• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 2007

1. Objectives Sasang Contitutional Medicine, a part of the traditional Korean medical lore, treats illness through a constitutional typing system that categorizespeople into four constitutional types. A few of the important criteria for differentiating the constitutional types are external appearances, inner state of mind, and pathological patterns. We had been developing a 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus (3D-AFRA) in order to evaluate the external appearances with more objectivity. This apparatus provides a 3D image and numerical data on facial configuration, and this study aims to evaluate the mechanical accuracy of the 3D-AFRA hardware. 2. Methods Several objects of different shapes (cube, cylinder, cone, pyramid) were each scanned 10 times using the 3D Automatic Face Recognition Apparatus (3D-AFRA). The results were then compared and analyzed with data retrieved through a laser scanner known for its high accuracy. The error rates were analyzed for each grid point of facial contour scanned with Rapidform2006 (Rapidform2006 is a 3D scanning software that collects grid point data for contours of various products and products and product parts through 3D scanners and other 3D measuring devices; the grid point data thusly acquired is then used to reconstruct highly precise polygon and curvature models). 3. Results and Conclusions The average error rate was 0.22mm for the cube, 0.22mm for the cylinder, 0.125mm for the cone, and 0.172mm for the pyramid. The visual data comparing error rates for measurement figures retrieved with Rapidform2006 is shown in $Fig.3{\sim}Fig.6$. Blue tendency indicates smaller error rates, while red indicates greater error rates The protruding corners of the cube display red, indicating greater error rates. The cylinder shows greater error rates on the edges. The pyramid displays greater error rates on the base surface and around the vertex. The cone also shows greater error around the protruding edge.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 2015

Skin aging is the phenomena finally expressed on the skin surface and related to the changes in the microstructure of the skin texture. Which is resulted in wrinkle formation and uneven tone of skin and so on. In this study, the synergy effect of Cedrol and a collagen-derived peptide in type III collagen synthesis was evaluated by in vitro test. The physiological skin state of 22 female volunteers was measured after using the cosmetics for 4 weeks. Results showed that Cedrol and a collagen-derived peptide had the excellent synergy effect in type III collagen synthesis. The cosmetics improved skin microrelief, star configurations, skin gloss, skin tone, hydration and elasticity except skin lightening. In conclusion, this study proved that Cedrol and collagen-derived peptide had the synergy effect of type III collagen synthesis in the cell level and cosmetics with those was improved skin aging in human volunteer test.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the weight loss, firmness, external color and vitamin C (VC) content of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) using non-destructive method to measure identical tomato samples during 15 days storage at low temperature and high humidity. Tomatoes were harvested at the light red stage, sorted, box packed and then stored in thermo-hygrostat ($10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $90{\pm}10%RH$). The quality changes in weight loss, firmness and external color were measured every 3 day interval. Weight loss was increased by $1.13{\pm}0.15%$, but it may not be considered to affect quality. Surface color of fruit was changed, especially in lightness and hue angle value. The color values were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the results were significant (p<0.001). Firmness of fruit declined during storage, but it did not decrease in direct proportion. On the storage of day 15, firmness was decreased to 40% of initial state. At last, all the experiment data are summarized and the relationship between firmness and weight loss is analyzed to construct a linear regression mathematical model that can predict the weight loss with the firmness value measured by non-destructive method. This research result could be useful in helping tomato exporters and suppliers to get real-time quality factor by using proposed method and regression model.

• Clean Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 1999

Behavior of permeate flux decline was examined through the hollow fiber membrane in ultrafiltration system for Si colloidal solution. Flux decline with time was due to the growth of Si cake deposited on the membrane surface and the pore blocking by Si particles for the hollow fiber membrane. At the pseudo steady state of operation, the permeate flux of dead-end flow was 60 % to that of the cross flow. The ratio of permeate flux to the pure water flux, $J/J_w$, decreased with increasing the trans-membrane pressure, from 64.2 % for $0.5kg_f/cm^2$ to 45.7 % for $2.0kg_f/cm^2$. When the feed flow rate was 3 L/min, the pore blocking model was dominant at the initial period of filtration and was followed by the cake filtration model. And with increasing the feed flow rate from 1 L/min to 3 L/min, $R_c$ was $1.79{\times}10^{12}{\sim}2.34{\times}10^{12}m^{-1}$ which was the about 40 % decreased value to that of the 1 L/min while $R_p$ was not changed and was $1.71{\times}10^{12}m^{-1}$ approximately.

