• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.341-344
• /
• 1997

To check the possibility to use the pharmaceutical by product of ginkgo leaf for the improvement soil fertility, a pot experiment was conducted with paddy rice. There were three treatment; NPK alone, NPK+7000kg(air dry)/ha of ginkgo leaf waste and NPK+700 kg of water-washed ginkgo leaf waste (air dry)/ha. The result indicated that the application of ginkgo leaf waste severely retarded the growth of rice. Water washing did reduce the severity of retardation, but the water washed ginkgo leaf waste also retarded the growth of rice significantly. The result of this study suggested that ginkgo leaf waste may contain some growth inhibiting substance.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.369-375
• /
• 2009

The potential antiviral effects of the culture filtrates (CF) from Serratia marcescens strain Gsm01 against yellow strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-Y) were investigated. The culture filtrate of S. marcescens strain Gsm01 applied on Chenopodium amaranticolor showed high inhibitory activity, likewise no necrosis appeared when applied on the tobacco plants 2 days before CMV-Y inoculation. When plants were challenge inoculated with CMV-Y for eighteen days, the disease incidence in plants with culture filtrate of S. marcescens Gsm01 did not exceed 59%, whereas 100% of control plants were severely infected. The results of double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), dot blotting, and western blotting showed that culture filtrate treatment highly affected the accumulation of CMV-Y or its CP protein gene in the treated plant leaves. It was also observed that the culture filtrate had no RNase activity on genomic RNAs of CMV-Y, suggesting that culture filtrate may not contain ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) or proteins with RNase activity. These data shows that culture filtrate of S. marcescens strain Gsm01 seems to be a promising source of antiviral substance for the practical use.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pyroligneous acids on urea hydrolysis for the purpose of inhibiting ammonia volatilization during urea fertilizer application. Different types of synthetic urease inhibitors have been searched and developed, but their use is limited due to varying inhibition effects on soil urease, and environmental problems. In this study, the effect of pyroligneous acids, a natural substance, on urea hydrolysis in soil was evaluated by analyzing inhibition of urease activity. Pyroligneous acids inhibited plant urease and microbial urease activity, as well as soil urease with various urease complex. In addition, pyroligneous acids exhibited non-competitive urease inhibition effect through urease kinetics and inhibited urea hydrolysis in the soil. This study showed that pyroligneous acids treatment with urea fertilizer decreases the loss of urea fertilizer, improves the efficiency of nitrogen application on plant and reduces the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied in soil.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.207-215
• /
• 2008

Drug approval-patent linkage is the practice of linking drug marketing approval to the patent status of the originator's product and not allowing the grant of marketing approval to any third party prior to the expiration of the patent term unless by consent of the patent owner. Article 18.9.5 of Korea-US Free Trade Agreement requires that Korea introduce the linkage system in drug marketing approval. However, Korea is unfamiliar with the linkage system. In addition, there have been lots of arguments over the impacts of this system on Korean pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical market in the future. This report investigated the linkage systems of the US and Canada. The US and Canada have implemented drug approval-patent linkage system since 1984 and 1993, respectively. Both countries have patent lists for drug approvalpatent linkage on which originators are required to list patents on substance, product, and use of their drugs. Generic or follow-on drug applicants must contain a certification regarding each patent listed that relates to the referenced drug. If the patent holder files suit for patent infringement within 45 days of notice of application, drug approval is not allowed for several months - 30 months in the US and 24 months in Canada. Both countries have amended their systems after having experienced unexpected results such as listing improper and additional patents, multiple patent litigations and delayed generic entries. After reviewing the US and Canada's experiences, we suggested three principles needed in implementing the system: protecting patent holder's right; promoting generic drug development and marketing; monitoring the process and the effect of the system.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.27 no.7
• /
• pp.1077-1095
• /
• 2014

Unlike randomized trial, statistical strategies for inferring the unbiased causal relationship are required in the observational studies. Recently, new methods for the causal inference in the observational studies have been proposed such as the matching with the propensity score or the inverse probability treatment weighting. They have focused on how to control the confounders and how to evaluate the effect of the treatment on the result variable. However, these conventional methods are valid only when the treatment variable is categorical and both of the treatment and the result variables are directly observable. Research on the causal inference can be challenging in part because it may not be possible to directly observe the treatment and/or the result variable. To address this difficulty, we propose a method for estimating the average causal effect when both of the treatment and the result variables are latent. The latent class analysis has been applied to calculate the propensity score for the latent treatment variable in order to estimate the causal effect on the latent result variable. In this work, we investigate the causal effect of adolescents delinquency on their substance use using data from the 'National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health'.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.137-154
• /
• 2005

Objectives: This study aims to examine the positive effects of developmental assets on the prevention of health risk behaviors among Korean adolescents. The framework of developmental assets was introduced as building blocks for healthy child and adolescent development by Benson and his colleagues. These assets represent positive external environmental factors and internal personal qualities which strongly influence the quality of life of adolescents. Methods: In 2001, we administered self-reported questionnaires to 3,739 girls and boys in grade 9 at eight schools in two cities, Chinju and Suwon in South Korea. The data was compiled into a 'Korean Youth Health Related Behaviors and Developmental Assets Survey' and then analyzed Youth health risk behaviors, which we measured in terms of their frequency, included tobacco, alcohol, and substance use, sexual intercourse, anti-social behaviors, violence, feelings of social isolation at school, depression or attempted suicide, absenteeism from school, gambling. Results: Overall, with respect to developmental assets, the Korean adolescents surveyed only 12.6 of the 40 assets, and 88 percent of adolescents had 20 or fewer of the assets. Based on their number of developmental assets(DA), adolescents were categorized into four groups: Group I(DA 0-10): Group II(DA 11-20): Group III(DA 21-30): Group IV(DA 31-40). We examined the differences in the frequency of each health risk behavior across the four groups, Group I-IV, and found that the frequency of most health risk behaviors decreased as the number of developmental assets increased. Conclusion: We therefore concluded that in order to make effective approaches for the prevention of health risk behaviors among adolescents, we should consider and develop more comprehensive and adolescents-based policy and programs to promote various aspects of adolescents' health and quality of life.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.3-31
• /
• 2011

