• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.89-93
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• 2018

As terrorist organizations like ISIL and Al-Qaeda attack multiple-use facilities such as subways and department stores that many unknown citizens are using, the fear and anxiety are expanding. If international terrorism occurs in Korea, it may attack multiple-use facilities. Therefore, we need to have countermeasures against the attack. However, as the concept of multiple-use facilities has multi-faceted meanings and the scope is wide, there is a limitation in the preparation for international terrorism. In this study, it was tried to find the solution through reviewing the multiple-use facilities related laws. First of all, as the multiple-use facilities related laws were legislated by government organizations according to the necessities, the concept and scope are very inclusive. Therefore, it is possible to have controversies on the scope of the review related to anti-terrorism. Next, the department responsible for the international terrorism is not clear, which can make issue of rights and responsibility. To overcome such limitations, this study tried to set the concept and scope of multiple-use facilities and discussed the issue of the responsible department.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1-17
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• 2019

Buses, subways, taxis, etc., called public transportation, are attached with a variety of advertisements Each public transportation is promoted and advertised to suit the environment and characteristics. Against this backdrop, the No. 1 tram project has been launched of public transportation in Korea. Unlike traditional public transportation, tram are not fast enough to use railways and are connected to ordinary roads, so advertisements and promotional materials can be applied in various methods. However, in order to minimize problems such as indiscriminate ad placement, this study examines how inside and outside of tram are attached methods of Central Europe where public transportation has developed. The surveyed attachment method proposes design guidelines for adhering Korean tram by modifying them in consideration of the features, environment and so on of the use of Korean tram. The guidelines produced are evaluated through interviews of three Busan citizens.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.89-96
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• 2021

The number of confirmed cases of coronavirus-19 is soaring around the world and has caused numerous deaths. Wearing a mask is very important to prevent infection. Incidents and accidents have occurred due to the recommendation to wear a mask in public places such as buses and subways, and it has emerged as a serious social problem. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an open source-based face mask wearing monitoring system. We used open source software, web-based artificial intelligence tool teachable machine and open source hardware Arduino. It judges whether the mask is worn, and performs commands such as guidance messages and alarms. The learning parameters of the teachable machine were learned with the optimal values of 50 learning times, 32 batch sizes, and 0.001 learning rate, resulting in an accuracy of 1 and a learning error of 0.003. We designed and implemented a mask wearing monitoring system that can perform commands such as guidance messages and alarms by determining whether to wear a mask using a web-based artificial intelligence tool teachable machine and Arduino to prove its validity.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.166-177
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• 2022

Background: Recently clinical trials have expanded extensively in Korea; thus, ensuring the rights of subjects participating in clinical trials is imperative. Accordingly, national regulations on subject recruitment advertisement were enforced from October 25, 2018. In this study, the effect of this regulation was evaluated by analyzing the difference in the provision of information before and after enforcement of the regulation. Methods: Recruitment advertisements for clinical trial subjects 3 years before and after enforcement of the regulation were collated by the significance sampling approach. Print-based (newspapers, buses, and subways) and web-based (clinical trial center websites and online platforms) materials for recruitment in clinical trials of phase 1 to 4 for investigational drugs, medical devices, and oriental medicine were considered. Chi-square tests were conducted for inter-group comparisons. SPSS version 26 was employed for statistical analyses. Results: A total of 137 advertisements were collected comprising 60 pre- and 77 post-regulation enforcement. The overall rate of delivery of critical information in advertisements increased significantly from 47.5% before regulation to 93.2% after regulation enforcement. Particularly, details on expected adverse events augmented significantly (p<0.001). Benefits from participation in clinical trial reduced significantly from 88.3% to 70.1% (p<0.05). As the information provision amplified, the inclusion of professional terms increased. Conclusions: Enforcement of regulations has led to a surge in the amount of information and challenging terms contained in advertisements for recruiting subjects. Therefore, additional efforts are required by subjects to completely understand the information provided in the advertisements.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.393-402
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• 2021

