• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.591-597
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• 2009

B-type natriuretic peptide is a neurohormone secreted in the cardiac ventricles. BNP levels are elevated in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Therefore, the concentration of BNP is important factor to reflect diagnosis and prognosis for cardiovascular disease. In this respect, anti-BNP scFv is an urgent requirement for early diagnosis in the field of biosensor. Herein, the genetic codes of anti-BNP scFv were chemically synthesized and cloned into both pET22b (+) and pColdⅣ vector, respectively. The recombinant scFv was successfully expressed as a functional form in cytoplasm of E. coli and detected through Western blot and ELISA. The highest level of functional expression of anti-BNP scFv was achieved using pET22b (+) vector at $15^{\circ}C$ by addition of 0.1 mM IPTG. Additionally, being exposed to both BNP and ANP, anti-BNP scFv specifically captured only BNP. Therefore, anti-BNP scFv expressed in this study will be applied to measure the concentration of BNP as a diagnostic recognition molecule.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 2010

Purpose: In nuclear medicine study, there are two methods, preset count method and preset time method, to acquire static images. We usually use preset count method for static image in $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA renal scan, but occasionally use preset time method. In case of using preset count method, we always acquire same counts but it causes a difference of scan time. In case of using preset time method, it takes same scan time to acquire images but it causes different counts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate any differences of function and formal information in both kidney by acquisition counts Materials and Methods: From January 11, 2010 to March 31, 2010, we analyzed the 30 patients (M: 11, W: 19). who were examined by $^{99m}Tc$-DMSA scan and have one side of functioning kidney relatively between 40~60%. And the patients who have cold and hot region in image were analyzed but we did not accept images of patients when it was hard to divide kidney into cortex. There was no division between subjects and age of subjects is $14.83{\pm}22.07$ old. We used the BrightView gamma camera from PHILIPS. To analyze function and formal of kidney, we used JET stream release 3.0 version from PHILIPS. Using SPSS 12.0 program, we compared descriptive statistics and paired T-test. Images were acquired sequentially in the same parameters, but there are three methods which different from acquisition time and scan time, 100 kcounts, 300 kcounts and 7 minutes method (exceed 300 kcounts). To assess function and formal information of kidney, we measured renal relative function, geometric mean and size of kidney and analyzed each difference. Results: In case of renal relative function in both kidney, 100 kcounts method was $50.52{\pm}3.64%$. 300 kcounts method was $50.38{\pm}3.66%$ and 7 minutes method was $49.91{\pm}3.40%$ and there were no statistical significant differences between each method. In case of geometric mean, 100 kcounts method was $50.08{\pm}3.25%$. 300 kcounts method was $49.89{\pm}3.40%$ and 7 minutes method was $49.91{\pm}3.24%$. And also, there were no statistical significant differences. When comparing size of kidney, 100 kcounts method was $8.23{\pm}1.96$ cm. 300 kcounts method was $8.12{\pm}1.90$ cm and 7 minutes method was $8.35{\pm}1.97$ cm. In case of right kidney, 100 kcounts method was $7.91{\pm}1.88$ cm. 300 kcounts method was $8.12{\pm}1.90$ cm and 7 minutes method was $8.25{\pm}1.96$ cm. From those values, we recognized that there were significant differences each method (p<0.05). Conclusion: From results of this study, there were no statistical differences in renal relative function and geometric mean by acquisition counts. However, in shape of kidney, the more acquisition counts are increasing, the more size of kidney is getting big. And there were statistical significant differences. Therefore, to perform reliable quantitative result, preset count method is more desirable than preset time method. Especially, in case of a follow-up test, if we use preset time method, it will cause differences of formal results in kidney due to acquisition counts each time we examine patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.486-491
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• 2007

