• International Journal of CAD/CAM
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2007

The inverse offset method (IOM) is widely used for generating cutter paths from the point-based surface where the surface is characterised by a set of surface points rather than parametric polynomial surface equations. In the IOM, cutter path planning is carried out by specifying the grid sizes, called the step-forward and step-interval distances respectively in the forward and transverse cutting directions. The step-forward distance causes the chordal deviation and the step-forward distance produces the cusp. The chordal deviation and cusp are also functions of local surface slopes and curvatures. As the slopes and curvatures vary over the surface, different step-forward and step-interval distances are appropriate in different areas for obtaining the machined surface accurately and efficiently. In this paper, the chordal deviation and cusp height are calculated in consideration with the surface slopes and curvatures, and their combined effect is used to estimate the machined surface error. An adaptive grid generation algorithm is proposed, which enables the IOM to generate cutter paths adaptively using different step-forward and step-interval distances in different regions rather than constant step-forward and step-interval distances for entire surface.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.339-346
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• 2003

Stainless steel wire has been used in industry, dental and medical parts. Especially, it has been used widely for the dental orthodontic materials. The orthodontic wire requires good mechanical properties, such as elastic strength, combined with a high resistance to corrosion. To increase elastic strength and good corrosion resistance, drawing methods(one-step and two-step drawing) have been used and the electrochemical characteristics of drawed wire have been researched using potentiodynamic method in 0.9％NaCl and field emission scanning electron microscope. The one-step drawed wire showed the formation of rough surface. The hardness and tensile strength of two-step drawed wire increased. For the case of two-step drawed wire, the corrosion resistance and pitting potential increased compared with one-step drawed wire due to the drawing induced small surface roughness, such as scratch. The passivation and active current density decreased as the reduction in area for drawing increased.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2010

In this study, surface characteristics of dental implant fixture with various manufacturing process have been researched using electrochemical methods. The dental implant fixture was selected with 5 steps by cleaning, surface treatment and sterilization with same size and screw structure; the 1st step-machined surface, 2nd step-cleaned by thinner and prosol solution, 3th step-surface treated by RBM (resorbable blasting media) method, 4th step-cleaned and dried, 5th step-sterilized by gamma-ray. The electrochemical behavior of dental implant fixture has been evaluated by using potentiostat (EG&G Co, 2273A) in 0.9% NaCl solution at $36.5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The corrosion surface was observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The step 5 sample showed the cleaner and rougher surface than step 3 sample. The step 5 sample of implant fixture treated by RBM and gamma sterilization showed the low corrosion current density compared to others. Especially, the step 3 sample of implant fixture treated by RBM was presented the lowest value of corrosion resistance and the highest value of corrosion current density. The step 3 sample showed the low value of polarization resistance compared to other samples. In conclusion, the implant fixture treated with RBM and gamma sterilization has the higher corrosion resistance, and corrosion resistance depends on the step of manufacturing process.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.475-479
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• 2003

In this study, to investigate the effects of 2-step shot peening at the surface of spring steel, tests are conducted on spring steel and shot peened specimens. Various tests are accomplished to evaluate mechanical properties influenced by shot peening process, and fatigue tests are also performed to evaluate the improvement of fatigue strength. And then the residual stresses are examined. The mechanical properties of material did not change so much by shot peening. However, the fatigue strength of notched specimen remarkably increased. In the case of 1-step shot peening, fatigue strength increased by about 20％ than unpeened specimen. Especially, in the case of 2-step shot peening, fatigue strength increased by about 40％, because the residual compressive stress at surface was higher than that of 1-step shot peened specimen. The fatigue strength and life are closely related to the value and position of maximum compressive residual stress by shot peening.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.23 no.9 s.186
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• pp.47-53
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• 2006

An Experiment was carried out to find the scheme far minimization of burr formation on inclined exit surface in drilling. Several drills with different geometry are used for drilling the workpiece with inclined exit surface. Step drills are specified with step angle and step size. The influence of the inclination angle of exit surface on burr formation was observed, which enables to analyze the burr formation mechanism on inclined exit surface. Along the edge on the inclined exit surface, burrs are formed by the bending deflection to feed direction and also burrs are formed in exit direction of cutting edge. To minimize the burr formed in feed direction, the corner angle which is formed by the inclination angle and step angle must be large enough not to be bent to burr. By decreasing step angle of drill and decreasing the distance between two axes of two holes, burr formation at the intersecting holes can be minimized. Burr formation mechanisms are analyzed according to the drill geometries and cutting conditions. Several schemes far burr minimization on inclined exit surface were proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.800-805
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• 2017

