• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1667-1673
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• 2017

Antibiotics have long been of great benefit for people, both in the medical treatment of human disease and in animal food where they improve the growth performance and feed utilization during animal production. Antibiotics as in-feed supplements affect all stages of pork production, including the gestation, nursing, growing, and finishing stages, although the effects show stage-dependent differences. However, the use of antibiotics in animal feed has become a worldwide concern. This review describes why sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotic additives in animal feed have become an integral part of animal feeding programs for more than 70 years, particularly in pork production. It also discusses the threat of the long-term use of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in pork production. In recent years, the effectiveness of in-feed antibiotics has tended to decrease. This review analyzes this change from various perspectives. First, the equipment used at pig farms has improved dramatically and is more sanitary. Worldwide, more pig farms use pig farrowing crates, gestation crates, piglet nursery crates, flooring devices, piggery ventilation and cooler systems, automatic pig feeders, piggery heating equipment, and artificial insemination systems. In addition, scientists have replaced the use of antibiotics with organic acids, fermented mash, probiotics, prebiotics, minerals, oligosaccharides, enzymes, herbs/flavors, and protein/amino acids, and have improved management and husbandry techniques. In addition, animal welfare legislation has been aimed at improving the quality of the floors and living space, ensuring that animals have permanent access to fresh water, and setting a minimum weaning age. Finally, the prospects and the possibility of replacing antibiotics in pork production are described, in line with recent research results.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.513-518
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• 2009

In childhood tuberculosis, it is possible to clearly distinguish among three basic stages: exposure, infection, and disease. The incidence of tuberculosis in children is low compared with that in adults, but latent infection is a major concern because children, who are exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis especially early in childhood, are at increased risk of developing the disease. Younger children particularly infants have a high relative risk of miliary or meningeal disease. The clinical manifestations of childhood tuberculosis differ noticeably from those of the disease seen in adults. Adolescents with tuberculosis have different demographic and clinical features from those of adults or children. Tuberculosis in adolescents has become relatively more important as the incidence of infection in childhood has decreased.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.239-249
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• 2014

Color is an important subject of interest for cognitive developmental stages of children and it also correlate to emotional and physical development. Children can acquire concept of color by 'play'. Color play can be experienced to children through diversity activity and theses activities contain creative craft art activity. The color-paly with art activity for kids can be called 'kids color-design play'. Recently, indoor playgrounds are rapidly grow-up because parent's concern degree that about play activity get higher. The indoor playground being enlargement and it contains various paly contents. Color-design play is also enacted animatedly in kids indoor playground. The great part of color-design plays are enacted through program that needs teaching. On the other hand, color-design play facility that children can play spontaneously is not composed sufficiently. Therefore this study aim at design proposal of 'Kids color-design playground apparatus' in indoor playground.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.467-477
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of irrational beliefs on teacher burnout. Four-hundred twenty-two school teachers participated in this study. Maslach Burnout Inventory and Irrational Belief Test were used to collect data. Collected data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression. Irrational beliefs significantly predicted teacher burnout. High self-expectation, helplessness, problem avoidance, anxious over-concern and frustration reactivity were significant predictors of teacher burnout. Influence of irrational beliefs on teacher burnout differed according to stages of teacher development and school grade of teacher. The implications of this study on education and counseling for teacher were discussed. Finally future research questions were recommended with the limitations of this study.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.69-72
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• 1999

In this paper, an efficient time domain equalization algorithm for discrete wavelet multitone(DWMT) data transmission is developed. In this algorithm, the time domain equalizer(TEQ) consists of two stages, i.e., the channel impulse response shortening equalizer(TEQ-S) in the first stage and the channel frequency flattening equalizer(TEQ-F) in the second stage. TEQ-S reduces the length of transmission channel impulse response to decrease intersymbol interference(ISI) followed by TEQ-F that enhances the channel frequency response characteristics to the level of an ideal channel, hence diminishes the bit error rate. TEQ-S is implemented using the least-squares(LS) method, while TEQ-F is designed by using the least mean-square(LMS) algorithm. Since DWMT system also requires of the frequency domain equalizer in order to further reduce ICI and ISI the hardware complexity is an another concern. However, by adopting an well designed and trained TEQ, the hardware complexity of the whole DWMT system can be greatly reduced.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2023

Metaverse is expected to bring many innovations to society, culture, and economy by providing realistic services in various fields while suppressing time and space constraints. However, unclear definitions owing to the high diversity of the metaverse add to the confusion of the ecosystem participants. The current metaverse service has many voices of concern owing to technical limitations and lack of a clear profit model. Nevertheless, given its high growth potential driven by the digital transformation, a solid and long-term technology development strategy seems to be necessary. Accordingly, we analyze development cases centering on the major metaverse service shapes presented in the Metaverse New Industry Leading Strategy announced by the Ministry of Science and ICT in January 2022. In addition, we study the characteristics and core technologies of each metaverse service for its realization and discuss future stages of technological development.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.8
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• pp.1406-1415
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• 2010

