• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.105-112
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• 2009

In this paper, we investigated abnormal ESD failure on guard-rings in the smart power IC fabricated with $0.35{\mu}m$ Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) technology. Initially, ESD failure occurred below 200 V in the Machine Model (MM) test due to current crowding in the parasitic diode associated with the guard-rings which are generally adopted to prevent latch-up in high voltage devices. Optical Beam Induced Resistance Charge (OBIRCH) and Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) were used to find the failure spot and 3-D TCAD was used to verify cause of failure. According to the simulation results, excessive current flows at the comer of the guard-ring isolated by Local Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS) in the ESD event. Eventually, the ESD failure occurs at that comer of the guard-ring. The modified comer design of the guard-ring is proposed to resolve such ESD failure. The test chips designed by the proposed modification passed MM test over 200 V. Analyzing the test chips statistically, ESD immunity was increased over 20 % in MM mode test. In order to avoid such ESD failure, the automatic method to check the weak point in the guard-ring is also proposed by modifying the Design Rule Check (DRC) used in BCD technology. This DRC was used to check other similar products and 24 errors were found. After correcting the errors, the measured ESD level fulfilled the general industry specification such as HBM 2000 V and MM 200V.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2016

This study provides the numerical model to assess retrofit and strengthen levels in the dispersal and combat facilities. First of all, it is verified that direct-hitting projectiles are more destructive to the structures rather than close-falling bombs with explosion tests. The protective capacity of dispersal and combat facilities, which are modeled with soil uncertainty and structural field data, is analyzed through finite element method. With structural survivability and facility data, the logistic regression model is drawn. This model could be used to determine the level of the retrofit and strengthen in the dispersal and combat facilities of contact areas. For more reliable model, it could be better to identify more significant factors and adapt non-linear model. In addition, for adapting this model on the spot, appropriate strengthen levels should be determined by hands on staffs associated with military facilities.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.209-219
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• 1996

This research was carried out to get the basic information on the current situation of personal computer utilization for poultry farm management, and the results obtained could be used in developing of the software system for the poultry farm management. Survey method by interview and mail was adopted to carry out the research, and the total number of data used to statistical analyses was k6 poultry farmers. 1. The ratio of the poultry farmers who had the personal computer(P/C) was about 25%, and the most of the layer farmers from age 30 to 40 who manage the flock size 20,000 or above had the P/C. 2. About 70% of the farmers who had P/C have bought the system after 1993, and 83% of those farmers had the P/C-486 or above level system. They bought the P/C with intent to apply it to farm management(39%) and education for children(31%). 3. About 50% of the farmers who had P/C obtained the relevant knowledge for operating computer system by themselves, and the 33% of the P/C-possessed farmers used P/C for word-processor. 4. About 35% of the farmers who had P/C applied their system to analyse the management analyses, and the sarne ratio of the farmers answered that they didn't apply the system to their farm management. 5. About 25% of the farmers who had P/C used package software, and the company which installed the automated cage system offered the software. 6. Most of the farmers considered the computerization of the farm management positively, and they answered that they will apply P/C to their management actively from now on. 7. About 56% of the farmers didn't think that they had sufficient knowledge for operating computer system, and a quarter of them pointed that the difficulty of the buying software for poultry farm management was the most biggest problem to spread out the computerization in the poultry farm. 8. Most of the poultry farmers didn't buy P/C because they didn't have the relevant knowledge for computer system, but they wanted to learn basic knowledge for computer, and they had the intention to apply computer to their management positively. In order to expand the computerization for poultry farm management, appropriate education system for the farmers from age 30 to 40 who manage the flock size 20,000 or above and the development of the software that could be applied to poultry farm management on the spot efficiently should be made.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to compare 4 different body punch types(type 1: a punch using a shoulder, type 2: a punch using a waist, type 3: a punch using lower extremities, and type 4: a punch with elbows by your side at chest level) in horseback-riding stance and establish suitable teaching theory and method, which would be a useful reference to Taekwondo instructors on the spot(in Taekwondo dojangs all around Korea). Five exhibition players from Korean national Taekwondo exhibition team participated in this study. Each participant was asked to perform the four different types of punches and their kinematic and kinetic data were recorded with 7 vicon cameras(125Hz) and two force plates(AMTI, 1200Hz). We analyzed displacement, time, resultant center of body mass trajectory, velocity, trunk angular velocity, and ground reaction force(GRF) from each body segment in body punch and the result. I performed 1-way ANOVA(RM) for average values of each player after standardization and statistical significance was set as p<.05. was as the following ; First, they showed a tendency to take the body punch posture with the biggest motion at a shoulder and on descending order a waist and a knee. Second, a mean time for each body punch on ascending order 0.46sec. for type 2, 0.49sec for type 3, 0.50sec. for type 4, and 0.56sec. for type 1. Third, a mean resultant center of body mass trajectory for each body punch the longest 4.07cm for type 3 and the shortest 2.458cm for type 1. Fourth, a mean of maximal velocity of a fist strike was the fastest 5.99m/s for type 3, 5.93m/s for type 4, 5.67m/s for type 2, and 5.01m/s for type 1 on the descending order. Fifth, a mean of maximal trunk angular velocity of the fastest 495.6deg./sec. for type 4 and 337.7deg./sec. for type 1 on the descending order. Sixth, strongest value was type 3, 2 for anterior-posterior ground reaction force(left -54.89N, right 60.58N), type 4 for medial-lateral GRF(left 83.59N, right -80.12N), and type 3 for vertical GRF(left 341.79N, right 426.11N).

