• 대한조선학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.9-20
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• 1989

선박 구조물의 구조설계 과정에서 구조물의 파괴가 일어나지 않도록 구조물의 안전도를 가능한한 높힌다는 것은 다른 무엇보다 중요하다. 또한 선체구조물의 안전도를 높히는데 있어, 선체구조 강도의 문제는 직접적인 관련이 있는데, 최근에는 종전에 해오던 규정에 의거한 경험적인 방법을 지양하고, 보다 합리적인 역학의 기본원리를 이용하는 직접계산법이 많이 시도되고 있다. 특히 안전계수를 바탕으로 하는 종전의 구조설계 방법에서는 선체에 작용하는 외력과 선체구조물의 최종강도가 갖고 있는 불확실성(uncertainty)을 충분히 고려하지 못한 공칭값(norminal value)을 사용하는 관계로 충분한 경험을 바탕으로 적용될 경우에 한해, 구조물의 안전성을 간접적으로 검토하게 되어, 최근 그 타당성 여부가 거론되고 있는 실정이다. 선체구조물의 안전성을 효율적으로 다루기 위해선, 첫째 하중해석, 둘째 거동해석, 셋째 안전도 해석의 세 단계가 거의 동등하게 다루어져야 하는데, 주로 파랑하중을 취급하는 첫째 단계와 유한요소법을 이용하는 둘째 단계가 거의 집중적으로 연구되어 왔다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 체계적인 신뢰도 해석 방법을 선박구조물에 적용하기 위해 우선 각종의 기본적인 신뢰도 해석 기법을 비교검토하여, 가장 효율적인 Advanced Level 2 방법을 정립하여, 선체구조 설계과정에서 중요한 선체 상갑판의 신뢰성 문제를 종전의 해석방법과 비교하여 그 유효성을 증명하였다.

• 법제연구
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• 제44호
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• pp.63-101
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• 2013

이 글에서는 먼저 경쟁과 다양성이 미디어 정책의 구체적인 수단을 규정한 방송관련법이 추구하는 주된 목적이 된다는 것을 전제로 하여 각각의 개념과 구성요소 그리고 그 제도적 구현의 모습을 살펴보고, 특정분야의 경쟁법으로서의 방송관련법에서는 경쟁 목적이 차별성 요인을 갖는 한편 다양성 가치도 특수성을 갖는다는 논의를 전개한다. 다음으로 경쟁과 다양성 가치를 조화롭게 실현하기 위해서는 방송시장 특유의 구조적 규제수단을 포함하는 특별한 경쟁규칙이 필요하다고 전제하면서, 방송관련법상 경쟁 목적 규제와 다양성 목적 규제에 대하여 개선되어야 할 방향을 다음과 같이 제시한다. 첫째, 경쟁 목적 규제의 개선 방안이다. 사전적인 상태적 규제로서의 시청점유율 규제와 사후적인 행위규제로서의 금지행위 규제는 다양성 가치를 추구하면서도 원인적 규제를 대체하는 데 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다. 이를 위하여 공정거래법의 위법성 판단방식을 유추하여 다양성 관련 요소를 금지행위의 위법성 판단기준의 고려요소로 하는 방식을 구체적으로 개발할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 다양성 목적 규제의 개선 방안이다. 이는 규제 목적의 설정, 대체가능한 규제수단의 식별, 규제 목적에 맞는 규제수단과 규제수준의 선택이라는 3가지 관점에서 검토될 수 있다. 이러한 관점에서 다양성 가치가 단순한 수사적 도구에 그치지 않고 평가 및 분석 도구로 사용될 수 있는 제도적 수단 위주로 규제 틀을 개선하는 한편, 경쟁과 같은 경제적 목적과의 조화를 고려할 때 불합리해 보이는 규제에 대하여는 이를 유지할 것인가 또는 어느 정도로 유지할 것인가를 신중하게 재검토해야 한다.

