• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to extract the first two vowel formant frequencies of the forty speakers from the Seoul corpus[8] and to compare them by the age and sex. The results showed that the vowel formants showed similar patterns between male and female speakers. All the vowels in each age group and all the age groups in each vowel had main effects on either of the formant frequencies. Whereas in English, the vowel space of the older age group moved slightly to the upper right side relative to the younger group, the location of the vowel spaces of the Korean vowels were not as consistent.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2011

Purpose: Kabuki syndrome is a multiple malformation syndrome that was first reported in Japan. It is characterized by distinctive Kabuki-like facial features, skeletal anomalies, dermatoglyphic abnormalities, short stature, and mental retardation. We report two cases of Kabuki syndrome with the surgical intervention and speech evaluation. Methods: Both patients had velopharyngeal insufficiency and had a superior based pharyngeal flap operation. The preoperative and postoperative speech evaluations were performed by a speech language pathologist. Results: In case 1, hypernasality was reduced in spontaneous speech, and the nasalance scores in syllable repetitions were reduced to be within normal ranges. In case 2, hypernasality in spontaneous speech was reduced from severe level to moderate level and the nasalance scores in syllable repetitions were also reduced to be within normal ranges. Conclusion: The goal of this article is to raise awareness among plastic surgeons who may encounter such patients with unique facial features. This study shows that pharyngeal flap operation can successfully correct the velopharyngeal insufficiency in Kabuki syndrome and post operative speech therapy plays a role in reinforcing surgical result.

• 한국노년학
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.747-758
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• 2012

본 연구는 임상 현장에서 정상 노인과 변별되는 알츠하이머성 치매 환자의 자발화 과제에서의 수행력을 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 연구방법은 65세 이상의 정상노인 13명과 알츠하이머성 치매 환자 26명(치매 의심(questionable) 9명, 경도(mild) 치매 9명, 중도(moderate) 치매 8명)을 대상으로 대화하기 및 연속그림 설명하기 과제를 실시하였고, 전체 발화 템포, 주저시간(초단위), 조음 음운 오류, 그리고 문법적 오류를 포함한 네 가지 구어적 요소에 대해 분석, 비교하였다. 연구결과, 네 가지 요소 모두에서 집단 간 차이를 보였다. 특히, 전체 발화 템포는 정상노인과 세 치매 환자군 각각에서 유의한 차이를 보였는데, 주저시간은 중도 치매에서만, 그리고 조음 음운 오류는 경도, 중도 치매군에서만 증가되었다. 문법적 오류는 정상노인과 비교하여 치매의심군과 중도 치매군에서 유의하게 증가되었다. 상기 연구 결과를 통해, 다음과 같은 결론을 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 정상노인과 세 치매 환자군을 가장 변별력있게 구분할 수 있는 구어적 요소는 전체 발화 템포이다. 둘째, 조음 음운능력은 치매의심군에서는 감소하지 않지만, 경도 및 중도치매군에서는 그 수행력이 떨어진다. 셋째, 문법적 오류는 중도 치매환자군에서부터 확연히 증가한다. 향후, 자발화 과제를 통해 의료기관 외의 장소에서도 치매 선별의 용이성을 더할 수 있으며, 담화 차원의 언어능력에 대한 관찰이 가능하므로 다양한 원인질환을 가진 치매 환자들의 정보를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2013

Coda in the word-medial position plays an important role in acquisition of our speech. Accuracy of the coda in the word-medial position is important as a diagnostic indicator since it has a close relationship with degrees of disorder. Coda in the word-medial position only appears in condition of connecting two vowels and the sequence causes diverse phonological processes to happen. The coda in the word-medial position differs in production difficulty by the initial sound in the sequence. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the tendency of producing a coda in the word-medial position with consideration of an optional phonological process in spontaneous speech of three and four year old children. Data was collected from 24 children (four groups by age) without speech and language delay. The results of the study are as follows: 1) Sonorant coda in the word-medial position showed a high production frequency in manner of articulation, and alveolar in place of articulation. When the coda in the word-medial position is connected to an initial sound in the same place of articulation, it revealed a high frequency of production. 2) The coda in word-medial position followed by an initial alveolar stop revealed a high error rate. Error patterns showed regressive assimilation predominantly. 3) The order of difficulty that Children had producing codas in the word-medial position was $/k^{\neg}/$, $/p^{\neg}/$, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and /l/. Those results suggest that in targeting coda in the word-medial position for evaluation, we should consider optional phonological process as well as the following initial sound. Further studies would be necessary which codas in the word-medial position will be used for therapeutic purpose.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between conversational function and question type in mothers' utterances and their infant's language development. The subjects were 20 infants from 1;07 to 1;11 years of age in Yanji, China. Each child's spontaneous natural speech during interaction with his/her mother was videotaped for about 30 minutes. The children and their mother's spontaneous utterances were transcribed and coded for the number of type and token of word, grammatical morpheme conversational function and type of question in mother's language input to her child. The result showed that mothers used questions as the most frequent conversational function with their infants. The number of questions in conversational function in mothers' utterances positively correlated with the type of word, type of morpheme and grammatical morpheme in infants' utterance. However, there was no correlation between mothers' language input and infant early language development.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.77-91
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• 2002