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 1988

The general objective of this research is to study behavioral pattern of health care utilization and to measure the level of utilization of the traditional medicine. The specific objective is to study utilization pattern and content of folk medicine which is the indegenous medical technology recognized part of traditional medicine. This research was under taken to generate valid information that will provide basis data for formulating general direction for health education activities and for designing service package for general population. A social survey method was employed to obtain required information for the research activities, The survey field team consisted of 20 surveyors who all participated is an intensive 2 day training course. A total of 3091 households were visited and interviewed by the field team during the period 7 September to 6 October 1987. The major findings obtained from the information collected by the field survey are as follows ; 1) General characteristics of the study households 2562 households out of 3091 households visited were selected for final data process, 80.2 of the selected households were nuclear families ; 17.4%, extended families ; others 2.4%. Only 4.3 percent of the study population in the urban households indicated "no schooling" whereas 14.2% of the rural household members falls within this category. Study population in the urban areas are more protected against diseases by the national medical insurance system than those in rural areas. In their self appraisal of living standard, those who responded with low group are 39.6% and 50.3% respectively by urban and rural households. 2) Morbidity status Period prevalence rate for all diseases during the preceding 15 days before the date of the household interview v as 243,0 per 1,000 study population. For cases with the illness duration of within 15 days, the initial points of medical entry were diversied ; 56.9%, drug stores ; 30.9%, clinics and hospitals ; 4.6% folk medicine ; 1.7% clinics of Korean oriental medicine. Among the chronic case; with illness duration of over 90 days, 34.6% of these people utilized clinics and hospitals of modern medicine ; 31.6%, drug stores ; 18.6% clinics of Korean oriental medicine ; 6.8% folk medical techniques. Noticeable is the almost ten fold increase from the mere 0.9% in the utilization of Korean oriental medicine, whereas in the utilization of folk medicine, it is short of two-fold increase. 3) Folk medicine and its utilization Households that use folk medicine for relief and care of signs and symptoms commonly encountered in daily life, number 1969 households, which accounts for 76.9% of all the study households. This rather high level use of folk medicine is not different from rural to urban areas. The order of frequency of utilizing folk medicine among the study people are : the highest 14.3% for the relief of indigestion ; 8.6% for burns ; 5.1% for common cold ; 4.7% for hiccough ; and 4.2% for hordeolum. A present various procedures of folk medicine is being used to relieve all kinds of symptoms. 192 symptoms are identified at present. The most frequently used procedures of folk medicine appear to be based either on principles of the Korean oriental medicine or of scientific knowledge. Based on these survey findings, proposals for utilizing folk medicine are as follows First, this survey's findings will be feed back to both on the job training and on the spot guidance of community health practitioners, public health nurses and other peripheral work force in the health field, who are in daily contacts with community. This feed back will assure that the health personnel carry out their health education and information activities that are based on the utilization pattern of folk medicine as found in the survey result. Second, studies will be soon implemented that are designed to measure the efficiency and potency of these procedures and to improve these procedures of folk medicine were most frequently used by the community. Third, studies will continue to systematize medicinal plants and skills of Korean oriental medicine that are easily available at minimal cost in daily life for the prevention of diseases and management of emergency cases.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-87
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• 1981