• 한국프랜차이즈경영연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2018

Purpose - Turnover Intention in the franchise industry is becoming a very important issue. This study examines the structural relationships between organizational justice, emotion, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in the franchise industry. In this model, emotion was classified into two sub-dimensions such as positive and negative emotion. Research design, data, methodology - The sample of this study collected from employees of a food-service franchise company is representative. Copies of the questionnaire along with a cover letter were delivered by a research assistant to the human resources manager or the general manager of the selected food-service franchise firms after they agreed to participate in the study. In order to increase the response rate of the respondents, a small gift was provided to the respondents who completed the questionnaire. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed and 285 returned responses, 9 responses were not usable due to missing information. Thus, a total of 276 responses were used using structural equation modeling with Smartpls 3.0. Results - The results showed that organizational justice had positive significant effects on positive emotion and job satisfaction. Job satisfaction had negative a significant effect on turnover intention. And negative emotion had positive significant effect on turnover intention. Conclusions - The results of this study provide some implications. If employees feel that the franchise headquarters is fair about the methods and procedures of decision making, resource allocation, information sharing, etc., it means that employees feel better. If the franchise's decision-making processes and methods and results are transparently disclosed and processed in accordance with the internal rules of the company, the employees will be able to fully understand and accept them. The results of this study also show that positive and negative emotions of service-based franchise employees have different effects on job attitude and organizational behavior. In particular, when negative emotions of employees are passed on to others and the results are negative, employees may feel that they are disoriented or wrong. Therefore, the franchise headquarters should try to inspire employees' sense of organizational community, and should pay attention to how to relieve the job stress and the fair distribution of work and rewards.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.99-143
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• 2016

General aviation and air transport are two wings of the civil aviation industry. Chinese air transport is developing rapidly, and has become the world second air transport system only second to US since 2005. However, Chinese civil aviation is far behind the world average level, and cannot meet requirements of economic construction and social development. The transition and structural adjustment of Chinese economy provide the general aviation with a unprecedented broad market. The prospect of general aviation is promising and anticipated. The development of general aviation industry needs the legislative supports, and the current legislative conditions of Chinese general aviation are undoubtedly far behind the realistic requirements. Accelerating the legislation in Chinese general aviation industry requires scientific legislation concept. First, Legislation must promote development of general aviation industry. The general aviation will serves as a Chinese emerging industry that boosts domestic demand, promotes employment and expedite domestic economic development. We should, based on both the concept of promoting the industrial development of general aviation and national industrial planning, enact and rectify relative laws and regulations. And we should also straighten out the relationship between aviation security and industrial development and promote the revolution of low-altitude airspace management in an all-round way, in order to improve the utilization rate of airspace resources, classify and establish airspace, simplify examination and approval procedure and intensify operation management. In addition, what we should do is to expedite the infrastructure layout construction, guide the differentiated but coordinated development of general aviation industries in various areas, establish a united supervision mechanism of general aviation, redistrict the responsibilities of Chinese Air Control Agency and set up legislation, law enforcement and judicial systems with clarified institutions, clear positioning and classified responsibilities, so as to usher in a new era of the legislative management of Chinese general aviation industry. Second, shift the focus from regulations to both regulations and services. Considering the particularity of the general aviation, we should use American practices for reference and take into account both regulation and service functions when enacting general aviation laws. For example, we should reduce administrative licensing and market supervision, and adopt "criteria" and "approval" management systems for non-commercial and commercial aviation. Furthermore, pay attention to social benefits. Complete social rescuing mechanism through legislation. It should be clarified in legislation that general aviation operators should take the responsibilities of, and ensure to realize social benefits of environmental protection and ecological balance .Finally, rise in line with international standards. Modify Chinese regulations which is inconsistent with international ones to remove barriers to international cooperation. Specify basic legislative principles. One is the principle of coordination. Realize coordination between the civil aviation and general aviation, between military aviation and civil aviation, and among departments. Two is the principle of pertinence. The general aviation has its own rules and specialties, needing to be standardized using specialized laws and regulations. Three is the principle of efficiency. To realize time and space values of general aviation, we should complete rules in aerospace openness, general aviation airport construction, general aviation operations, and regulation enforcement. Four is the principle of security. Balance the maximum use of resources of Chinese airspace and the according potential threats to Chinese national interests and social security, and establish a complete insurance system which functions as security defense and indemnificatory measure. Establish a unified legal system. Currently, the system of Chinese general aviation laws consists of national legislation, administrative laws and regulations and civil aviation regulations (CAR). Some problems exist in three components of the system, including too general content, unclear guarantee measures, incomplete implementation details, and lacking corresponding pertinence and flexibility required by general aviation regulations, stringency of operation management and standards, and uniformity of standards. A law and regulation system, centered on laws and consisting of administrative laws regulations, industrial regulations, implementation details, industrial policies and local laws and regulations, should be established. It is suggested to modify the Civil Aviation Law to make general aviation laws complete, enact the Regulations of General Aviation Development, and accelerate the establishment, modification and abolition of Chinese general aviation laws to intensify the coordination and uniformity of regulations.

• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.69-92
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• 2003

기록물의 등록과 기술은 기록물의 생산배경과 업무행위 관련 정보를 제공함과 동시에 그 이용을 가능하게 하고 검색을 편리하게 하는 데 있어 중요한 항목이다. 전자문서체제에서는 기록물이 일정기간 생산기관에서 활용되다가, 준활용단계가 되거나 비활용단계가 되어 기록물을 처리할 때에도 등록시 입력되었던 data 요소들이 그대로 활용되기 때문에, 전자기록체제 하에서 기록물의 등록사항은 과거 어느 때보다 중요한 요소가 되었다. 본고에서는 한국에서의 기록물 등록 및 기술사항을 국제표준과 비교 분석하여 다음과 같이 제안하였다. 우선 등록부분에서는 기본등록단계에 내용기술을 넣어, 첨부여부 쪽수 결재사항 등을 기술하도록 하고, 각기 항목으로 되어 있는 첨부번호, 결재권자, 확인란 등은 생략한다. 세부등록단계에서는 발송방법, 발송등록 분류등록 전체 수정, 특수목록 등을 생략하되, 등록할 필요가 있는 것은 내용기술에서 서술한다. 다음으로 체제 판본 문서링크 적요 등 기록물의 구조와 등록된 체제가 어떤 것인지에 대한 정보 즉 생산맥락 및 링크 등을 등록항목에 넣도록 한다. 기술부분에서는 우선 다층기술을 채택하되, 퐁과 시리즈 계층의 기술을 도입한다. 국제표준정리기술규칙인 ISAD(G)와 ISAAR(CPF)를 적용하여 전거통제 정보 및 비고영역과 마찬가지로 체계와 구조에 관한 정보, 예컨대 기록물의 범위 및 내용, 기술단위의 한도 및 매체, 행정 기관연혁 검색도구 등과 아키비스트의 주기 및 기록물 이력 기록물처리 기록(Documentation)을 기술할 수 있는 새로운 기술표준을 마련하되, 전자기록물 관리에 필수적으로 요구되는 항목들을 편입한다. 또한 제안된 사항을 실행하기 위해 법령개정이나 통합적으로 자동화도니 영구보존기록물관리 시스템을 조정하며, 등록과 기술을 수행할 훈련받은 전문인을 배치한다.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.273-300
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 의미의 구조적인 표현에 중점을 두고 객체와 객체들 간의 관계를 표현하는 온톨로지를 개발하고자 하였다. 개발된 온톨로지가 실제 환경에 적용될 수 있도록 기존의 온톨로지나 메타데이터들과의 상호운용성에 대해서도 고려하였다. 전체적인 틀을 제공하는 ABC 온톨로지와 통합될 수 있는 응용분야를 고려하였으며, 특히 이벤트를 중심으로 개념이 표현될 수 있는 분야를 선택하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 분야를 음악으로 간주하였고, 음악분야 온톨로지를 개발하였다. 이는 단순한 용어들의 의미적인 연결뿐만 아니라 잠재적인 의미를 추론할 수 있는 기반지식을 함께 제공하였다. 본 연구에서는 전체적인 틀을 표현하는 ABC 온톨로지에 의미를 전달해주는 도메인 온톨로지인 음악 온톨로지를 적용하여 ABC 온톨로지 확장 모형을 개발하였다. 개념 관계를 표현하는 온톨로지 확장 모형은 틀과 의미가 조화를 이루는 하나의 온톨로지로 개발되며, 온톨로지의 특징인 추론 기제를 적용하였다. 또한 ABC 온톨로지 확장 모형과 상이한 메타데이터 모델간의 상호운용성을 고려하여, 확장 모형에 대한 활용가능성도 분석하였다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.66-88
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• 1997

