicine.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 2008

Background: The adrenergic nervous system in the spinal cord contributes to the development of neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Brain derived neurotrophic factor may facilitate the sympathetic change in the spinal cord and influence the state of neuropathic pain. We probed the effect of chronic repetitive administration of systemic 4-methylcatechol, which is known to be a neurotrophic factor inducer, in a spinal nerve ligation model. Methods: We made the rat neuropathic pain model by the ligation of the L5 spinal nerve. Intraperitoneal 4-methylcatechol ($10{\mu}g/kg$) or the same volume of saline wasadministrated twice daily just after the operation for 7 days. The tactile allodynia was measured by using von Frey filaments and its change was followed up from 3 days after SNL. The lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord was taken out and the mRNA contents of the ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ subtypes were measured by real time polymerase chain reaction and this was then compared with the control groups. The antiallodynic effect of intrathecal clonidine (3, 10, $30{\mu}g$) was evaluated and compared in the 4-methylcatechol treated rats and the control rats. Results: The expression of the ${\alpha}_{2A}$ and ${\alpha}_{2C}$ adrenoceptor subtypes did not change after 4-methylcatechol treatment. Intrathecal clonidine showed an earlier and better effect at the highest dose ($30{\mu}g$ intrathecal), but not with any other doses. Conclusions: Chronic intraperitoneal administration of 4-methylcatechol may improve the effect of intrathecal clonidine, but we could not prove the increase of ${\alpha}_{2A}$ and ${\alpha}_{2C}$ adrenoceptors in the spinal cord of 4-methylcatechol treated rats.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.3 s.65
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• pp.105-116
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• 2006

In product manufacturing industries, a recent issue is the green concept. The green concept is a complicated area. If the green concept is for products, its serious issues have to be criticized. Although the importance of the green concept has overflowed, its influences have not been disputed vigorously. So this study is to critic the serious issues of the green concept in aesthetics in product design, manufacturing, and products' prices. The green environment has four representative elements: systems, policies, minds, and technologies, but they are not in the field of design. An element of the green concept, green design is also a sub concept for design, so it should be based on aesthetics. It is green aesthetics. But since green design first appeared, it has never approached by aesthetics because it has mostly had social meanings and expectations. So for green aesthetics, to think about what makes a product, and what can be aesthetic issues among them are important. Products consist of form, structure, material, and technology. Form means different shapes in a structure, but there cannot be any specific directions for a green concept. Structure has two kinds: interior and exterior structure. While interior structure has a technological character, exterior structure is deeply related with aesthetics, but it has also no chance for green concept. Material can be divided as two also: aesthetic and technological. Aesthetics materials mean the colors, opacity, and tactile sense of materials, but they are not aesthetic issues. Technological materials are recycled materials or non-recycled materials. Even if recycled materials are used today, they are close to systems or policies rather than aesthetics. With this result, green aesthetics is a very difficult concept. Second, green products are usually 30% more expensive than general products. But every consumer has his or her own economical conditions, and nobody can coerce consumers into buying expensive green products for green environments. And green products without good quality cannot satisfy consumers. This means that green concept is not accomplished by just manufacturing green products. Third, although a lot of proposals have appeared as green design in exhibitions, most of them are close to craft because they are so hard to be manufactured. Manufacturing is the first consideration for products. These three issues are enough to explain why green concept is complicated in manufacturing products. If they are not solved, the green concept is just a fiction. So if this study proposes a turning point against blind green-oriented atmosphere, it will be meaningful enough.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 1996

During the development of hepatic encephalopathy after thioacetamide (TAA) injection to rat, EEG was recorded at two different states: without or with tactile stimulation of tail at regular intervals. Calculations based on the spectral and band analysis were used. The changes in the power spectra and bands were examined in 3 different behavioral stages: normal, mild ataxia and severe ataxia. In normal rats, the stimulation produced the increase in the power of the theta $(3.5{\sim}8\;Hz)$ and the gamma $(30{\sim}50\;Hz)$ bands. These changes could not be produced in rats with the mild and severe ataxia. The changes in the power of the theta band occurred earlier than those of the beta3 and the gamma bands in the stimulated state. Gradual decreases in the spectral power of the beta3 $(21{\sim}30\;Hz)$ and the gamma bands were correlated with the progress of the stages from normal condition to mild to severe ataxia in both unstimulated and stimulated states. The results indicate that the spectral and band analysis used in this study can quantify the severity of the neurological malfunction during HE.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2007

