• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1977

This report is intended to describe as brief as possible the result of study on purity of the Korean Bee Honey. Purity of bee honey was measured by scaling the enzyme activities of two different honey groups: such as, the standard group and control group each including the samples of honey originated from the resource of acarcia, chestnut or miscellaneous origin. The samples of honey were collected from different sources: to wit, honey belonging to the standard group were collected from the township of Seoboo, Yangju county, Kyunggido province, Korea, while honey belonging to the control group were collected from the street side shops, market or the companies producing the secondary food from honey. The results of this study were summarized as follow: 1. It was found that honey belonging to the standard group contained less moisture than those belonging to the control group. Republic of Korea Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Food Control Regulation stipulates that honey must contain moisture less than 20%. The samples of' both groups contained moisture more than 20%, although honey belonging to the control group were relatively more so than honey belonging to the standard group. 2. Honey belonging to the standard group were found stronger in sugar reduction activities than those belonging to the control group. It was also noted that honey of acracia origin was strongest in reduction activities of the three different origin in the same group. 3. $\alpha$-Amylase and $\beta$-amylase were discovered to have activated more strongly in honey belonging to the standard group than those belonging to the control group. The enzyme activitie, varied depending on the origin of plant where honey comes from. For instance, honey of miscellaneous origin indicated the strongest activities in $\alpha$-amylase while honey of chestnut origirt indicated strongest in $\beta$-amylase.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1982

Torulopsis candida FRI YA-15, a selected yeast, was cultivated in alcohol distiller's waste-filtrate of dried sweet potato for microbial protein production and BOD reduction. The General composition of waste-filterate was BOD$_{5}$ 15700 ppm, COD 36800 ppm, reducing sugar 3300 ppm, total nitrogen 910 ppm, total solids 51800 ppm and ash 390 ppm. The pH of waste was 3.85. The yield to the medium of T. candida cultivated in shake-flask at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 hrs was 3.38g/$\ell$ and effectiveness in reducing BOD$_{5}$ and COD of waste was 38.9% and 31.8%, respectively. In batch cultivation using 3 $\ell$-jar fermenter, maximum yield to the medium reached 3.2g/$\ell$after 28 hrs cultivation under the condition of temperature 35$^{\circ}C$, initial pH 4.0, aeration rate 2vvm, agitation speed 100rpm. Dry yeast was composed of crude protein 47.98% and ash 5.23%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2004

Changes in the level of metabolites in leaves and pods were examined with respect to the seed chemical composition in black soybean. There was no further increase in pod length after 42 days after flowering (DAF). Pod weight, however, persistently increase until 73 DAF, thereafter the weight was slightly lowered. The seed storage protein, however, increased drastically as the increasing rate of pod weight was lessened at 61 DAF. The accumulation of seed storage proteins was occurred conspicuously as the increasing rate of pod weight was slowed down. The chlorophyll content both in leaves and pods was drastically decreased after 50 DAF. The beginning of drastic reduction in chlorophyll content was occurred concomitantly with the reduction of soluble protein content in leaves. The sugar content in leaves showed similar tendency with chlorophyll and soluble protein content. The starch level in leaves, however, showed different changing pattern during seed development. The starch content in leaves was increased persistently until 66 DAF, thereafter the content was decreased drastically to about $55\%$ of maximal value at 66 DAF. Total phenolics content in leaves and the anthocyanins content in seeds were stable without noticeable increase until 66 DAF. The contents were increased dramatically after 66 DAF showing the synchronized pattern with the decrease in starch level in leaves. The levels of the selected metabolites in leaf and seed suggested that the accumulation of chemical components of black soybean seed is launched actively at 66 DAF. The profile of storage proteins was nearly completed at 61 DAF because there was no large difference in densitometric intensity among protein subunits after 61 DAF. In soybean, chemical maturation of seed begins around 61 to 66 DAF at which most metabolites in vegetative parts are decreased and remobilized into maturing seeds.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.711-720
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• 2019