The study is aimed at exploring concept held by clinical nurses of nursing. The data were collected from 225 nurses conviniently selected from the population of nurses working in Kang Won province. Findings include. 1) Nurse's Qualification. The respondents view that specialized knowledge is more important qualification of the nurse. Than warm personality. Specifically, 92.9% of the respondents indicated specialized knowledge as the most important qualification while only 43.1％ indicated warm personality. 2) On Nursing Profession. The respondents view that nursing profession as health service oriented rather than independent profession specifically. This suggests that nursing profession is not consistentic present health care delivery system nor support nurses working independently. 3) On Clients of Nursing Care The respondents include patients, family and the community residents in the category of nursing care. Specifically, 92.0％ of the respondents view that patient is the client, while only 67.1％ of nursing student and 74.7％ of herself. This indicates the lack of the nurse's recognition toward their clients. 4) On the Priority of Nursing care. Most of the respondents view the clients physical psychological respects as important component of nursing care but not the spiritual ones. Specially, 96.0% of the respondents indicated the physical respects, 93% psychological ones, while 64.1% indicated the spiritual ones. This means the lack of comprehensive conception on nursing aimension. 5) On Nursing Care. 91.6% of the respondents indicated that nursing care is the activity decreasing pain or helping to recover illness, while only 66.2% indicated earring out the physicians medical orders. 6) On Purpose of Nursing Care. 89.8% of the respondents indicated preventing illness and than 76.6% of them decreasing 1;ai of clients. On the other hand, maintaining health has the lowest selection at the degree of 13.8%. This means the lack of nurses' recognition for maintaining health as the most important point. 7) On Knowledge Needed in Nursing Care. Most of the respondents view that the knowledge faced with the spot of nursing care is needed. Specially, 81.3% of the respondents indicated simple curing method and 75.1%, 73.3%, 71.6% each indicated child nursing, maternal nursing and controlling for the communicable disease. On the other hand, knowledge w hick has been neglected in the specialized courses of nursing education, that is, thinking line among com-w unity members, overcoming style against between stress and personal relation in each home, and administration, management have a low selection at the depree of 48.9%,41.875 and 41.3%. 8) On Nursing Idea. The highest degree of selection is that they know themselves rightly, (The mean score measuring distribution was 4.205/5) In the lowest degree,3.016/5 is that devotion is the essential element of nursing, 2.860/5 the religious problems that human beings can not settle, such as a fatal ones, 2,810/5 the nursing profession is worth trying in one's life. This means that the peculiarly essential ideas on the professional sense of value. 9) On Nursing Services. The mean score measuring distribution for the nursing services showed that the inserting of machine air way is 2.132/5, the technique and knowledge for surviving heart-lung resuscitating is 2.892/s, and the preventing air pollution 3.021/5. Specially, 41.1% of the respondents indicated the lack of the replied ratio. 