• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.277-281
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• 1999

Chemical composition of imported table salts from China (sun dried), Thailand (sun dried) and Australia (rock salt) were compared the mineral content and heavv metal contamination with Korean sun dried salt. Kimchies prepared by those salts were analyzed the quality by pH, acidity and sensory evaluation. Chemical compositions were as follows : moisturefrom 1.7% (Australia) to 8.7% (Korea), sodium chloride-from 86.7% (China, summer) to 97% (Australia), insoluble matter in water-from 0.02% (Australia) to 0.18 (China), and sulfate ionfrom 0.03% (Australia) to 1.65% (China, summer). Judging by Korean Standard(KS) of salt, salt from Australia and Thailand belong to 1st grade, Korean and Chinese (winter) to 2nd grade, and China (summer) were out of 3rd grade. Ca and Mg content of the salts tested were 0.022% (Australia) to 0.246 (China, winter), 0.036% (Australia) to 0.841% (China, summer) respectively and Pb was 1.23 ppm(China, summer)~0.61ppm(Korea) which is within the Korean regulation. The other heavy metals, Pb, Cd, As and Hg were not detected in all salts tested. The quality of Kimchi prepared by those salts were significantly no difference with Korean sun dried salt.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-117
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• 1999

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits were grown by the hydroponic cultivation system using perlite and soil cultivation system. The growth, yield, and fruit quality were compared between two growing seasons of spring and summer and two cultivation systems, respectively. In tomato, little difference was observed in growth and yield between two cultivation systems, but plant growth and total yield of fruits were much more in summer than in spring. The contents of glucose and fructose were more in spring-grown fruit than in summer-grown one, and in hydroponically cultivated fruit than in soilcultivated, respectively. The weight loss during room temperature storage was lower in hydroponically cultivated fruit than in soil-cultivated one, and in summer-grown fruit than in spring-grown one, respectively. In terms of color change, the shelf-life of tomato fruit was shorter by one day in summer-grown one fruit than in spring-grown one, and in hydroponcically cultivated one fruit than in soil-cultivated, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.217-225
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• 2016

The purpose of the study was to initially investigate the concentration patterns of $PM_1$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in the Seoul subway lines, and then to figure out the PM behaviors of internal and external sources inside subway tunnels. The PMs were monitored by a light scattering real-time monitor during winter (Jan. 8-26 in 2015) and summer (July 2-Aug. 7 in 2015) in tunnel air, in passenger cabin air, and in the ambient air. The daily average $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_1$ concentrations on these object lines were $101.3{\pm}38.4$, $81.5{\pm}30.2$, and $59.7{\pm}19.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On an average, the PM concentration was about 1.2 times higher in winter than in summer and about 1.5 times higher in underground tunnel sections than in ground sections. In this study, we also calculated extensively the average PM mass ratios for $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$, $PM_1/PM_{10}$, and $PM_1/PM_{2.5}$; for example, the range of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio in tunnel air was 0.82-0.86 in underground tunnel air, while that was 0.48-0.68 in outdoor ground air. The ratio was much higher in tunnel air than in outdoor air and was always higher in summer than in winter in case of outdoor air. It seemed from the results that the in/out air quality as well as a proper amount of subway ventilation must be significant influence factors in terms of fine PM management and control for the tunnel air quality improvement.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 2001

Acidic air pollutants were collected to characterize indoor air quality in a residential area in the summer. All indoor and outdoor samples were measured simultaneously using an annular denuder system(ADS) in Seoul. The data set was collected from July 26 to September 11, 1997. The mean indoor/outdoor ratios measured from this study were : 0.34 for $HNO_3$; 0.91 for $HNO_2$; 0.22 for $SO_2$; 1.34 for $NH_3$; 0.78 for $PM_{2.5}(d_p$ <2.5 $mutextrm{m}$); 0.90 for $SO_{4}^{2-}$; 0.68 for $NO_{3}^{-}$ and 0.79 for $NH_{4}^{+}$. Indoor concentrations of $HNO_3$, $SO_2$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were highly correlated with the outdoor concentrations. The relationship between indoor and outdoor air is dependent, to a large extent, on the rate of air exchange between these two environments. A tracer-gas decay technique with sulfur hexafluoride ($SF_{6}$) as a tracer gas was used to estimate the air exchange of a private home in the summer. The average air exchange rate was estimated to be 23.7 hr(sup)-1. The deposition velocities for $SO_{4}^{2-}$, $NO_{3}^{-}$ and $NH_{4}^{+}$ calculated were 0.17, 0.69 abd 0.39 cm/sec, respectively.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2009