As process technology for semiconductor goes beyond the ultra-deep submicrometer regime, interconnect reliability on a chip has become a serious design concern. As process parameters scale, interconnect widths are reduced rapidly while the current flowing through the interconnect does not decrease in a proportional manner. This trend increases current densities in metal interconnects which may lead to poor reliability for electromigration. Hence, it is critical to estimate the current amount passing through the interconnects earlier in semiconductor design stages. The purpose of this paper is to propose a fast yet accurate current estimation technique that can offer not only analysis time equivalent to those offered by the previous approximation methods but also a relatively precise estimation by using closed-form equations. The accuracy of the proposed technique was confirmed to be about 8 times better on average when compared to the previous work.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.68-68
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• 2003

Recently, street fashion has been regularly introduced in many fashion media because both consumers and marketers began to recognize the importance of street fashion as a meaningful and objective fashion information source. As the globalization proceeds in fashion field,' the street fashion informations in major cities which has led world fashion trends become more influential on domestic fashion, but little concern has been paid on it. This study classified women's street fashion in 4 major world fashion cities such as Paris, London, New York, Tokyo and identified style characteristics of each group. For data collection, 795 front-view photos were selected from the two fashion trade publication 'STREET' and 'VIEW' which has introduced street fashion photos in those cities from 1996. Classification process went on three stages: sorting, naming and grouping. 49 undergraduate students were divided into 12 teams and about 80 photos were given to each team to sort into several sub-groups by overall images or common style characteristics. Then each sub-group was named according to common images or characteristics. Final groups came out after grouping each sub-group with a similar or same title together. For each group, common style characteristics were analyzed.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.18 no.3 s.41
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• pp.41-60
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• 2006

The system of teaching culinary practice needs drastic modification to catch up with dietary life and education curriculum changes. To reflect such changes, it is necessary to instill a strong will and interest as well as educational environment improvement in teachers. In this sense, this study researched the teachers' stages of concerns, levels of use, innovation configuration, and intervention demands, based on the CBAM(Concerns Based Adoption Method) developed by Hord et. al. For the survey, 500 questionnaires sent by mail and 187 were analyzed by SPSS/win 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The teachers stages of concerns on culinary practice is assessed to be in the lowest level of perceptual stage, which indicates a state of indifference. 2) In terms of the levels of use, routine use was the highest, followed by refinement use, integrated use, research use, and reinvent use in descending order. Mechanical use posted the lowest level. Even though the stages of concern showed the beginning stage, the Level of use was relatively high. 3) About the innovation configuration, approximately 30% of the teachers were not accomodate the culinary practice referred to the 7th National Education Curriculum. 4) According to the intervention demands on culinary practice education, it was found that teachers generally wanted more interventions in every component. Among the intervention components, the highest demand was on the support for facility. Demand on the financing is the second highest. Teachers in the level of routine use demanded more information and materials supply and individual encouragement, but teachers in the level of preparation needed study opportunity for training on operation skills more.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.227-239
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to improve the practice of performance assessment in elementary science education and to support it according to the levels teachers' concerns. So this study was conducted by applying CBAM which is based on teachers' concern, which was designed for the investigation of the elementary science teachers' concern, their performance level, intellectual understanding, status of performance. and stage oi awareness and the connections between these factors. The study involved 311 elementary school teachers in the city of Seoul. The result of this study was as follows: First, the stage of teachers’ concerns performance assessment in science marked 49.5％, indicating that about half of the teachers was staying on the informative stage which could be generally occurring in the beginning of performance the curriculum innovation. The level of performance marked 33.8%, which was regarded as the stage of elaboration. For the category of intellectual understanding, most of the teachers didn’t fully understood the performance assessment. Regarding the status performance, 90.4％ of the teachers were implementing the assessment at the state of knowing the purpose of it. However. 40.5% of the teachers didn't fully understand the specific characteristics of the assessment. Also, the results of analyzing the teachers’ awareness on science performance assessment indicated that they have slightly positive positions. Secondly, the result of analyzing the stages of concerns for the assessment, based on the elementary school teachers' personal background, levels of implementation, and their intellectual understanding showed that the concerns were significantly different with the categories of their workplaces(p<.05). Finally, the result of analyzing the relationship among the concerns for the science performance assessment, levels of implementation and intellectual understanding indicated that there were significant differences in levels of implementation with the degree of intellectual understanding (p<.001).