• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

The purpose of treatment for uncomplicated malaria is to produce a radical cute using the combination of: artesunate (4 mg/kg/day) plus mefloquine (8 mg/kg/day) for 3 days; a fixed dose of artemether and lumefantrine (20/120 mg tablet) named $Coartem^{\circledR}$ (4 tablets twice a day for three days for adults weighing more than 35 kg); quinine 10 mg/kg 8-hourly plus tetracycline 250 mg 6-hourly for 7 days (or doxycycline 200 mg as an alternative to tetracycline once a day for 7 days) in patients aged 8 years and over; $Malarone^{\circledR}$ (in adult 4 tablets daily for 3 days). In treating severe malaria, early diagnosis and treatment with a potent antimalarial drug is recommended to save the patient's life. The antimalarial drugs of choice are: intravenous quinine or a parenteral form of an artemisinin derivative (artesunate i.v./i.m. for 2.4 mg/kg followed by 1.2 mg/kg injection at 12 and 24 hr and then daily for 5 days; artemether i.m. 3.2 mg/kg injection followed by 1.6 mg/kg at 12 and 24 hrs and then dialy for 5 days; arteether i. m. ($Artemotil^{\circledR}$) with the same dose of artemether or artesunate suppository (5 mg/kg) given rectally 12 hourly for 3 days. Oral arlemisinin derivatives (artesunate, artemether, and dihydroartemisinin with 4 mg/kg/day) could replace parenteral forms when patients can tolerate oral medication. Oral mefloquine (25 mg/kg divided into two doses 8 hrs apart) should be given at the end of the artemisinin treatment course to reduce recrudescence.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2010

Objectives : The oriental medicine Jangwonhwan originally described in the Korean medical text, DonguiBogam(amnesia chapter). Recently, a modified formula of Jangwonhwan(LMK02-Jangwonhwan), was shown to reduce $\beta$-amyloid deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. This experiment aimed to investigate the acute oral toxicity of LMK02 in SD rats by up-and-down procedure determinations. Methods : Quality control of tablet form of LMK02 was established by estimating indicative components, Ginsenoside Rg3 of Red Ginseng and Decursin of Angelicagigas Nakai. The toxicity of LMK02 was investigated in 6 week old, specific pathogen free(SPF), Sprageu-Dawley rats. 3 female rats received 5,000 mg/10 ml/kg of test substance and their death rate, clinical sings, weight changes and autopsy findings had been observed for 2 weeks. Results : Any specific symptoms or death were resulted in this experiment. No significant changes in rats' weight. No significant differences in atopsy. Conclusions : The minimum lethal dose(MLD) of LMK02 for female Sprauge-Dawley rats were more than 5,000mg/kg in this experiment.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.365-372
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• 2004

Two simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of three fluoroquinolones, namely levofloxacin, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin have been performed either in pure form or in their tablets. In the first method, levofloxacin and norfloxacin are directly treated with bromocresol green (BCG) in dichloromethane while ciprofloxacin is allowed to react with the same dye in aqueous acidic buffer. Highly yellow colored complex species were formed instantaneously in case of levofloxacin and norfloxacin or after extraction into dichloromethane for ciprofloxacin. The formed complexes are quantified spectrophotometrically at their absorption maxima at 411 nm for levofloxacin and 412 nm for norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The second method involves the reaction of levofloxacin with ${\rho}$-chloranilic acid ( ${\rho}$-CA) and norfloxacin with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in acetonitrile to give complexes with maximum absorbance at 521 and 333 nm for the two drugs, respectively. Adopting the first procedure, calibration graphs were linear over the range 1- 20 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ with mean percentage recoveries of 100.41 ${\pm}$ 0.72, 99.99 ${\pm}$ 0.54 and 100.23 ${\pm}$ 0.91 for the theree drugs, respectively. For the second procedure, the concentration ranges were 15-250 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ for levofloxacin using ${\rho}$-CA and 0.8-16 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ for norfloxacin using TCNE with mean percentage recoveries of 99.88 ${\pm}$ 0.45 and 100.26 ${\pm}$ 0.68 for the two drugs, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to determine these drugs in their tablet formulations and the results compared favorably to that of reference methods. The proposed methods are recommended for quality control and routine analysis.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.179-189
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• 2000

Clebopride malate(Cm) is a new benzamide drug which has a potent central antidopaminergic activity possessing antiemetic and anxiolytic properties. A purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of formulating sustained release preparation by dispersing a drug in hydrophilic polymeric matrices and double layered tablets(DLT), using HPMC, carbopol, PEO, PVP/VA and other polymers as a rate controlling barrier. The matrix and DLT showed optimum dissolution pattern up to 8 hours and the contents of polymer were optimized at 30% level in this preparation. After an oral administration in beagle dog, Cm concentration was determined by use of GC-ECD and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by Vallner's method. The AUC of DLT showed similar results and the duration of action was increased 55% compared to that of regular release dosage form. The calculated absorption rate effectiveness(ARE) and controlled release effectiveness(CRE) for DLT increased 50% compared to that of matrix, the overall effectiveness(E) of this product appears to be about 70%. in vivo effectiveness test, DLT showed significant differences from control on antiemetic action of Cm. In consequence, it was possible to conclude that double layered tablet might be a good candidate for the sustained release dosage forms.