Objective: The first aim of this study is to determine the effects of acupuncture on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) via Heart Rate (HR) and Pupil Size (PS), and to compare the effects of acupuncture on the subjects' ANS when they are in a sitting position with the effects when they are in a supine position. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects were randomized to receive either verum acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position (SitV), verum acupuncture stimulation in a supine position (SupV), sham acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position (SitS), and sham acupuncture stimulation in a supine position (SupS). Acupuncture stimulation was applied to Neguan point (PC6) on the forearm. The subject's electrocardiogram (ECG) and pupil size were recorded continuously from 5 min before stimulation to 12 min after stimulation. Results: Verum and sham acupuncture stimulation were found to have reduced heart rate (p<0.01) and to have increased pupil size (p<0.01) in all the subjects. But when the reduction in HR and the increment in PS after verum acupuncture stimulation (both sitting and supine position) were compared with those after sham acupuncture stimulation, it was found that the reduction in HR (74.48 and 73.47 bpm, p<0.063) and the increment of PS (7.32 and, 6.10 mm, p<0.001) after verum acupuncture stimulation were greater than those after sham acupuncture stimulation, and that the corresponding values were statistically significant. In addition, at the baseline, it was found that the subjects had a larger PS and a faster HR in a sitting position than when they did so in a supine position. And then the reduction and increment ratio in the subject's HR and PS when they underwent acupuncture stimulation in a sitting position was significantly different from the reduction and increment in their HR and PS when they underwent the procedure in a supine position-i.e., the reduction ratio in HR was greater when they underwent the procedure in a sitting position, and such reduction ratio was statistically significant (p<0.05). As for the increment in PS, it was greater when the subjects underwent the procedure in a supine position, and such increment was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Manual acupuncture stimulation on Neguan point (PC6) has more significant influence on the autonomic nervous system rather than sham acupuncture (tactile stimulation). And the position-induced different states of ANS have different influence on the acupuncture effect.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 2013

For video reality improvement, there has been much advancement in the methods of providing visual, auditory, and tactile information. On the other hand, there is little research on olfaction for video reality because it is difficult to define and knotty to manipulate. As a first step for video reality improvement using olfactory information, this research investigated users' acceptability of smell when they watch videos of various kinds and then classified the video clips based on their acceptability of different criteria. To do so, we first selected three questions of whether the scene in the video appears to have an odor (odor presence), whether a matching odor is likely to improve a sense of reality (effect on sense of reality), and whether s/he would like a matching odor to be present (preference for the matching odor). Then after collecting 51 video clips of various genres that would receive either high or low ratings for the questions above, we had participants to watch the videos and rate them for the above three questions on 7-point scale. For video classification, we paired each two questions to construct 2D space to draw scatterplot of video clips where the scales of the two questions represent X or Y axis. Clusters of video clips that locate at different quadrants of the 2D space would provide important insights in providing olfactory information for video reality improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.299-305
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• 2018

Perception refers to the process of acquiring all the information about the environment through various sensory organs such as the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory senses and integrating and interpreting the information transmitted to the brain. The ability to use these perceptions efficiently is called perceptual skill, and perceptual skill is an important factor for improving performance in the field of sports. As a result, many researchers have developed various perceptual training programs to maximize these perceptual skills while they have also progressed on attempting to verify their effects. The perceptual skill training introduced in this study is a training method that focuses on visual perception and is a training method that is applied in the United States and Europe. to improve sports performance. As a result of carrying out the perceptual skills training based on the kicker's important clue (the kicker's hip - the angle of the body and foot before kicking) to the goalkeeper in the situation of a soccer penalty kick improved the ability of predicting the direction of the ball while even in tennis, carrying out the perceptual skills training based on the server's important clue (position, ball, racket) improved the accuracy of the ability to predict in the direction of serve. Recently, there have been numerous research studies that were carried out on such perceptual skills training, but the number of studies conducted are insufficient, especially in Korea where research studies on perceptual training seem to be in a relatively neglected state. In addition, extensive studies need to be carried out to investigate whether the improvement of perceptual skills in the laboratory situation can be transitioned to an actual performance situation. Therefore, in order to elevate sports performance, researchers need to examine the perceptual training program's extent of necessity as well as the research direction regarding its effects.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.102-109
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• 2007

This is an analysis study about the pictorial frame of Georges Schwizgebel's animation "The Subject of Picture", focusing on Deleuze's frame theory. First of all, the shapes in the frame of the animation is the representation of the tactile sensation from the erased vestiges of the characters. It shows the metamorphosis of the erased vestiges of the shapes by Deleuze's sensibility theory. Besides, the layout of the animation's background has similar property with the aplat which was mentioned by Deleuze. It means that the background of the animation correspond to the aplat which is other boundary different from reality, and the character which has the minimum embodiment about the object makes the shape newly through the distortion of the shape. Secondly, as the problem of frames in terms of the continuity of time, the meaning in Schwizgebel's animation is created by the relation between each frame. It means that the depiction of the shape itself by the composition between each frame is composed of the frame. Eventually, Schwizgebel's work is the animation which has the characteristic of the modem cinema and is the crystal depiction that deviates from rules and logics of the object which was mentioned by Deleuze.