Indoor air Quality in public facility same as bus terminal and subway station is very important for civil health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration and distribution of PM10 and falling microorganism at the 5 subway stations and bus terminals from Summer 2003 to Summer 2005 in Kyunggi Province. The results were as follows. 1. The highest concentration of PM10 was $187ug/m^3$ at Bucheon Bus Terminal in 2005 while the lowest concentration of PM10 was $78ug/m^3$ at Suwon Bus Terminal in 2003. The year variation of PM10 concentration at the bus terminals in Kyunggi Province was in order of 2005 > 2004 > 2003. The average concentration of PM10 at the five Bus Terminal was $127ug/m^3$. 2. The highest concentration of PM10 was $225ug/m^3$ at Euijungbu Station l in 2004 while the lowest concentration of PM10 was $115ug/m^3$ at Suwon Station in 2003. The year variation of PM10 at the subway stations in Kyunggi Province was in order of 2004 > 2005 > 2003. The average concentration of PM10 at the five subway stations was $164ug/m^3$. 3. The average amount of falling microoganism at the five bus terminal in Kyunggi Provinc was 201CFU/plate. The minimum is 124 CFU/plate at Seongnam Bus Terminal in 2004 while the maximum is 268CFU/plate at Euijungbu Bus Terminal in summer 2005. The higher concentration of PM10 was 206CFU/plate in 2004 than 199CFU/plate in 2003 and 2005. 4. The minimum is 107CFU/plate at Anyang station in 2003 while the maximum was 263CFU/plate at Euijungbu station in 2003. The average amount of falling microoganism at the five subway stations in Kyunggi Province was 179 CFU/plate. The year variation of falling microorganism at the subway stations in Kyunggi Province was in order of 2004 > 2005 > 2003.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.359-364
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate monthly variation in semen characteristics in Black Bedouin and Black Bedouin${\times}$Damascus crossbred bucks. Twenty one Black Bedouin Goat bucks (BG) and 20 $F_1$ Black Bedouin${\times}$Damascus crossbred goat bucks (CB) were used in the study. Animals were 2 to 5 years old at the beginning of the study. Body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), scrotal circumference (SC) and semen samples were evaluated monthly for all bucks. Body weight, BCS and SC differed according to month of collection (p<0.0001). Body weight and BCS were greater in the spring and summer months while SC reached their highest values during the autumn months. No differences were detected between breeds with respect to semen characteristics with the exception of ejaculate volume (p<0.05) and ejaculate appearance (p=0.053) which were greater in CB than in BG bucks. With the exception of ejaculate appearance, all semen characteristics were influenced by month of collection (p<0.05). Semen concentration and motility were better during the late summer and autumn months than during the spring. The percentage of abnormal spermatozoa declined from its greatest values in the spring to its lowest values in the autumn. Results of the present study show no effects of goat breed on most of the studied parameters. In general, most semen quality parameters were better in both breeds during the autumn than the spring months. Minimal variation in semen quality was observed between the summer and autumn months indicating the ability to use bucks for semen collection and for natural breeding during both of these seasons.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.592-603
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• 2001