• 약학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.187-195
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• 1998

In order to ameliorate disadvantages of buccal ointments and mucoadhesive tablets used for the treatment of aphthosis, a thin mucoadhesive patch containing triamcinolone acetoni de was designed and evaluated for the pharmaceutical properties. The adhesive gel layer consisting of Noveon AA-1, hydroxypropylcellulose-M and ethylcellulose N 100, and the protective gel layer of ethylcellulose N 100, Eudragit RSPO and castor oil have been formulated and various properties such as viscosity of drug gel layer, thickness, in vitro adhesion time, adhesive strength, surface pH, content uniformity and drug release are tested. The mean viscosity of drug-containing gel layer was found to increase with increasing amount of Noveon OAA-1 or hydroxypropylcellulose-M. The optimum formulation showed the thickness of 171 ${\mu}$m, surface pH of 4.6, in vitro adhesion time of 8 hours and adhesive strength of 272.7g/sheet. The drug content of each patch was relatively homogeneous with the value of 273${\pm}$6.77g. Drug release study showed that compared to mucoadhesive tablet, the patch showed a faster drug release. Drug release was delayed by hydroxypropylcellulose-M, but not by ethylcellulose N 100. The patches prepared were nonirritant and the muco adhesion was better than the commercial product (AftachR) on the market. Based on these results, this mucoadhesive patch is expected to be an effective dosage form for the treatment of aphthosis.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제49권7호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2012

컴퓨터 기술이 발전함에 따라 스마트폰, 태블릿 PC 등의 보급이 확산되고 디지털 매체로의 접근이 용이해졌다. 컴퓨터의 하드웨어 성능이 향상되고, 하드웨어 형태의 변화가 발생하였지만 기본적으로 이루어지는 동작 매커니즘의 변화는 이루어지지 않았다. 일반적으로 컴퓨터의 프로그램이 동작하게 되면 프로그램에서 사용하는 데이터가 메모리에 상주하게 된다. 이러한 데이터는 운영체제 동작의 효율성 때문에 메모리에 남아있게 되나, 메모리 덤프나 실시간 메모리 분석을 통해 메모리 내의 데이터에 접근이 가능하다. 이 데이터를 악용할 경우 사용자의 개인정보나 암호화 키, 기밀 데이터 등이 유출될 수 있기 때문에 대응 방안이 마련되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 가상 메모리의 주소를 이용해 해당 프로세스의 물리 메모리 주소를 찾아내고 해당 프로세스의 메모리 데이터 초기화를 이용하여 사용자의 데이터 유출을 최소화하는 방안을 제안한다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.28-40
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of monuments in the Seoul Foreigners′ cemetery at Yanghwajin, a place where many prominent Christian missionaries and other Christians have been buried near Choltusan. In considering the characteristics of gravestone details, the researcher has divided the details into 4 analysis categories: forms, symbols, epitaphs, and materials. For this research, 281 monuments were selected including 68 of missionaries, 26 of U. S. Army Soldiers, and 13 of teachers. The analysis revealed that there were 26 types of monuments. This includes simple and standardized types like the tablet, headstone, marker, and monolith. These were used more often than other shaped types such as the Cross, obelisk, sculpture, etc. Standardized types made in Korea have been preferred after the 1950s even though the beauty of the gravestones has been degraded. Symbolical decorations related to religious, social, professional or military emblems were also introduced to strengthen their symbolical objectives. Among them, fie Cross was the most predominant Christian symbol and emblem. The families wanted to inscribe epitaphs, the greater part of which originated from the Bible, poems, idioms related to tribute, rest, supplications to deity, love, achievement, to express human sentiment and religious faith. When using materials for making monuments, monument makers have mostly used stone because of its durability. Until the 1950s, various stones had been used to make monuments, for most marble and granite were brought from foreign countries. These were very different from the Korean white marble stone used for many monuments. After the 1950s, the source of stone has been limited to Korean stone, for Korean could make stone monuments that foreigners were agreeable. Especially, a black marble stone called "O-Suk" which means black stone, has been used as a main material. The study identified the following characteristics of monument details in the Seoul foreigners′ cemetery at Yanghwajin. First, Christianity has been applied as the main concept, while symbolizing the homogeneity of religious, family, social, professional or military groups by having the symbolic form, symbol, and epitaph in common. Second, monuments made after the 1950s have been standardized into unattractive and monotonous forms by the limited materials, and so the beauty of the monuments has been degraded.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.45-62
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• 2021

