• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1981

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to apply the methods of classical chemical kinetics to the hydrolytic reaction of pipethanate hydrochloride. By successively keeping all but one variable essentially constant, it has been possible to resolve the overall effect of the individual contributing factors. Since nearly all commercial pipethanate preparations are formulated with antacid, studies were made at several constant hydrogen ion concentration ranging pH 0.4 to 7.5. Rate measurement was also carried out in temperature ranging from $25^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$. The hydrolysis of pipethanate is found to be of first order with respect to pipeethanate concentration over an experimental range of hydrogen ion concentration (pH 0407.5). The apparent activation energy(Ea) at pH 7.5 is 18.30 Kcal/mole and the frequency factor is $1.1408 {\times}10^{9}sec^{-1}$. The rate of the hydrolysis has a minimum at pH 2.5-3.5. In this region the half-life of pipethanate was about15.3 days at $60^{\circ}C$. The catalytic effect of water was found to be $K_{H_2O}$ = $3.16{\times}10^{-5}min^{-1}$ at $60^{\circ}C$. The catalytic constants of the hydroxyl ions and hydrogen ions at $60^{\circ}C$ were also found to be $K_{OH}$ = $4.5519{\times}10^{-5}min^{-1}$ and $K_{H}+$ = $1.1568{\times}10^{-2}min^{-1}$, respectively. This reaction appears to be primarily base catalyzed hydrolysis and pipethanate is relatively reluctant toward acid catalyzed hydrolysis. A positive primary salt effect was noted in the solution of phpethanate at pH 7.5 and at $60^{\circ}C$.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.330-335
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• 1982

오렌지향을 갖는 분말음료의 모델시스템을 설정하여 각기 $4^{\circ}$, $21^{\circ}$, $35^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, C에서 약 180일간 저장하여 아스코르빈산의 파괴를 측정하였다. 본 모델시스템에서 아스코르빈산의 파괴는 1차 반응이었으며 반응속도에 대한 온도와의 관계는 Arrhenius식에 따랐다. 아스코르빈산의 파괴에 대한 활성화 에너지는 3.3 Kcal/mole 이었으며 아스코르빈산의 잔존량과 향미 평점간의 상관관계에서 25% 이상 파괴되면 이미를 느낄 수 있었다. Simulation 모델을 적용하여 분말음료의 품질을 예견한바, 저장시험의 결과와 Simulation간의 오차는 약 3% 이내로 매우 만족스러웠다. 이러한 결과로 분말음료의 품질을 Simulation을 이용하여 예견할 수 있음으로 보여주었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.25-32
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• 1996

The Bioconcentration factor(BCF) is used as an important criterion in the risk assessment of environmental contaminants. Also it can be used as indicator of biomagnification of environmentally hazardous chemicals through food-chain as well as a tool for ranking the bioconcentration potential of the chemicals in the environment. This paper reports the measured BCF value on carbofuran in Carassius auratus(goldfish), under steady state, and examined corelation between the BCF value and the depuration rate constant. Carassius auratus(goldfish) was chosen as test organism and test periods were 1-day, 3-day and 5-day. Experimental concentrations were 0.05, 0.10 and 0.50 ppm. Carbofuran in fish tissue and in test water was extracted with n-hexane and acetonitril. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate carbofuran. The depuration rate of carbofuran from the whole body of goldfish is determined over the 24-h period after treatment. The obtained results were as follows: 1. It was possible to determine short term BCFs of carbofuran through relatively simple procedure in environmental concentrations. 2. $BCF_1$ of carbofuran in concentration of 0.05, 0.10 and 0.50 ppm were 1.66, 1.64 0.61, $BCF_3$ were 2.08, 2.14, 0.66 and $BCF_5$ were 2.21, 2.57, 0.86, respectively. 3. Carbofuran concentration in fish extract was increased as increasing test concentration and prolonging test period, but $BCF_s$ in concentration of 0.50 ppm was greately decreased. 4. Determined deputation rate constants of carbofuran in concentration of 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 ppm were 0.076, 0.082 and 0.089, respectively. 5. It is considered that great decrease of $BCF_s$ in concentration of 0.50 ppm is due to high water solubility and stability of carbofuran in testwater. 6. It is suggested that low BCF of carbofuran is due to its relatively high water solubility and depuration rate, compared to BPMC, carbaryl and chlorothalonil.