There is no special law of Landscape architecture in Korea. So, examining the concept from the legal basis of LA with the viewpoint of a natural scientist not a jurist, this study was conducted to grasp the present condition of the name and the related text of the foreign laws in force which were connected with LA.. And those foreign laws were arranged in the name and the text and classified by nations of regional groups and it was considered to the mutual relation with lots of laws which are scattered with the various laws. Current domestic regulations to the various fields of LA are assembled with the many related rules. The governmental organization conducting those business is nonexistent up to now and it is generally known to except the dept. of LA from the office organization in Korea. Being at a disadvantage as mentioned above, this study was progressed under the necessity of the scientific basis for the expected organic law of LA proposed to establish it by every field of LA. Though feels inconvenience if the study for the items itself of LA had been proceeded prior to the study of laws relating to LA throughout the study, such a extensive study will be a subject to be attempted constantly hereafter by all part of landscape architects. The contents of the study are as follows ; 1. The present condition of the foreign laws connected with LA 1. The proposal & analysis of the problems and the solutions to the domestic laws connected with LA 3. The proposal of the reasonable application pklan in order to establish the organic law for LA. Among the items relating to LA such as engineer, contract, planning, design and supervision, construction, maintenance, plant and planting, open space, facilities, aesthetics and sight, park, land use and development planning, urban and regional planning, leisure space planning, environmental conservation and ecology, structural engineering of construction, administration, right and penal regulations, the laws dealing with the matter relating to LA directly or indirectly are prescribed dispersedly in the many other related laws and it is concluded to be impossible for the independent law of LA is likely to be establish with not only selecting and arranging the matter having closed connections to LA directly but also being recognized as the systematic equipment of the LA business. It was to be analyzed the present condition of the collected foreign laws relating to LA. After pointing out the problems to the domestic related laws being at issue, the remedies for it were presented through the questionnaire of the landscape specialist in which the supporting opinions to the recognition to the problems and the solutions were come to a major portion. Three types of application such as applicable, non-applicable, applicable after examination were presented to decide whether or not the foreign related laws were applied to the domestic one. The result of analysis shows that 42 statutes and 9 ordinances are applicable, 4 statutes and 7 ordinances are non-applicable, 1 constitution, 81 statutes and 48 ordinances are applicable after examination.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.574-575
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• 1996

The theme of the current study is to study intonation of Taiwanese(Tw.) by comparing the intonation patterns in native language (Ll), target language (L2), and interlanguage (IL). Studies on interlanguage have dealt primarily with segments. Though there were studies which addressed to the issues of interlanguage intonation, more often than not, they didn't offer evidence for the statement, and the hypotheses were mainly based on impression. Therefore, a formal description of interlanguage intonation is necessary for further development in this field. The basic assumption of this study is that native speakers of one language perceive and produce a second language in ways closely related to the patterns of their first language. Several studies on interlanguage prosody have suggested that prosodic structure and rules are more subject to transfer than certain other phonological phenomena, given their abstract structural nature and generality(Vogel 1991). Broselow(1988) also shows that interlanguage may provide evidence for particular analyses of the native language grammar, which may not be available from the study of the native language alone. Several research questions will be addressed in the current study: A. How does duration vary among native and nominative utterances\ulcorner The results shows that there is a significant difference in duration between the beginning English learners, and the native speakers of American English for all the eleven English sentences. The mean duration shows that the beginning English learners take almost twice as much time (1.70sec.), as Americans (O.97sec.) to produce English sentences. The results also show that American speakers take significant longer time to speak all ten Taiwanese utterances. The mean duration shows that Americans take almost twice as much time (2.24sec.) as adult Taiwanese (1.14sec.) to produce Taiwanese sentences. B. Does proficiency level influence the performance of interlanguage intonation\ulcorner Can native intonation patterns be achieved by a non-native speaker\ulcorner Wenk(1986) considers proficiency level might be a variable which related to the extent of Ll influence. His study showed that beginners do transfer rhythmic features of the Ll and advanced learners can and do succeed in overcoming mother-tongue influence. The current study shows that proficiency level does play a role in the acquisition of English intonation by Taiwanese speakers. The duration and pitch range of the advanced learners are much closer to those of the native American English speakers than the beginners, but even advanced learners still cannot achieve native-like intonation patterns. C. Do Taiwanese have a narrower pitch range in comparison with American English speakers\ulcorner Ross et. al.(1986) suggests that the presence of tone in a language significantly inhibits the unrestricted manipulation of three acoustical measures of prosody which are involved in producing local pitch changes in the fundamental frequency contour during affective signaling. Will the presence of tone in a language inhibit the ability of speakers to modulate intonation\ulcorner The results do show that Taiwanese have a narrower pitch range in comparison with American English speakers. Both advanced (84Hz) and beginning learners (58Hz) of English show a significant narrower FO range than that of Americans' (112Hz), and the difference is greater between the beginning learners' group and native American English speakers.