• Clean Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2015

In order to increase the capacity of the lithium ion battery, the capacity of the anode should be increased. SnO₂ and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ were studied to replace the graphite as the anode materials. In this study, SnO₂/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ composite materials were synthesized by solid-state method. The study reported here attempts to enhance the electrochemical capacity of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ through the incorporation of SnO₂. Sn-based Li ion storage materials are loaded on Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ surface. The SnO₂/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ composite material has higher capacity than Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, but the cycling capacity was decreased due to SnO₂.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.423-429
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• 2003

Kimchi has been worldwide recognized as a traditional Korean fermented food, In the Chinese cabbage's pickling, salt content of evenly penetrate into the tissue affects on the texture of matured kimchi, But the previous method which usually using brine salting has a disadvantage of uneven penetration of salt into the leaves and stems. The purpose of the study is to develope the method which produce superior kimchi by evenly penetrate the salt into the tissue rapidly, The dry salting method is directly spread the salt on the surface of chinese cabbage as percentage in weight with 10, 12, 14, 16%(s) and pickled in this state for 5 hours. Brine salting method is soaking chinese cabbage in the 16% salt solution(16%B) for 20 hours. Sensory evaluation, contents of salt, properties of mechanical hardness and micro structure were studied among fresh cabbage, 16%B and 10, 12, 14, 16%(s) cabbage, The result of salt contents in all groups of pickled chinese cabbage were significantly increased compared with fresh cabbage. The compressive force of cabbage's steams by mechanical measurement was significantly decreased but cutting force was increased. In pickled cabbage, the cutting force was the highest correlated with salt content, In the sensory evaluation, the salty taste of leaves and chewy degree were significantly increased, but the hardness and crips of the stems were significantly decreased by increasing salt contents. Therefore the dry salting is the most excellent pickling method in small amount of kimchi production by saving salt amount and time, furthermore due to even penetration of salt into leaves and stems.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.92-100
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• 2004

The host rocks of brick-shaped stone pagoda in the Bunhwangsa temple are lots of kinds andesitic rocks, which has gone through mechanical and chemical weathering. As the overall observation, the pagoda is serious damages by air pollutants, and the northeast parts show the much advanced state of turning white, while the southeast parts are heavily cracked in the materials. The rocks of brick-shaped pagoda body are in a relatively stable condition of weathering and damage except for the abrasion and cracks of the corners. The rocks of the pagoda roof suffer from more symptoms including multiple peel-offs, exfoliation, cracks forming round lines, and falling off stone pieces. The pagoda roof rocks are dominated by the thriving leafy lichens and mosses, especially, there are higher plants (selaginella involvens, dandelions) taking root actively between the brick stones and content mortar. There are even light gray precipitates like stalactites between the rocks of the body, In particular, the 1st and 2nd floor in the east side and the body parts in the north side are the most serious. Their major minerals are calcite, gypsum and clay minerals. The rocks of the stylobate and the tabernacle in all the four directions are composed mainly of granitic rocks. The materials consisting of the tabernacles show the severe splits and distortion, which causes the structural instability. The stylobate rocks are heavily contaminated by some weeds with the often marks of inorganic contamination by secondary hydroxides. The central part of the east stylobate has been sinking, while that of the 1st floor west stylobate is protruded nesting a line of cracks. Accordingly, the inside of the tabernacle is always humid with the constant introduction of rainwater. The stone lion standing in the southeast and northeast side are alkali granite, while that in the southwest and northwest lithic tuff. Each of the stone lion also coated with various colored lichens, mosses, algae, bacteria and bryophyte. The external materials of the pagoda have deteriorated the functions of the rocks and made the loss, falling off, and biological contamination even worse due to the surface weathering. Thus it's urgent to come up with scientific restoration and conservation measures through clinical tests.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 2012

To clarify some ambiguous diagnostic characters of Callicarpa japonica Thunb. and Callicarpa dichotoma (Lour.) K. Koch in Korea (Verbenaceae), the external morphology and micromorphology (leaf, anther, pollen, fruit, in particular endocarp surface and structure) of two taxa are studied and described in detail. It is confirmed that the following characteristics (e.g., the stem outline in a cross-section, the bud shape and length, the corolla tube length and the lobe length, the pattern of the anther dehiscence and length, and the endocarp morphology) are useful for distinguishing these two taxa. In particular, following three characteristics are most useful for an identification: (1) the corolla tube length of C. japonica (2.5-4.6 mm) is longer than that of C. dichotoma (0.7-1.0 mm); (2) the anther is dehiscing by an apical pore at the anthesis of C. japonica, while it is opening by a long fissure from the apex to the base in C. dichotoma; and (3) the edge of the endocarp (lateral view) in C. japonica is concave, while in C. dichotoma it is shown to be flat. On the other hand, the teeth state on the leaf margin and the position of inflorescence are not good diagnostic characteristics for identification. Additionally, the keys for all known Callicarpa taxa in Korea are provided.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 2012