This study investigated the use of grammatical morphemes (substantive morphemes and connective endings) of Korean speaking children with and without language impairment (LI). Participants were two children (ages 5;11 and 6;2) with SLI (specific language impairment), two LD (language delay) children (ages 6;3 and 6;5) with 70-84 range on a performance-IQ test, and two children (ages 5;7 and 6;1) with ND (normal development). Spontaneous language samples were elicited by play activities and story generation. A total of 8,059 (M=I,343, ranged 966-1,659) intelligible and nonimitative utterances were analyzed by the KCLA 2.0 (Korean Computerized Language Analysis 2.0) program for substantive morphemes and connective endings. The findings of this study were as follows; (1) The Korean speaking children with LI including SLI demonstrated less uses of grammatical morphemes than ND children. (2) Few differences were found between LI and ND children in the use of the grammatical morpheme types. (3) LI children produced significantly higher percentage of grammatical morpheme errors in spontaneous speech than ND children. (4) Few differences were found between SLI and LD children in degrees of the use and the error of grammatical morphemes.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2012

This study sought to compare breath competence in three different utterance conditions when reading a passage aloud, making a spontaneous speech, and singing. We tested 15 normal females (ages averaging $24{\pm}4.4$) and measured breath competence through an objective, aero-mechanical instrument called PAS (Phonatory aerodynamic system, model 6600, KAY Electronics, Inc). Breathing sets of inspiration and expiration were measured by breath group number, breath group duration, and the ratio of inspiration to expiration. The results from this study led us to the following conclusion: The breath group number and the breath group duration showed no significant difference. However, the only variance that we could find was in the ratio of inspiration and expiration. In significantly different speech patterns, singing resulted in the most varied ratio of inspiration and expiration, followed by reading a text aloud, and spontaneous speech. The average frequency rates and maximum intensity levels varied with regards to varying utterance conditions. This thus shows that breath competence and phonation competence have a closely interrelated relationship.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

While acoustic studies in the past decade documented a raised /o/ by showing their lowered first formants (F1) almost overlapped with those of high back vowel /u/, no consensus has been made in terms of how this /o/-raising affects the vowels as a system in Seoul Korean. The current study aimed to investigate the age- and gender-related differences of the relative distance among the vowels to better understand the influence of this on-going sound change on the vowel system. We measured the static and dynamic spectral characteristics (F1 and F2) of the seven Korean monophthong vowels /e a ʌ o u ɨ i/ in the spontaneous speech of Seoul Corpus, and depicted the patterns of 30 individual speakers (10 speakers in each group of teens, 20s and 40s) as a function of age and gender. The static spectral examination showed low F1 values of /o/ in the spontaneous speech corpus confirming the vowel /o/ raising, and also revealed greater F2 values of /u, ɨ/ suggesting their anterior articulations. The tendencies were stronger when the speakers were younger and female. The spectral trajectories further showed that the F1 and F2 between /o/ and /u/ were differentiated throughout the vowel mid-point although the trajectories gradually merged near the vowel mid point in the older male speakers' productions. The acoustic evidence of contrast among /o, u, ɨ/ supports that the raised /o/ is not indicative of a merger with /u/ but rather implying a chain-like vowel shift in the Seoul Korean.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2003년도 5월 학술대회지
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• pp.23-26
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• 2003

This paper presents common speech database collection for telecommunication applications. During 3 year project, we will construct very large scale speech and text databases for speech recognition, speech synthesis, and speaker identification. The common speech database has been considered various communication environments, distribution of speakers' sex, distribution of speakers' age, and distribution of speakers' region. It consists of Korean continuous digit, isolated words, and sentences which reflects Korean phonetic coverage. In addition, it consists of various pronunciation style such as read speech, dialogue speech, and semi-spontaneous speech. Thanks to the common speech databases, the duplicated resources of Korean speech industries are prohibited. It encourages domestic speech industries and activate speech technology domestic market.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.330-338
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• 2002

대화체 연속음성은 자연스러운 발화로 낭독체 문장에 비해 잡음, 간투어와 같은 비문법적인 요소가 많고, 발음의 변이가 심하다. 이런 이유로 대화체 연속음성을 인식하기 위해서는 대화 현상을 분석하고 그 특징을 반영하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 실제 대화음성에 빈번히 나타나는 대화 현상들을 분류하고 각 현상들을 모델링하여 대화체 연속음성 인식을 위한 기본 베이스라인을 구축하였다. 대화 현상을 묵음 구간과 잡음, 간투어, 반복/수정 발화의 디스풀루언시 (disfluencies), 표준전사와 다른 발음을 갖는 발음변이 현상으로 나누었다. 발음변이 현상은 다시 양성음의 음성음화, 음운축약/탈락현상, 패턴화된 발음변이, 발화오류로 세분화하였다. 대화체 음성인식을 위해서 빈번히 나타나는 묵음구간을 고려한 학습과 잡음, 간투어 처리를 위한 음향모델을 각각 추가하였다. 발음변이 현상에 대해서는 출현빈도수가 높은 것들만을 대상으로 발음사전에 다중 발음열을 추가하였다. 대화현상을 고려하지 않고 낭독체 스타일로 음성인식을 수행하였을 때 형태소 에러율 (MER: Morpheme Error Rate)은 31.65%였다. 이에 대한 형태소 에러율의 절대값 감소는 묵음 모델과 잡음 모델을 적용했을 때 2.08%, 간투어 모델을 적용했을 때 0.73%, 발음변이 현상을 반영했을때 0.92%였으며, 최종적으로 27.92%의 형태소 에러율을 얻었다. 본 연구는 대화체 연속음성 인식을 위한 기초 연구로 음향모델과 어휘모델, 언어모델 각각에 대한 베이스라인으로 삼고자 한다.