10) On Nurses' Qualifications. The respondents were selected five items as the most important qualifications. Specially, 17.4% of the respondents indicated specialized knowledge, 15.3% the nurses' health, 10.6％ satisfaction for nursing profession, 9.8% the experience need, 9.2% comprehension and cooperation, while warm personality as nursing qualifications have a tendency of being lighted. 11) On the Priority of Nursing Care The respondents were selected three items as the most important component. Most of the respondents view the client's physical, spiritual: economic points as important components of nursing care. They showed each 36.8%, 27.6%, 13.8% while educational ones showed 1.8%. 12) On Purpose of Nursing Care. The respondents were selected four items as the most important purpose. Specially,29.3% of the respondents indicated curing illness for clients, 21.3% preventing illness for client 17.4% decreasing pain, 15.3% surviving. 13) On the Analysis of Important Nursing Care Ranging from 5 point to 25 point, the nurses' qualification are concentrated at the degree of 95.1%. Ranging from 3 point to 25, the priorities of nursing care are concentrated at the degree of 96.4%. Ranging from 4 point to 16, the purpose of nursing care is concentrated at the degree of 84.0%. 14) The Analysis, of General Characteristics and Facts of Nursing Concept. The correlation between the educational high level and nursing care showed significance. (P < 0.0262). The correction between the educational low level and purpose of nursing care showed significance. (P < 0.002) The correlation between nurses' working yeras and the degree of importance for the purpose of nursing care showed significance (P < 0.0155) Specially, the most affirmative answers were showed from two years to four ones. 15) On Nunes' qualification and its Degree of Importance The correlation between nurses' qualification and its degree of importance showed significance. (r = 0.2172, p< 0.001) 0.005) B. General characteristics of the subjects The mean age of the subject was 39 ; with 38.6% with in the age range of 20-29 ; 52.6% were male; 57.9％ were Schizophrenia; 35.1% were graduated from high school or high school dropouts; 56.l％ were not have any religion; 52.6% were unmarried； 47.4% were first admission; 91.2% were involuntary admission patients. C. Measurement of anxiety variables. 1. Measurement tools of affective anxiety in this study demonstrated high reliability (.854). 2. Measurement tools of somatic anxiety in this study demonstrated high reliability (.920). D. Relationship between the anxiety variables and the general characteristics. 1. Relationship between affective anxiety and general characteristics. 1) The level of female patients were higher than that of the male patient (t = 5.41, p < 0.05). 2) Frequencies of admission were related to affective anxiety, so in the first admission the anxiety level was the highest. (F = 5.50, p < 0.005). 2, Relationship between somatic anxiety and general characteristics. 1) The age range of 30-39 was found to have the highest level of the somatic anxiety. (F = 3.95, p < 0.005). 2) Frequencies of admission were related to the somatic anxiety, so .in first admission the anxiety level was the highest. (F = 9.12, p ＜ 0.005) 0. Analysis of significant anxiety symptoms for nursing intervention. 1. Seven items such as dizziness, mental integration, sweating, restlessness, anxiousness, urinary frequency and insomnia, init. accounted for 96％ of the variation within the first 24 hours after admission. 2. Seven items such as fear, paresthesias, restlessness, sweating insomnia, init., tremors and body aches and pains accounted for 84% of the variation on the 10th day after admission.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2006