• 콘크리트학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.149-160
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• 1999

본 논문은 고강도 콘크리트기둥에 대한 설계방법을 검증하는 연구의 일부로서, 보통강도 및 고강도 콘크리트기둥시편에 대하여 편심하중의 재하실험을 수행하여 파괴거동을 관찰하고 기둥강도를 측정하였다. 기둥시편은 모두 32개로 콘크리트 압축강도, 종방향 철근비, 세장비, 재하편심을 실험의 주요변수로 선정하였다. 콘크리트 압축강도는 356~951 kg/$cm^$ 이며, 종방향철근비는 1.13~5.51 %, 세장비는 19, 40, 61의 3 종류로 하였다. ACI의 직사각형 응력블럭, Ibrahim과 MacGregor의 수정된 직사각형 응력블럭, 사다리꼴 응력 블럭을 이용한 기둥강도해석과 축력-모멘트-곡률해석을 통한 기둥강도해석을 수행하였으며, 실험결과와 비교분석하였다. 현시방서에서 적용하고 있는 직사각형 응력블럭은 철근비가 낮은 고강도 콘크리트기둥에 대하여 비안전측의 축력-모멘트강도를 제공한다. 축력-모멘트-곡률해석을 통한 기둥강도해석시에는 콘크리트 응력-변형률곡선의 최대응력을 결정하는 $k_3$ 값에 따라 정확성 및 안전성이 좌우된다. 또한, 본 논문에서는 재하실험을 통한 기둥의 파괴거동, 압축연단 극한변형률, 응력블럭변수 등을 비교분석하였다.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1219-1229
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• 1999

일반적으로 AND, OR, NOT과 같은 연산자를 사용하는 불리언 질의는 사용자의 검색의도를 정확하게 표현할 수 있기 때문에 검색 전문가들은 불리언 질의를 사용하여 높은 검색성능을 얻는다고 알려져 있지만, 일반 사용자는 자신이 원하는 정보를 불리언 형태로 표현하는데 익숙하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 검색성능의 향상과 사용자 편의성을 동시에 만족하기 위하여 사용자의 자연어 질의를 확장 불리언 질의로 자동 변환하는 방법론을 제안한다. 먼저 자연어 질의를 범주문법에 기반한 구문분석을 수행하여 구문트리를 생성하고 연산자 및 키워드 정보를 추출하여 구문트리를 간략화한다. 다음으로 간략화된 구문트리로부터 명사구를 합성하고 키워드들에 대한 가중치를 부여한 후 불리언 질의를 생성하여 검색을 수행한다. 또한 구문분석의 오류로 인한 검색성능 저하를 최소화하기 위하여 상위 N개 구문트리에 대해 각각 불리언 질의를 생성하여 검색하는 N-BEST average 방법을 제안하였다. 정보검색 실험용 데이타 모음인 KTSET2.0으로 실험한 결과 제안된 방법은 수동으로 추출한 불리언 질의보다 8% 더 우수한 성능을 보였고, 기존의 벡터공간 모델에 기반한 자연어질의 시스템에 비해 23% 성능향상을 보였다. Abstract There have been a considerable evidence that trained users can achieve a good search effectiveness through a boolean query because a structural boolean query containing operators such as AND, OR, and NOT can make a more accurate representation of user's information need. However, it is not easy for ordinary users to construct a boolean query using appropriate boolean operators. In this paper, we propose a boolean query formulation method that automatically transforms a user's natural language query into a extended boolean query for both effectiveness and user convenience. First, a user's natural language query is syntactically analyzed using KCCG(Korean Combinatory Categorial Grammar) parser and resulting syntactic trees are structurally simplified using a tree-simplifying mechanism in order to catch the logical relationships between keywords. Next, in a simplified tree, plausible noun phrases are identified and added into the same tree as new additional keywords. Finally, a simplified syntactic tree is automatically converted into a boolean query using some mapping rules and linguistic heuristics. We also propose an N-BEST average method that uses top N syntactic trees to compensate for bad effects of single incorrect top syntactic tree. In experiments using KTSET2.0, we showed that a proposed method outperformed a traditional vector space model by 23%, and surprisingly manually constructed boolean queries by 8%.