Randomly patterned and wet chemical etching processes were used to treat anti-glare of display cover glasses. The surface and optical properties of grain size and surface morphology controlled by randomly patterned etching and wet chemical solution etching were investigated. The surface morphology and roughness of the etched samples were examined using a spectrophotometer and a portable surface roughness (Ra) measuring instrument, respectively. The gloss caused by reflection from the glass surface was measured at $60^{\circ}$ using a gloss meter. The surface of the sample etched by the doctor-blade process was more uniform than that obtained from a screen pattern etching process at gel state etching process of the first step. The surface roughness obtained from the randomly patterned etching process depended greatly on the mesh size, which in turn affected the grain size and pattern formation. The surface morphology and gloss obtained by the etching process in the second step depended primarily on the mesh size of the gel state etching process of the first step. In our experimental range, the gloss increased on decreasing the grain size at a lower mesh size for the first step process and for longer reaction times for the second step process.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.118-125
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• 2005

Low temperature plasma treatment with different gases and rf powers were performed to improve the adhesion strength between polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) and electroless deposited copper. According to the research, $H_2$ plasma having hydrogen radical was more effective in surface polarity modification than $O_2$ plasma due to the defluorination reaction. However, surface roughness of PTFE was more increased with $O_2$ than $H_2$ plasma. PTFE treated with $120W-O_2$ plasma and $250w-H_2$ plasma, consecutively showed rougher surface than single step $250w-H_2$ plasma treated one and more hydrophilic than single step $120W-O_2$ plasma treated one. And it showed 5B tape test grade, which is better adhesion property than 1B or 3B obtained by single step plasma treatment. In addition, adhesion strength between PTFE and Cu deposit is also deeply affected by residual water on its interface.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.859-863
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• 2010

Evolution of surface morphology of ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ substrate was investigated as a function of annealing temperature and time. Commercial (0001) ${\alpha}-Al_2O_3$ single crystal substrates were annealed in the range of $600-1000^{\circ}C$ in air. At $600^{\circ}C$, step-terrace structure started to be formed on the substrate. However, the surface roughness on the terrace was still considerable and a number of islands were observed on the step edges as well as the terraces. As the annealing temperature increased, the islands were absorbed into the step edges. Thus the terraces were smoother and the step edges were more straightened. Well-defined surface with a step height of 0.2 nm was formed above $900^{\circ}C$. On the other hand, when the substrate was annealed at a fixed temperature of $1000^{\circ}C$, the change of surface morphology was observed for the substrate annealed for 10 min. After the annealing for 30 min, the surface on which any islands could not survive was observed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.944-947
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• 2000

Sculptured surface machining plays a vital role in the process of bring new products to the market place. A great variety of products rely on this technology for the production of the dies and moulds used in manufacturing. And, the use of CNC machines and CAD/CAM system has become a vital parts of product development process. The propose of this study is to investigate the effect of cutting parameters on the machinability such as surface roughness and cusp generated in the machining of sculptured surface on a three-axis CNC machining center using the CAD/CAM system. Experimental result showed that: In step down cutting, as the inclined angle of surface became smaller, the cusp height appeared higher. On the other hand, in step over cutting, as the inclined angle of surface became larger, the cusp height appeared higher. In the point of precision machining, step over cutting was more effective. For the minimization of cusp height, step down cutting was effective in larger inclined surface, but step over cutting in smaller inclined surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.99-104
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• 2017

PURPOSE: Gait disturbances in patients with hemiplegic stroke involve asymmetry of stance time. Step box training is used to supplement the limitations of stair walking training and increasing the torque value of the paralyzed lower leg's strength. This study aimed to investigate whether step-up training on unstable support could change walking ability in patients with chronic stroke. METHODS: Thirty stroke patients were randomly assigned to the step-up training group (experimental group), that performed training on an unstable surface, and the control group, that performed training on a stable surface. Walking speed, step length, and cadence were measured before and after training. Paired t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-intervention data, while the independent samples t-test was used to determine intergroup differences. Values of p < .05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in walking ability before versus after the intervention in both groups, although the experimental group showed greater differences than the control group (walking velocity by 8.1%; step length of the non-paralyzed side by 6.9%, respectively; p<.05). CONCLUSION: Step-up training might be more effective on an unstable surface than on a stable surface for increasing walking speed and step length of the non-paralyzed side.