Purpose: This study attempts to compare the stability of hydroxy-apatite coating implant with that of sandblasted, large-grit and acid-etched surface implant at an early state of installation. Methods: 35 implants were installed in 18 patients, who had visited hospital for implant installation. The early stability at operation, 6 weeks and 12 weeks after operation using Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor (Integration Diagnostics, Savedalen, Sweden) and Periotest$^{(R)}$ (Siemens AG, Benssheim, Germany) were measured, and subsequently analyzed statistically. Results: OsstellTM mentor value of hydroxy-apatite coated implant (HAPTITE) was measured as $70.14{\pm}9.07$ at the stage of installation, $76.98{\pm}5.25$ at 6 weeks and $80.28{\pm}4.23$ at 12 weeks after installation. A statistically significant increase in measurement value was observed after 6 weeks and 12 weeks than when implants were placed. In case of IMPLANTIUM (DENTIUM Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea), the measurement value was $74.68{\pm}7.42$ at installation, $79.03{\pm}4.39$ at 6 weeks and $80.59{\pm}3.59$ at 12 weeks after installation. In addition, a statistically significant increase in the value was observed when comparative analysis of the value at after installation and 12 weeks after installation was carried out. However, no significant difference between HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM was observed. The average measurement value of periotest$^{(R)}$ was $-1.94{\pm}3.90$ at installation of HAPTITE, $-4.03{\pm}1.48$ at 6 weeks and $-5.00{\pm}1.71$ at 12 weeks after installation. Moreover, whilst comparing the value at after installation and 12 weeks after installation, statistically significant decrease in the value was observed. In case of IMPLANTIUM, the average measurement value was measured as $-4.25{\pm}1.76$ at installation, $-4.76{\pm}0.97$ at 6 weeks and $-5.18{\pm}0.91$ at 12 weeks after installation and no statistically significant difference was observed. Furthermore, no statistically significant difference was observed between HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM. Conclusion: In this study, both the implants demonstrated favorable early stability at the time of measurement using Osstell$^{TM}$ mentor and Periotest$^{(R)}$. Moreover, based on the observed results, both HAPTITE and IMPLANTIUM are considered as potent to exhibit clinically stable and prognostic results.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.139-149
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• 1999

It is very important to establish precisely the historical phases of nursing. We nurses should try to acquire the central social position in the health management system in the near the future, the 21st Century. Therefore my treatise aims to orient the desirable phases of the history of nursing through the feministic survey of the history of nursing from the post medieval epoche to the modern epoche. During the time of the renaissance which gave morning light to the modern epoche, the antique Athenian thinking of sex was again revived. Athenian excluded the women from the public and autonomous regions. All the medical activity, once dominated by the women, was misfortunately regarded as superstition acted by witches. Accordingly, the nursing women were to hunted as witches. In short, in the early modern epoche, women began to be excluded from the history of medical activities. In the middle modern epoche characterized by the enlightenment movement and early capital economic system, capitalistic patriarchal system began to be formed by change in the economic system. The status of women began to be greatly dropped below by the social distinction of the private dimension of home and the Public dimension of job. The woman was deprived of even the occasion to get the official license of medicine and medical institutions were handed to the state or the powerful and rich merchants. Accordingly, nursing acted mainly in the nunnery as the total approach to the patients was destructed wholly and transformed into the means of earning the money. Therefore unprepared low class -women began to engage in nursing only for the money. From then on, nursing activity was tunneled through the dark age for 200 years. In the late modern epoche characterized by the contrast of the accumulated vast capital by industrialization and vast poverty of the peoples, feminism began to float over the surface for the acquisition of equality of men and women from England. A feminist, Nightingale insisted that the women as nurses should be responsible for the healthy life of man. She tried the professional nursing education for women. Accordingly she not only contributed to the intellectual progress of women but also inspired in women the consciousness of the professional job. She tried to realize the ideal of at-that-time-feminists by engaging in nursing all through life. She really paved the road to contemporary nursing. In the near the future, I will write to describe how the late modern epoche nursing has fallen into the dilemma through the 1st and 2nd world wars and matured capitalism and to consider contemporary nursing with the status of women. All these papers aim to give proper recognition of nursing and right orientation of the future 21st Century nursing.