Background: This study examined the relationship between the pleural adenosine deaminase (ADA) level and the patterns of pleural enhancement in patients with a tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) shown on a CT scan. Methods: The charts and CT findings of 44 patients with TPE from February 2002 to October 2006 were reviesed retrospectively. A diagnosis of TPE was made by the pleural ADA level with a follow-up (24/44), sputum smear or culture of sputum (16/44), pleural fluid culture (3/44) or pleural biopsy (1/44). The patients were divided into two groups according to the ADA level(Group I [n=12]: 40-70, Group II [n=32]: >70 U/L). The presence or absence, maximal thickness and patterns of pleural enhancement were analyzed. The pattern of pleural enhancement was classified into diffuse or focal, smooth or irregular and interrupted or continuous. The difference in CT findings between groups I and group II were analyzed using an unpaired T test, Chi-square test and Z test. Results: All 44 patients showed diffuse pleural enhancement on the CT scans. The maximal pleural thickness of groups I and II was $1.83{\pm}1.03mm$ (1-4 mm) and $3.63{\pm}1.78mm$ (1-8 mm), respectively (p =0.0002). Pleural thickening ${\geq}5mm$ was only demonstrated in 31.3% of patients in group II (10/32). Diffuse interrupted pleural thickening was noted in 91.7% (11/12) of patients in group I and 62.5% (20/32) in group II, respectively. Diffuse continuous pleural thickening was observed in 8.3% (1/12) of patients in group I and 37.5% (12/32) in group II, respectively (p=0.0748). Conclusion: Pleural thickening ${\geq}5mm$ on the contrast enhanced CT is rare in patients with lymphocyte-dominant TPE in whom the pleural ADA level is between 40-70 U/L.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2008

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) not only causes respiratory disturbances during sleep but also decreases the quality of nocturnal sleep through sleep fragmentation and sleep structure change. We aimed at comparing the changes in sleep fragmentation and structure between baseline (diagnostic) nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) and nCPAP (nasal continuous positive airway pressure) titration trial. Methods: One hundred and three patients with a baseline night of respiratory disturbance index (RDI) of 5 or greater and reduced RDI score during nCPAP titration night were retrospectively selected for the study. Sleep fragementation and sleep structure between baseline NPSG and the NPSG during nCPAP titration were compared. Sleep fragmentation index (SFI) was defined as the total number of awakenings and shifts to stage 1 sleep divided by the total sleep time in hour. SFI and other polysomnographic parameters were statistically compared between the two nights. Results: SFI during baseline NPSG and nCPAP titration nights were $29.0{\pm}13.8$ and $15.2{\pm}8.8$, respectively, indicating a significant SFI decrease during nCPAP titration (t=9.7, p<0.01). SFI showed significant negative correlations with sleep efficiency (r=-0.60, p<0.01) and total sleep time (r=-0.45, p<0.01) and a positive correlation with RDI (r=0.28, p<0.01). Conclusion: Use of nCPAP, even during the titration, significantly decreases sleep fragmentation and improves sleep structure in OSAS patients. We suggest that SFI may be utilized as a measure of assessing OSAS severity and nCPAP efficacy.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.626-635
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• 2017

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting confidence in performance of fundamental nursing skills in nursing students. Participants were 318 nursing students who haven't had clinical practice experiences to the point of data collection in two universities in B and U cities. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheff? test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. The mean scores of self-directed learning ability, satisfaction with practicum, and confidence in performance of fundamental nursing skills were $3.38{\pm}0.40$, $3.93{\pm}0.59$, and $3.40{\pm}0.61$, respectively. Correlations were found between confidence in performance of fundamental nursing skills and self-directed learning ability (r=.289, p<.001) and satisfaction with practicum (r=.353, p<.001), and between self-directed learning ability and satisfaction with practicum (r=.393, p<.001). Factors influencing the confidence in the performance of fundamental nursing skills were satisfaction with practicum (${\beta}=.24$, p<.001), self-directed learning ability (${\beta}=.15$, p=.010), and attitude to practicum participation (${\beta}=.13$, p=.027). These factors explained 15.6% of the variance in the participants' confidence in performance of fundamental nursing skills. Therefore, effective nursing educational programs need to be developed in order to foster confidence in the performance of fundamental nursing skills of nursing students by enhancing self-directed learning ability, satisfaction with practicum and active attitude to practicum participation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.459-464
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• 2005