• 분석과학
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.206-211
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• 2003

몇가지 희토류 원소의 DC폴라로그램을 여러 가지 지지전해질과 여러 pH용액에서 얻었다. $Sm^{3+}$은 0.1 M NaCl 지지전해질에서 두 단계 환원파가 -1.75 V와 -1.95 V에서 나타났고 확산 지배파였다. 0.1 M $(C_2H_5)_4NCl$ 지지전해질에서 $Eu^{3+}$은 -0.75 V와 -1.95 V에서, $Yb^{3+}$은 -1.45 V 와 -2.0 V에서 두 단계 환원파가 나타났다. $La^{3+}$과 $Nd^{3+}$은 -1.75 V 근처에서 단일 환원파만이 나타났다. $Eu^{3+}$, $Yb^{3+}$ 및 $Sm^{3+}$의 반파전위의 차는 이들 이온의 분리 정량을 가능하게 하였다. $Eu^{3+}$과 EDTA 및 Diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid (DTPA) 간의 착물의 생성상수를 구한 결과 문헌값과 일치 하였다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제23권12호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 전력계통에서 발생하는 저주파 진동을 억제하여 계통에 댐핑력을 제공함으로써 계통 안정도를 향상시킬 수 있는 전력계통 안정화장치의 정수선정 기법과 현장시험을 통한 성능검증 방법을 제시하였다. 대상 발전기는 우리나라 계통에 설치되어 있는 612[MVA]급 화력발전기이며, 축 속도를 입력으로 하는 아날로그 전력계통 안정화장치를 적용대상으로 하였다. 본 논문에서는 먼저, 오프라인에서 선형 해석 및 고유치 해석을 통하여 최적정수를 선정하는 기법을 제시하고, 시간영역 과도 안정도 해석을 이용하여 선정된 정수를 검증하였다(Part I). 또한, 선정된 전력계통 안정화장치의 성능을 온라인 현장시험을 통하여 최종적으로 검증하였으며, 정수선정 전 후의 오프라인 시뮬레이션 결과와 온라인 시험결과를 비교 분석함으로써, 결정된 모델의 적정성을 확인하였다(Part II). 이를 통하여, 축 속도를 입력으로 하는 PSS의 정수선정 방법과 실 계통 현장시험을 통한 성능검증 방법을 제시하였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.104-116
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• 1996

Anaerobic digestion is generally used for the treatment of volatile organic solids such as manure and sludge from waste water treatment plants. However, the reaction rate of anaerobic process is slow, and thus it requires a large reactor volume. To minimize such a disadvantage, physical and chemical pre-treatment is generally considered. Another method to reduce the reactor size is to adopt different reactor system other than CSTR. In this paper, the effects of heat pre-treatment and reactor configurations on the anaerobic treatability of volatile solids was studied. Carrot, kale, primary sludge, and waste activated sludge was chosen as the test materials, and the BMP method was used to evaluate the maximum methane production and first order rate constants from each sample. After the heat treatment at $130^{\circ}C$ for 30min., the measured increase in SCOD per gram VS was up to 394 mg/L for the waste activated sludge. However, the methane production potential per gram VS was increased for only primary and waste activated sludge by 17-23%, remaining the same for carrot and kale. The overall methane production process for the tested solids can be described by first order reactions. The increased in reaction constant after heat pre-treatment was also more significant for the primary and waste activated sludge than that for carrot and kale. therefore, the heat pre-treatment appeared to be effective for the solids with high protein contents rather than for the solids with high carbohydrate contents. Among the four reactor systems studied, CSTR, PFR, CSTR followed by PFR, and PFR with recycle, CSTR followed by PFR appeared to be the best choice considering methane conversion rate and the operational stability.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.312-317
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) treatment on growth of red pepper and nutrient availability to salt accumulated soil in the plastic film house. The treatments were no application (Control), chemical fertilizers (NPK), DTPA (0.06, 0.13, and 0.19 mM) and the half of chemical fertilizers (NPK) with DTPA 0.06 mM. Fruit yield of red pepper showed no significant difference between the treatments (control, NPK, DTPA 0.06 mM, 0.13 mM, except for DTPA 0.19 mM. Red peppers were killed by DTPA 0.19 mM treatment because the high concentration of DTPA was toxic to crop. However, dry mass (stem and leave) and nutrient uptake of red pepper in DTPA 0.06 mM treatment increased significantly compared with those of control. In particular, nutrient uptake of red pepper in DTPA 0.06 mM treatment increased in the order of Fe, Mn, and Zn > Ca and Mg > K, as the magnitude of the stability constants of DTPA. Thus the application of DTPA 0.06 mM was the most effective for the alleviation of nutrient accumulation in the plastic film house soils.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.293-310
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• 2019