Microarray which enables us to obtain hundreds and thousands of expression of gene or genotype at once is an epoch-making technology in comparative analysis of genes. First of all, we have to measure the intensity of each gene in an microarray image from the experiment to gain the expression level of each gene. But it is difficult to analyze the microarray image in manual because it has a lot of genes. Meta-gridding method and various auto-gridding methods have been proposed for this, but thew still have some problems. For example, meta-gridding requires manual-work due to some variations in spite of experiment in same microarray, and auto-gridding nay not carried out fully or correctly when an image has a lot of noises or is lowly expressed. In this article, we propose Hierarchical Grid Alignment algorithm for new methodology combining meta-gridding method with auto-gridding method. In our methodology, we necd a meta-grid as an input, and then align it with the microarray image automatically. Experimental results show that the proposed method serves more robust and reliable gridding result than the previous methods. It is also possible for user to do more reliable batch analysis by using our algorithm.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2007

Purpose : Nitric oxide(NO) is a very potent vasodilator synthesized from L-arginine by endothelial cells. We investigated whether urinary NO excretion was altered in various renal diseases in children and whether urinary NO excretion could be used in predicting pathologic causes and fibrosis in renal diseases in children. Methods : We recruited 48 patients(32 minimal change nephrotic syndrome[MCNS] and 16 vesicoureteral reflux[VUR] patients from the pediatric renal clinic in Korea University Guro Hospital. We measured the concentration of nitrite$(NO_2)$ and nitrate$(NO_3)$ by Griess reaction and that of creatinine(Cr) by Jaffe method in randomized spot urines. We then analyzed the urinary$(NO_2+NO_3)/Cr$ ratios and compared the values between each patient group. Urinary $(NO_2+NO_3)/Cr$ ratios were also evaluated according to the recurrence and the degree of proteinuria at sampling in the MCNS group and compared according to the presence of renal scarring and the grade of reflux in the VUR group. Results : The ratios of urinary$(NO_2+NO_3)/Cr$ were significantly increased in the VUR and MCNS groups, as compared to the control group. In the MCNS group, a higher level of urine $(NO_2+NO_3)/Cr$ was observed In frequent relapse patients(relapse over four times within one year after first diagnosis) and the patients with severe proteinuria at sampling, respectively. The VUR group with renal scars also showed a higher level of urinary$(NO_2+NO_3)/Cr$ compared to that without scars. Conclusions : In summary, VUR may play a role in the pathogenesis of VUR and MCNS. NO also seems to affect proteinuria and renal scar formation. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2007;11:24-31)

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2013

Purpose: I-131 is a radioisotope widely used for thyroid gland treatments. The physical half life is 8.01 and characterized by emitting beta and gamma rays which is used in clinical practice for the purpose of acquiring treatment and images. In order to reduce the recurrence rate after surgery in high-risk thyroid cancer patients, the remaining thyroid tissue is either removed or the I-131 is used for treatment during relapse. In cases of using a high dosage of radioactive iodine requiring hospitalization, the patient is administered dosage in the hospital isolation ward over a certain period of time preventing I-131 exposure to others. By checking the radiation amount emitted from patients before discharge, the patients are discharged after checking whether they meet the legal standards (50 uSv/h). After patients are discharged from the hospital, the contamination level is checked in many parts of the ward before the next patients are hospitalized and when necessary, decontamination operations are performed. It is expected that there is exposure to radiation when measuring the ward contamination level and dose check emitted from patients at the time of discharge whereby the radiation exposure by health workers that come from the patients in this process is the main factor. This study analyzed the correlation between discharge dose of patients and ward contamination level through a variety of factors such as renal functions, gender, age, dosage, etc.). Materials and Method: The study was conducted on 151 patients who received high-dosage radioactive iodine treatment at Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital during the period between 8/1/2011~5/31/2012 (Male: Female: 31:120, $47.5{\pm}11.9$, average dosage of $138{\pm}22.4$ mCi). As various factors expected to influence the patient discharge dose & ward contamination such as the beds, floors, bathroom floors, and washbasins, the patient renal function (GFR), age, gender, dosage, and the correlation between the expected Tg & Tg-Tb expected to reflect the remaining tissue in patients were analyzed. Results: In terms of the discharge dose and GFR, a low correlation was shown in the patient discharge dose as the GFR was higher (p < 0.0001). When comparing the group with a dosage of over 150mCi and the group with a lower dosage, the lower dosage group showed a significantly lower discharge dose ($24{\pm}10.4uSv/h$ vs $28.7{\pm}11.8uSv/h$, p<0.05). Age, gender, Tg, Tg-Tb did not show a significant relationship with discharge dose (p> 0.05). The contamination level in each spot of the treatment ward showed no significant relationship with GFR, Tg, Tg-Tb, age, gender, and dosage (p>0.05 ). Conclusion: This study says that discharge of the dose in the patient's body is low in GFR higher and Dosage 150mCi under lower. There was no case of contamination of the treatment ward, depending on the dose and renal association. This suggests that patients' lifestyles or be affected by a variety of other factors.