In response to complexity and diversity of a social phenomenon, the dispute also is various, therefore can not be settled efficiently by means of court adjudication to which applies a law strictly. To overcome such problems we are going to seek to make use of arbitration. According to Korean Arbitration Act Art. 3 (1), any dispute in private laws would be the object of arbitral proceedings. It could be the object of arbitral proceedings that disputes which are capable of a settlement by arbitration. It is a matter for debate that disputes containing punitive damages may be resolved by arbitration. This problem is concerning the arbitrability of the subject-matter of a dispute. To offer some solution to these issues, it is necessary to inquire into the nature of punitive damages. the policy and function of alimony, the fair apportionment of a loss. Moreover, international relations formed with international transactions should be considered. Punitive damages would be the object of arbitral proceedings as the dipute in private laws. When punitive damages pursue only punishment in the domestic arbitration that there is not foreign factors, arbitral tribunal could not make arbitral award containing punitive damages. However, if punitive damages are admitted under the rules applicable to substance of dispute, and there is the arbitration agreement in which is implied that the parties agree to submit to an arbitral award, arbitral tribunal could make arbitral award containing punitive damages in international arbitration. When it is questionable whether it is offend against our public policy or not, that we accept the effect of arbitral award containing punitive damages, and we admit the enforcement of it, we have to take the nature of punitive damages, the policy and function of alimony, the fair apportionment of a loss and the stability of international transactions into consideration.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.204-210
• /
• 2013

This study has focused on the possibility for recycling tailings from the Sangdong tungsten mine (TA) as admixture for concrete. TA has been accumulating for several decades in Sangdong, a region in Korea, and there is a growing demand for alternative uses for this hazardous substance. In particular, the use must be in accordance with the hazardous materials stipulations under the Korean waste control act. This study showed that TA presented pH of 8.0-9.3, 18.7-22.0% of water content, 2.7% of maximum ignition loss. The chemical composition of TA showed minute differences from each depth of sampling that represented approximately 50% of $SiO_2$ and 13% of both $Al_2O_3$ and $Fe_2O_3$. The chemical composition of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb from mortar incorporating TA showed lower levels of hazardous materials which met the specifications of the waste control act in Korea. The TA mortar also appeared very effective for stabilizing/solidifying heavy metals particularly when used in conjunction with SG.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.217-225
• /
• 2008

Objectives : Prevalence of night eating habit associated with substance use and obesity is increasing rapidly in children and adolescents. Further, staying up late and eating snacks late at night were known as leading health risk behaviors for children, suggesting the potential adverse effect of night-eating habit on children. However, only few reports had been issued on the effect of night-eating habit on gastrointestinal symptom and SUI-TAI(水滯) symptom of children. Therefore, we aimed to investigate clinical characteristics of children by night-eating symptom status. Methods : Parents were asked to give a detailed answer to a systemized medical history questionnaire concerning night-eating habit, gastrointestinal symptom and SUI-TAI symptom of their children. Medical records of 28 children treated in the Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Oriental Medicine, were the subject of this study. Clinical characteristics of two groups of children who with no night-eating habit and frequent night-eating group(eating at night more than 3 times per week) were analysed. In addition, the correlation analysis between clinical characteristics were performed. Results : Children with frequent night-eating habit(n=7, more than 3 days of night-eating a week) were observed to have more aggravated gastrointestinal symptom and SUI-TAI symptom compared with those without night-eating habit(n=13). In parallel, the association of gastrointestinal symptom and SUI-TAI symptom was demonstrated(n=28). Conclusions : It is notable that deranged gastrointestinal function and aggravated SUI-TAI symptom were observed among children generally regarded as healthy. Therefore, endeavors to correct night-eating habit as well as to treat aggravated gastrointestinal and SUI-TAI symptoms are needed for the promotion of health of children.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.51 no.5
• /
• pp.537-544
• /
• 2013

The present study was performed to observe histopathological changes in tissues of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos (Gastropoda, Bithyniidae) incubated in crude extract solutions of camellia (Camellia oleifera) seed and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp, and furthermore to estimate the molluscicidal effects of 2 plant substances. Substantial numbers of bithyniid snails were incubated in various concentrations of 2 plant solution for 24 hr. As the positive control, snails incubated in various concentrations of niclosamide, a chemical molluscicide, were used. The histopathological findings were observed in sectioned snail specimens of each experimental and control groups. The results showed that both camellia and mangosteen extracts had molluscicidal effects at 24 hr with 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) at concentrations of 0.003 and 0.002 g/ml, respectively, while niclosamide had $LC_{50}$ at concentrations 0.599 ppm. B. siamensis goniomphalos snail tissues (foot, gill, and digestive system) showed disruption of columnar muscle fibers of the foot, reduction of the length and number of gill cilia, numerous mucous vacuoles, and irregularly shaped of epithelial cells. Irregular apical and calciferous cells, dilatation of the digestive gland tubule, and large hemolymphatic spaces, and irregular apical surfaces, detachment of cilia, and enlargement of lysosomal vacuoles of epidermis were also shown in all groups. By the present study, it is confirmed that 2 plants, camellia and mangosteen, are keeping some substance having molluscicidal effects, and histopathological findings obtained in this study will provide some clues in further studies on their action mechanisms to use them as natural molluscicides.