Sink strength optimizes sucrose import, which is fundamental to support developing seed grains and increase crop yields, including those of rice (Oryza sativa). In this regard, little is known about the function of vacuolar invertase (VIN) in controlling sink strength and thereby seed size. Here, in rice we analyzed mutants of two VINs, OsVIN1 and OsVIN2, to examine their role during seed development. In a phenotypic analysis of the T-DNA insertion mutants, only the OsVIN2 mutant osvin2-1 exhibited reduced seed size and grain weight. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the small seed grains of osvin2-1 can be attributed to a reduction in spikelet size. A significant decrease in VIN activity and hexose level in the osvin2-1 spikelets interfered with spikelet growth. In addition, significant reduction in starch and increase in sucrose, which are characteristic features of reduced turnover and flux of sucrose due to impaired sink strength, were evident in the pre-storage stage of osvin2-1 developing grains. In situ hybridization analysis found that expression of OsVIN2 was predominant in the endocarp of developing grains. A genetically complemented line with a native genomic clone of OsVIN2 rescued reduced VIN activity and seed size. Two additional mutants, osvin2-2 and osvin2-3 generated by the CRISPR/Cas9 method, exhibited phenotypes similar to those of osvin2-1 in spikelet and seed size, VIN activity, and sugar metabolites. These results clearly demonstrate an important role of OsVIN2 as sink strength modulator that is critical for the maintenance of sucrose flux into developing seed grains.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.273-282
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• 2020

This study analyzed the physiological effects of silkworms and silkworm pupae on the reduction of serum lipid levels. Research data specific to silkworms and their pupae published over the last 10 years were collected and analyzed. A large effect size of 0.852 was observed in the overall results and the range of 95% confidence intervals was 0.662 to 0.999. The Q value was 23.264, the Higgin's I² value was 92.217, indicating that each study was heterogeneous. There was no publication bias, as the corrected observed number of statistically significant effect sizes and the expected number of statistically significant effect sizes were both 0.654. The silkworm study showed a large effect size with respect to blood sugar and blood lipid reduction at 0.801 and 0.948, respectively, and LDL-cholesterol reduction at 1.371, showing a very large effect size. Aspartate transaminase / glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST/GOT) was 0.768, alanine transaminase /glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (ALT/GPT) was 0.788, which was a medium effect size. The experiment period had a very large effect size of 1.170 for five to eight weeks and 1.020 for an intake of 1 to 50 mg/kg. The silkworm pupae had a large effect size of 0.991 and 0.951, respectively on blood lipids and total cholesterol reduction. The experimental period showed a very large effect size at 1.103 for more than nine weeks, and the intake showed a large effect size at 0.855 for 5001 mg/kg.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 1979

The solvent extracting of the tobacco has been carried out in order to find out any effects for the removal and/or reduction of nicotine from tobacco without affecting the tobacco flavor. We have now completed the physico-chemical characterization of the solvent untreated/treated tobaccos and 2) the contents of the tar and nicotine in the smoke. The results obtained ate like followings; 1. 3% alcohol extraction reduced the total nitrogen content for the Bright by 36.4%. However, it could not reduce the sugar content. 2. Nicotine content in tobacco leaves was inversely proportional to the dipping time Essentially same results were obtained in anacidic solution and even in a solution containing both alkali and acid. 3. Derivative thermogravimetric(DTG) curves indicated test extraction was effective by removing tobacco leaf components which could decompose or volatilize between the temperature of $150^{\circ}C\;and\;350^{\circ}C$. 4. 3% alcohol extracted leaf have the substantial improvements as following; (1) bulk filling power of 10% and 24% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively, (2) combustibility shortening of about 3 minute and 2 minute for Burley and Bright tobaccos, respectively, (3) reduction ratio(%) of nicotine was found to be shout 61.5% and 54.5% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively, (4) reduction ratio (%) of tar was obtained to he about 25% and 15% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.688-693
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• 2006