연구 배경 : Adenosine deaminase (ADA)는 퓨린 (purine) 대사에 작용하는 효소로서 림 프구, 특히 T-림프구의 증식과 분화에 관여하며, 결핵성 흉수의 진단에 있어서 중요한 생화학적 표지자 중의 하나이다. 한편, 노인의 경우, T-림프구의 수와 기능의 감소에 의하여 면역 기능이 감소하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 저자 등은 노인 결핵성 흉수 환자에서 흉수내의 ADA 수치가 젊은 환자에서보다 감소하는지를 조사하였다. 방 법 : 4년 동안 세브란스 병원에서 1) 흉수 결핵균 배양 양성 또는 2) 흉막 조직 검사상 결핵에 합당한 소견을 보여 결핵성 흉수로 진단받은 환자 80명을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 65세를 기준으로 두 군으로 분류하였으며, 연령과 흉수 ADA 수치의 연관 관계를 독립 표본 t-검정 및 선형 회귀 분석을 이용하여 연구하였다. 결 과 : 80명의 환자 중 65세 이상은 21명 (26.3%)이었다. 흉수 내의 ADA 수치는 65세 이상 및 이하 군에서 각각 $71.2{\pm}27.6IU/L$, $68.5{\pm}5.8IU/L$ 이었다 (p=0.69). 선형 회귀 분석에서도 연령과 흉수 내의 ADA 수치는 상관 관계를 보이지 않았다 ($r^2=0.05$, p=0.59). 결 론 : 본 연구의 결과에 의하면, 결핵성 흉수의 진단에서 흉수 ADA 수치를 보조 지표로 사용하는 데 있어서, 노인환자에서도 젊은 환자와 동일한 임상적 유의성을 가지고 동일한 결정 수치 (cut-off value)를 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.97-115
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the observed behaviors of subjects who suffered from low back pain with spinal diseases, Thirty two low back pain patients admitted on the neurosurgical unit in an army hospital were compared with 30 normal controls belonged to an army unit, by means of matching the age, hight and weight. Observed pain behaviors were developed by the researcher on the bases of literature and patient observation. This tool consists of 18 behaviors seperated into two major groups : mutually exclusive and concomittent behaviors. The mutually exclusive behaviors included coding cathegories for 6. body motions assumed by the subjects during the observation session. These 6 standardized motions consisted of sitting from standing first, and serially tying down, reclining, sitting again, and then standing, 6 steps walking. Concomittent behaviors consisted of 12 observable patterns that can be observed systematically from the face, grimacing, bracing, rubbing, walking with arms fixed, support with hands on sitting or standing, guarded movement, limping, unbalaced weightbearing, stopped movement from tying position to sitting, sighing and graoning. Subjects were videotrecorded as they performed a 6-standardized sequence of motions, simultanously researcher measured the time spent performing each motion and step length. Patients were asked torate their subjective pain score on the 10 mm graphic rating scale ranging from 'no pain' to 'sever pain'. For scoring of the pain behaviors, two trained nursing officiers independently and simutanously viewwd each videorecording and checked subject 'pain behaviors at the observational item checklist. The result of the study are summarized as follows : 1. Reability of the observational tool was a=.845. 2. Spearman's rho and percentage agreement were p=.97 and 81.7 persent respectively, that indicate adequate interrater reability of this tool. 3. The sensitivity rate of the tool was .875 while specificity rate .866 for differentiating patient from the normal. 4. When difference in the objective pain indices between patient group and control were compared, there was significant difference of all indices, such as pain behavior(t=7.71, p=.0001). spent time performing motion(t=14.2, p=.0001), step length (t=-10.72, p=.0001). 5. There were differences in the objective indices the subjective pain subgroups (low, medium, high). Differences in the mean score of objective pain behavior (F=6.376. p=.005) and spent time for moyion(F=4.631, p=.018). But there were no significant differences in the step length among the subgroups(F=.667, p=.521). 6. Highly correlated pain behavior items wiyh subjective pain score were 'stopped movement from lying position to sitting', 'limping', 'support with hands on sitting or standing', 'bracing', 'guarding' and 'walking with arms fixed'. In summary, although some of rho behavior items such as sighing and groaning in this study could not be observed because of videotaped datd, the reliability and validity of the over all observation method were satifactory. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate rye potetional utility of the tool in assessing objective pain complementing self-reported pain in low back pain patients.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2011