The first TBM introduced in Korea was the gripper TBM, which was applied to the Gudeok Waterway Tunnel in 1985. In the initial stage of the introduction of the gripper TBM, many applications were mainly focused on waterway tunnels (Tunnel Mechanized Construction Design, 2008). Currently, the construction range of gripper TBM in Korea is widely applied to not only waterway tunnels, but also subways, railway tunnels, and TBM+NATM expansion. Overseas, gripper TBM is generally applied, and even when NATM tunnel is applied, it is applied as an exploration tunnel because of the excellent advance rate of gripper TBM and used as an evacuation tunnel after completion. Due to the fast excavation speed, the application of the gripper TBM in the rock section of weathered rock or higher can minimize the environmental and civil complaints caused by creating a large number of work areas when planning long tunnels or mountain tunnels. In this study, the work process of the general gripper TBM was analyzed by analyzing the construction cycle and the gripper TBM with a diameter of 2.6~5.0 m, which was applied the most in Korea. Downtime was investigated and analyzed.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.665-676
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• 2019

The Korean society is currently showing a decrease in the child population and a rapid increase in the elderly population due to low birth rates and aging, but the current park system does not reflect the changing population structure. This study aimed to find ways to plan and promote use of senior-friendly parks for the aging society. The results are as follows. First, the elderly mostly gathered in Tapgol Park and Jongmyo Park which were accessible to subways and close to amenities and traditional markets. The elders usually gathered around buffer zones or green spaces set up to protect cultural heritages. Second, many elderly users were observed in Osolgil Silver Park and Sinteuri Park which were renovated with senior-friendly concept. These parks were recognized as places that the elderly people could visit without minding users of other generations because the elderly users were ensured by words such as 'seniors only' or 'senior-friendly'. Third, the importance of the locational conditions for the senior-friendly parks should be mentioned. A senior-friendly park must be located in an urban center to have convenient access to transportation, secure large green spaces, and make elderly users feel at ease with social connectivity when they use the amenities there. Fourth, the survey results showed that elderly people visited parks to exerciseand take a walk (track),by age, older age groups visited the park to socialize with other elders around their age. Fifth, the most desired facilities for constructing senior-friendly parks were fitness equipment, and sports facilities like a trail, track, and gateball field, and in some cases, vegetable gardens and indoor rest area to avoid wind in cold weather.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.5-12
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• 2023

Recently, due to urban development and expansion, construction plans have been increasing adjacent to existing tunnel structures such as subways, roads, and large pipelines. Structural plans adjacent to existing tunnels have different effects on tunnel stability depending on the construction method, degree of proximity, and location of new structures. In particular, the pressure water tunnel shows a very large difference from other road tunnels and railway tunnels in geotechnical characteristics and operation characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to review the safety zone due to adjacent construction in consideration of the geotechnical characteristics of the water tunnel and the new sturure construction method. In this study, the existing tunnel safety zone standards were investigated. A stability evaluation performed numerical analysis considering the deterioration of concrete lining in operation and the characteristics of water tunnel. In addition, the impact of vibration caused by pile construction and blasting excavation of new structures was reviewed. Based on this, a pressure water tunnel safety zone was proposed in consideration of adjacent construction.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.507-516
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• 2024

Through the use and development of underground spaces, subways have become a representative means of transportation in the city center. Due to the extension of subway lines and the increase in the number of subway users, there is a risk that safety for evacuating human lives in case of fire will not be secured. Therefore, this study tried to identify citizens' perceptions of evacuation facilities through questionnaires and find alternatives. An online survey of 115 subway passengers was conducted to learn about citizens' awareness of subway evacuation facilities. As a result of the survey, awareness of evacuation facilities was high in the order of guidance lights, life-saving devices, emergency lights and portable lights, special evacuation stairs, and evacuation stairs. In addition, the majority of the respondents said they were not well aware of evacuation facilities, and people's indifference was the most common cause. As a solution to the lack of awareness, responses to active advertising and promotion, education and experience activities were the highest.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-81
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• 2005