Objectives : To study the characteristics and meaning of the division pharmaceutical method in the Donguibogam through analysis of formulas that apply such method. Methods : Each formula applying the division method within the Donguibogam was analyzed Results & Conclusions : In the Donguibogam, medicinals to which the division pharmaceutical method was applied were baizhu[白朮], cangzhu[蒼朮], zhiqiao[枳殼], wuzhuyu[吳茱萸], xiangfuzi[香附子], chuanlianzi[川練子], huangbo[黃柏], etc. Formulas where this method was used were few, while the four methods that were used, together with the Center represents the principle of the five phases. The formulas that applied the division method usually did not adopt the tablet or decoction form, which means they were meant to treat slowly, treating deficiency or stagnation diseases due to problems in the middle-lower body such as the Spleen, Liver and Kidney. It could be said that compared to other more common formulas, this was a unique method. The division pharmaceutical method allows for usage of a wider variety of processing methods compared to single ingredient formulas, while there is lower chance of interference among the different types of processing. Another benefit is that the properties of the main medicinal ingredient could be preserved as much as possible. In addition, the division method allows for the main ingredient and the processed ingredient to interact exclusively, after which the processed medicinal is eliminated leaving only the main ingredient. This allows for maximum improvement of the main ingredient. The division method includes the principles of formula composition as well, whose concept could be positioned between single ingredient formulas and common formulas.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.592-600
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• 2021

Probiotics can be processed into a powder, tablet, or capsule form for easy intake. They are exposed to frequent stresses not only during complex processing steps, but also in the human body after intake. For this reason, various coating agents that promote probiotic bacterial stability in the intestinal environment have been developed. Silk fibroin (SF) is a material used in a variety of fields from drug delivery systems to enzyme immobilization and has potential as a coating agent for probiotics. In this study, we investigated this potential by coating probiotic strains with 0.1% or 1% water-soluble calcium (WSC), 1% SF, and 10% trehalose. Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, cell viability, cell surface hydrophobicity, and cell adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells were then measured. The survival ratio after freeze-drying was highest upon addition of 0.1% WSC. The probiotic bacteria coated with SF showed improved survival by more than 10.0% under simulated gastric conditions and 4.8% under simulated intestinal conditions. Moreover, the cell adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells was elevated by 1.0-36.0%. Our results indicate that SF has positive effects on enhancing the survival and adhesion capacity of bacterial strains under environmental stresses, thus demonstrating its potential as a suitable coating agent to stabilize probiotics throughout processing, packaging, storage and consumption.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.60-77
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• 2021

2007년부터 2011년에 걸쳐 충남 태안에서는 태안선과 마도 1호, 마도 2호, 마도 3호 등 4척의 고려시대 선박이 발견되었고 동시기 목간 175건이 함께 출수되었다. 태안의 목간은 고려시대 목간의 유일한 발견 사례이며, 서사 재료로서 종이가 목간을 대체한 시점에서 화물표[하찰목간]라는 특수한 용도로만 쓰이던 목간의 사용 실태를 보여준다. 태안 목간에는 운송과 관련한 연대, 수취인, 발송지, 화물 종류, 수량 및 단위, 발송 또는 선적 책임자 등의 정보가 적혀 있어 화물의 성격을 짐작할 수 있으며, 목간 내용의 기재 방식, 형태, 재료와 제작 방법 등의 고찰을 통해 고려 사람들이 선호했던 목간의 형태와 특징 등을 확인할 수 있다. 태안의 목간은 기재 양식상 정해진 틀이 없이 자율적으로 기록되었다. 또한 화물에 부착하기 위한 가장 효과적인 형태인 상단에 홈이 있는 목간이 가장 많이 사용되었으며, 제작 과정에서 작업의 효율성 제고, 제작 공정의 간소화를 우선시하였다. 태안의 목간은 같은 시기, 동일한 용도의 신안선 및 중국 복건성(福建省) 천주만(泉州灣) 해선(海船)의 목간과 비교해볼 수 있다. 기재 내용과 양식 면에서 중국의 목간은 화주(貨主)를 중심으로 표기하고, 태안의 목간은 수취인과 함께 다른 정보도 비교적 자세히 기재하였다. 형태 면에서 중국의 목간은 두께 1cm 이하이고 하단부를 뾰족하게 다듬었으나, 태안의 목간은 두께와 하단부 모양이 일정하지 않다는 점이 다르다. 또한 제작 방법과 재료 선택에서도 중국과 한국의 목간은 차이가 있다. 이는 국내 화물 운송용이었던 고려 선박과 국제 무역을 목적으로 하는 중국 선박의 운항 거리, 화물의 성격, 운송 관리 체계, 화물 포장 방식, 운송 주체와 관계가 있는 것으로 파악된다. 중국과의 비교는 대상 연구 자료의 부족으로 인해 단편적이라는 한계가 있으나 향후 고려 목간 연구의 지평을 넓히는 기초 자료가 되기를 기대한다.