In this study, temporal stability of 5 reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs) including ($H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, DMS, $CS_2$, and DMDS) was investigated up to 30 days. To learn the temporal changes in RSC concentration levels, two types of long-term storage experiment were carried out by employing two different approaches for sample storing in Tedlar bag samplers. The first one named as a forward (F) storage method consists of preparing all samples in the beginning of experiment. All these samples were analyzed sequentially through time. The second approach named as a reversed (R) storage method was carried out by preparing each sample through time and by analyzing all of them in the last day. For these experiments, RSC standards were prepared at 10 ppb in 10 L Tedlar bag. The results of both methods were consistent enough to show a tendency of the concentration reduction through time. Moreover, the lightest RSC, $H_2S$ showed the most significant reduction of 84.8% at the end of experiment. To validate difference between these results, t-test was applied to the data obtained between the two methods at 90% significance level. According to t-test, the results of the two approaches were greatly distinguished from 3 RSCs ($H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, and DMDS). The results also indicated that the temporal reduction of RSC differs greatly between light ($H_2S$ and $CH_3SH$) and heavy RSCs (DMS, DMDS, and $CS_2$). The former generally exhibited much significant reduction through time due probably to their lower stability.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.381-386
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• 2013

The sixty nine chemicals that are closely linked to chemical accident are designated as the substances requiring preparation for accidents and managed for public health under the Toxic Chemicals Control Act. In this study, storage stability of allyl chloride (AC) and carbon disulfide (CD), which are highly inflammable and volatile in tedlar bags, was studied for gaseous chemicals sampling. Storage stability was studied considering storage temperature ($2^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$), chemical concentration (low conc. ppm, high conc. ppm) and storage time (0, 48, 96, and 144 hr). Also, the stability of bags containing one type of chemical substance and the bags containing a mixture of chemicals was compared against each other. As a result, two chemicals showed decreasing storage stability based on storage time. Also two chemicals presented statistical significance of concentration and mixing type.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.2004-2008
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• 2009

최근 하천오염에 대한 중요성이 크게 대두되고 있으며, 하천 오염을 방지하기 위한 다양한 방법이 강구되고 있다. 이러한 하천 오염방지를 위한 노력의 일환으로 4대강 수계에 대한 수질오염총량제를 실시하고 있다. 수질오염초량제에 있어 중요한 것은 현재 하천의 상태 및 장래 하천의 상황 즉, 수질 상태를 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 이러한 현재 및 미래의 하천 수질 상태를 파악하기 위해 수질 모델링이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 수질오염총량제를 시행하고 있는 탐진강유역을 연구 대상으로 선정하였다. 대상 하천수질을 모의하기 위한 모형 중에 가장 보편적이고 광범위하게 사용하고 있는 US EPA에서 개발한 Water Quality model 중에 Qual2E 모형의 단점을 보완하여 개발된 Excel기반의 후속모델 Qual2K를 이용하였다. 모형의 적용은 탐진강 유역을 두 개의 단위유역으로 나누어 한 개의 단위유역을 1개의 Reach로 설정하여 총 2개의 Reach를 형성하였다. 탐진호를 Head water로 설정하고 본류23km를 중심으로 유입되는 지천을 소구역의 점 오염원으로 간주하여 적용하였다. 모형의 반응계수는 실측자료를 사용하여 시행착오법에 의해 검토..보정하였으며, 수리입력계수의 산정은 HEC-RAS모형을 사용하여 수심-유량계수와 유속-유량계수를 산정하였다. 수질모의 항목은 실측자료 2007년 배출부하량을 바탕으로 하여, 수질오염총량제의 수질관리 기준인 BOD와 부영양화 물질 T-P로 정하였다. 검정자료와 보정자료는 2007년 수질관측소의 실측자료를 사용하였다. 유량조건은 하천수질환경기준의 설정근거인 저수량(Q275)을 기준으로 탐진강 유역의 수질을 모의 하였다. 그 결과 Qual2K를 이용해 탐진강 수질 모의 결과 검 보정에서 양호한 결과를 나타냈다.