Seasonal variations of nutrient intake ware evaluated through a 3-day dietary records in 196 Korean adolescents(86 males, 108 females) aged 13 - 15 years and living in urban and rural areas of Chungnam. The seasonal differences of nutrient intake were tested by repealed measure ANOVA. Comparing nutrient intakes among flour seasons using repealed measure ANOVA, mean values of daily intakes were higher in winter and autumn for most nutrients, and were the lowest in summer in the urban areas and in spring in rural areas. Girls recieved the largest amount of nutrients, except Ca and vitamin $B_12$, in winter and the lowest amount in summer, while in boys significant differences were not observed among the four seasons for meet nutrients, except fats, Mg, and vitamin E. Interestingly, the seasonal differences for many nutrients were more evident in rural areas than in urban areas. Vitamin A intake in urban areas was higher in winter and spring, while in rural oreas, in summer. Mean values of daily intakes as a percent of the RDA throughout the year in boys and girls ware 82.2% and 84.2% for energy and 88.9% and 82.7% for protein, respectively. Ca and vitamin A intakes were as low as 32.4% and 24.2% of the RDA in boys and 39.7% and 30.6% in girls. Intakes of Fe, Zn, folic acid and vitamin B$_{12}$ ranged from 40 - 60% of the RDA. The nutrients which showed the largest seasonal difference in the percent of RDA were vitamin E in boys and vitamin C, vitamin E, and Fe in girls. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) for Fe was significantly lower in autumn in both genders. The INQ for vitamin C in girls of both areas was much higher in winter. Annual mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall nutritional quality, ranged from 0.57 - 0.69, which was higher in winter than in other seasons. Conclusively, nutrient intakes of Korean adolescents showed seasonal variations, particularly in girls and in rural area. Thus, seasonal variations should be considered in the assessing nutritional status, particularly ill the rural areas of Korea.a.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.349-366
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• 2007

Seasonal variations of various physicochemical components (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, COD, DOC, nutrients-silicate, DIN, DIP) and potential limiting factor for phytoplankton primary production were studied in the surface water of semi-enclosed Masan Bay. Seasonal variations of nutrient concentrations, with lower values in summer and winter, and higher in fall, are probably controlled by freshwater loadings to the bay, benthic flux and magnitude of occurrence of phytoplankton communities. Their spatial distributional patterns are primarily dependent on physical mixing process between freshwater and coastal seawater, which result in a decreasing spatial gradient from inner to outer part of the bay. In the fall season of strong wave action, the major part of nutrient inputs (silicate, ammonium, dissolved inorganic phosphorus) comes from regeneration (benthic flux) at sediment-water interface. During the summer period, high Si:DIN and Si:DIP and low DIN:DIP relative to Redfield ratios suggest a N- and secondarily P-deficiency. During other seasons, however, silicate is the potential limiting factor for primary production, although the Si-deficiency is less pronounced in the outer region of the bay. Indeed, phytoplankton communities in Masan Bay are largely affected by the seasonal variability of limiting nutrients. On the other hand, the severe depletion of DIN (relatively higher silicate level) during summer with high freshwater discharge probably can be explained by N-uptake of temporary nanoflagellate blooms, which responds rapidly to pulsed nutrient loading events. In Masan Bay, this rapid nutrient consumption is considerably important as it can modify the phytoplankton community structures.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

This study was carried out to establish a production system of cut flowers and bulbs of oriental hybrid lilies in highland in summer. In study, effect of cultivation type and shading was examined. The cultivation types used in the bulb production experiments were greenhouses with no cover, greenhouses with net screen (net screen house), and greenhouses with EVA roof cover and net screen sides (rain shelter house). Net screen and rain shelter houses had either 0 or 30% shading. Cultivation type had significant effect and shading had a minor effect on bulb production. The greatest yield and quality of produced bulbs were obtained in the rain shelter house with 30% shading. From the results of this study, it is concluded that dispersed production of high quality cut lily flowers and bulbs could be achieved during the summer in highland.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.55-61
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• 2001

There are many reservoirs used as the source of water supply and they show various specific characteristics in water quality depend seasonal. Especially, there were not a little variations of water quality in summer, as a natural consequence it follows that stratification occured phenomenon and changed anaerobic condition in the bottom of reservoir, and then accumulated Fe and Mn substance in soil and sediment were resolved into water, it attributes to coloration. G purification plant located in Y gun is very small plant in which coloration occurs by Fe and Mn in every summer. Using this plant as a model, the removal methods of Fe and Mn were studied. After prechlorination plus LAS coagulation, Fe, Mn, $NH_3-N$ were decreased from 7.290 mg/l to 0.080 mg/l, from 0.480 mg/l to 0.075 mg/l, from 0.55 mg/l to 0.04 mg/l. But $THM_{s}$ was increased from 0.050 mg/l to 0.044 mg/l. It shows that the prechlorination plus LAS coagulation treatment process in purification plant is effective to remove Fe and Mn ion.