In this paper, thermal-buckling behavior of the functionally graded (FG) nanocomposite plates reinforced with graphene oxide powder (GOP) is studied under three types of thermal loading once the plate is supposed to be rested on a two-parameter elastic foundation. The effective material properties of the nanocomposite plate are considered to be graded continuously through the thickness according to the Halpin-Tsai micromechanical scheme. Four types of GOPs' distribution namely uniform (U), X, V and O, are considered in a comparative way in order to find out the most efficient model of GOPs' distribution for the purpose of improving the stability limit of the structure. The governing equations of the plate have been derived based on a refined higher-order shear deformation plate theory incorporated with Hamilton's principle and solved analytically via Navier's solution for a simply supported GOP reinforced (GOPR) nanocomposite plate. Some new results are obtained by applying different thermal loadings to the plate according to the GOPs' negative coefficient of thermal expansion and considering both Winkler-type and Pasternak-type foundation models. Besides, detailed parametric studies have been carried out to reveal the influences of the different types of thermal loading, weight fraction of GOP, aspect and length-to-thickness ratios, distribution type, elastic foundation constants and so on, on the critical buckling load of nanocomposite plates. Moreover, the effects of thermal loadings with various types of temperature rise are investigated comparatively according to the graphical results. It is explicitly shown that the buckling behavior of an FG nanocomposite plate is significantly influenced by these effects.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 1989

0.5M $NaClO_4$ 수용액중의 수은전극에서 바나듐-디에틸렌트리아민펜타아세트산(DTPA)염의 전기화학적 환원 및 평형을 온도 25$^{\circ}C$와 3.2 < pH < 10.5 에 걸쳐서 연구하였다. 바나듐(III)-DTPA착물은 모든 pH에 걸쳐서 V${\cdot}A^{3-}$-(A=DTPA)로서 존재하고 EDTA같은 다른 디아민카르복시산과의 착물들과 달리 수소첨가가 일어나지 않고 $OH^-$도 배위되지 않으며 가역적으로 바나듐(II)-DTPA착물로 환원된다. 3.2 < pH < 5.9에서는 전극반응이 $V{\cdot}A^{2-}+H^++e^-=V{\cdot}HA^{2-}$와 같이 진행하며 $V{\cdot}HA^{3-}$ 의 안정도상수는 $3.09{\times}10^{14}$과 같이 구하여졌다. $VO^{2+}$이온의 경우 pH적정결과 착화반응은 $VO^{2+}+H_2A^{3-}=VO{\cdot}HA^{2+}H^{+}$ 및 $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}=VO{\cdot}A^{3+}+H$ 와 같이 2단계에 걸쳐서 진행되며, $VO{\cdot}HA{2-}$의 산해리상수는 pKa=7.15이다. $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}$와 $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}$ 의 안정도상수는 각각 $1.41{\times}10^{14}$ 및 $3.80{\times}10^{17}$과 같이 구하여졌다. 바나듐(IV)-DTPA착물은 비가역적으로 바나듐(III)-DTPA착물로 환원되며 이때 전이상수 ${\alpha}$=0.43이다. 더 큰 음의 과전압에서는 2단계에 걸쳐서 환원된다. 이 때 첫째 단계의 환원은 3.2 < pH < 10.5에서 $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}+e{\to}VO{\cdot}A^4$인 것으로 판단되었다. 두번째 단계의 환원은 V(III)의 환원과 같다. $VO{\cdot}HA^{2-}$ 와 $VO{\cdot}A^{3-}$의 확산계수로서 각각 $(9.0{\pm}0.4){\times}10^{-6}cm^2/s$ 및 $(5.9{\pm}0.4){\times}10^{-6}cm^2/s$ 을 구하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 화학회사에서 발생되는 연마분진 폐기물의 흡착제로서의 재이용성을 평가하였다. 연마분진을 $550^{\circ}C$에서 하소시킴으로서 유기불순물을 제거하였다. 연마분진내의 주요 무기물은 Al이었으며 하소 후 Al 함량은 29.09%에서 52.73%로 증가되었다. 하소 후 시료의 안정성 평가를 실시한 결과 pH 2.0의 강한 산성조건에서도 모든 중금속들의 용출량은 0.3 mg/L 이하로 나타났다. pH 변화에 따른 As(V) 흡착실험에서 As(V)의 흡착효율은 전형적인 음이 온형 흡착경향을 보였다. 하소된 연마분진의 주입량 변화에 따른 As(V)의 등온흡착 실험결과는 Freundlich 등온흡착식이 Langmuir 등온흡착식보다 상대적으로 잘 표현되는 것으로 나타났다. Freundlich 등온흡착상수 K와 1/n은 각각 4.2442와 0.3161로 얻어졌다. Langmuir 등온흡착식으로 얻어진 하소된 연마분진의 최대 As(V) 흡착량은 13.25 mg/g이었다. 이러한 연구결과, 하소된 연마분진은 안정도 및 As(V) 흡착능을 고려하였을 때 재이용성이 양호한 흡착제로 나타났다.