Glucosinolates are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase and are mainly found in cruciferous vegetables such as Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). lsothiocyanates (ITCs) are glucosinolate degradation products with reported anticarcinogenic properties. Korean Chinese cabbage in the form of 'kimchi' is a staple part of the Korean diet. In this study, we examined the effects of storage temperature and duration on glucosinolate, ITC, soluble sugar, and organic acid levels in kimchi. Changes in pH and the impact of various parts of the Korean Chinese cabbage being used during the preparation of the dish were also assessed. Extracted ITC levels, analyzed via gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), were higher in the midrib parts than in the cabbage leaves after storage at both 4 and $20^{\circ}C$. During storage, organic acid levels increased while soluble sugars were depleted. The pH initially increased (after 1 day at $20^{\circ}C$, and 1 week at $4^{\circ}C$), but subsequently decreased over time at both temperatures. Glucosinolate and ITC levels increased in the beginning of storage but then generally fell during further storage. Our data suggest that acidity-related reduction in myrosinase activity during storage may decrease glucosinolate and ITC levels. The changes in these levels depended on the storage conditions and the Korean Chinese cabbage parts used for the kimchi preparation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2013

Korean traditional rice wine, Makgeolli, has been widely consumed and increasingly popular in Korea. In this study, we examined Makgeolli supplemented with cranberries (0, 5, 10 and 15% by rice weight) during fermentation for seven days for the various quality characteristics : pH, total acidity, soluble contents, color, reducing sugars, alcohol contents, and DPPH free radical scavenging activities, total flavonoids, microbial properties, and sensory properties. After the pH value decreased from a range of 4.40~5.63 to 3.83~3.94 up to day 3, the pH gradually increased until day 7. As fermentation proceeded, soluble contents and reducing sugar increased in most of the samples, with a temporary reduction after day 2. There were no differences in L and b color values, but the "a" value showed significant differences with the rate of cranberry added. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total flavonoid content of cranberry Makgeolli were higher than those of the control. After fermentation for seven days, the alcohol content ranged from 14.57 to 17.40%, while total acidity levels were within the range of 0.50 to 0.54%. Yeast cell counts increased until day 3 and then, gradually deceased. In the sensory evaluation, Makgeolli with 10% cranberry showed the highest overall acceptance.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1245-1253
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• 2014

One-step sulfuric acid saccharification of the red alga Pterocladiella capillacea was optimized, and various detoxification methods (neutralization, overliming, and electrodialysis) of the acid hydrolysate were evaluated for fermentation with the thermotolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. A proximate composition analysis indicated that P. capillacea was rich in carbohydrates. A significant galactose recovery of $81.1{\pm}5%$ was also achieved under the conditions of a 12% (w/v) biomass load, 5% (v/v) sulfuric acid, $121^{\circ}C$, and hydrolysis for 30 min. Among the various detoxification methods, electrodialysis was identified as the most suitable for fermentable sugar recovery and organic acid removal (100% reduction of formic and levulinic acids), even though it failed to reduce the amount of the inhibitor 5-HMF. As a result, K. marxianus fermentation with the electrodialyzed acid hydrolysate of P. capillacea resulted in the best ethanol levels and fermentation efficiency.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 2020

Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Diabetes has been found to show many acute complications such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, foot ulcer and damage to eyes. Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) has been traditionally known to normalize the functional deficiencies of the lung, spleen and stomach, and thus improve the secretion of body fluids, thereby quenching thirst, suggesting it to be effective in the treatment of diabetes. Experimental studies (in vitro and in vivo) have recently shown that Korean ginseng and its extracts exhibit antidiabetic effects, and also insulin secretion and sensitizing effects related to blood glucose control. Moreover, clinical trials on antidiabetic effects of Korean ginseng have been reported to show blood glucose control, improvement of insulin resistance, reduction of postprandial blood glucose level and improvement of serum lipids (TG, TC, LDL-C). These will be critically examined by means of in vitro studies, cell experiment, animal models and human trials with a focus on understanding of molecular mechanisms.