The purposes of this study was to collect, analyze, and describe the MF exposure levels from subways in Korea and to measure and evaluate the MF levels generated from electric appliances used at general homes. The target subway lines were Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 to Line 8, Bundang Line, Incheon Line, Daegu Line, Gwangju Line, and Busan Line 1 and Line 2. We measured at each station in those subway lines and, all the train types (pantograph-equipped, motor-equipped, and common), and platform types(facing and isolating) were investigated by the distance(80, 200, 400 cm) from the train on 19 targeted subway lines using 3 magnetic field measuring devices (EMDEXII, Enertech Co.) during the survey from January till October, 2004. On the other hand, the levels of the 60Hz magnetic fields generated from 14 items of home electric appliances such as electric blankets, hair dryers, electric razors, etc. were measured at 10 general homes using 5 EMDEXII meters with a sampling interval of 1.5 second by the distance(surface, 30, 50, 100, 300cm ) from the target electric appliances. The survey results in the whole subway lines examined in this study were as follows; Seoul Metropolitan Line 4 using AC(alternating current) power source showed the highest mean value of $2.85{\mu}T$, followed by Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 running between Seoul and Incheon using AC($2.78{\mu}T$), Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 between Seoul and Uijongbu using AC($2.73{\mu}T$), Bundang Line using AC($1.79{\mu}T$), Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 connected from Yongsan using AC($1.67{\mu}T$), Seoul Metropolitan Line 1 between Seoul and Suwon using AC($0.79{\mu}T$), and so on. In general, the intensity of the magnetic field in the subway systems in Korea was significantly higher when using AC($2.14{\pm}0.91{\mu}T$) than when using DC($0.29{\pm}0.44{\mu}T$) power source. Among the home electric appliances examined, microwave ovens showed the highest mean value of $7.69{\mu}T$, followed by hair dryers($6.47{\mu}T$), vacuum cleaners($5.27{\mu}T$), televisions ($2.26{\mu}T$), electric blankets($1.38{\mu}T$), personal computers ($0.81{\mu}T$), and so on. Two items of electric appliances showed the excess value of $0.2{\mu}T$ at the distance of 30cm in the MF exposure level; electric razors $1.58{\pm}2.13{\mu}T$ and vacuum cleaners $0.48{\pm}0.44{\mu}T$. As a whole, this study showed a tendency that the shift of the MF levels according to the increase of distance from the electric appliances was lower than those of the results surveyed in UK and USA. As a result, this study is expected to suggest meaningful data for the future study in exposure assessment of magnetic fields and for the establishment of guidelines for subways and electric appliances in Korea. More detailed and large scaled exposure assessment studies should be performed continuously to get the various and useful information on health risk assessment of MFs in Korea.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.230-242
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• 2020

We performed a magnetotelluric (MT) survey to delineate the geological structures below the depth of 20 km in the Gyeongju area where an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8 occurred in September 2016. The measured MT data were severely distorted by electrical noise caused by subways, power lines, factories, houses, and farmlands, and by vehicle noise from passing trains and large trucks. Using machine-learning methods, we classified the MT time series data obtained near the railway and highway into two groups according to the inclusion of traffic noise. We applied three schemes, stochastic gradient descent, support vector machine, and random forest, to the time series data for the highspeed train noise. We formulated three datasets, Hx, Hy, and Hx & Hy, for the time series data of the large truck noise and applied the random forest method to each dataset. To evaluate the effect of removing the traffic noise, we compared the time series data, amplitude spectra, and apparent resistivity curves before and after removing the traffic noise from the time series data. We also examined the frequency range affected by traffic noise and whether artifact noise occurred during the traffic noise removal process as a result of the residual difference.