• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.246-250
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• 2019

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn has been usedas a traditional remedy and food source in South Korea. It promotes gastrointestinal function and controls blood pressures. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn water extracts supplement at 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ after a 48 h pre-treatment with the mitogen (ConA or LPS) increased the mouse splenocytes proliferation. Water extract supplement also increased the cytokine production ($IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$), measured by a cytokine ELISA kit. For the result of in vitro study, the proliferation of splenocytes and cytokine production activated by peritoneal macrophages increased when water extracts were supplemented in the range of $50{\sim}500{\mu}L/mL$ concentration. Specifically, the levels of the splenocytes proliferation, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ were the highest at $250{\mu}L/mL$ concentration. This in vitro study suggestedthat supplementation with Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn water extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocyte proliferation and enhancing the cytokine production activating macrophage in vitro.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.732-736
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• 2020

Theobroma cacao L., a fruit of cacao trees, is a perennial plant, which belongs to Sterculiaceae, and is native to the Amazon in South Africa. It also has been known for its various biologically active effects, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial. The spleen cell proliferations of mice were measured at 48 hours after treatment of Theobroma cacao L. water extracts in seven concentrations(0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1,000 ㎍/mL) an ELISA assay. The production of cytokine (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ), is secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS, was detected by ELISA assay using the cytokine kit. From the results of in vitro study, both splenocytes and cytokine production activated by peritoneal macrophages have increased when water extracts were supplemented in the range between 250 and 500 ㎍/mL concentration. Notably, splenocytes production has a signigicant proliferation at 500 ㎍/mL concentration. The result from this research suggests that supplementation with Theobroma cacao L. water extracts may enhance the immune function by stimulating the splenocyte proliferation and improving the cytokine production activating macrophage in vitro.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2022

Agar, a heterogeneous polymer of galactose, is the main component of the cell wall of marine red algae. It is well established as a safe, non-digestible carbohydrate in oriental countries. Neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) prepared by hydrolyzing agar by microbial β-agarase have been reported to show safety. However, their immunological effects have not been reported yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate immune enhancing effects of neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) from marine red algae Gelidium elegans in mice by performing ex vivo experiments. Six-week-old mice were fed ad libitum. NAOs were orally administrated at three different concentrations (100, 500, and 2,500 mg/kg B.W./day) twice a week for four weeks. The group fed with NAOs at 2,500 mg/kg showed the highest proliferation of splenocytes and production levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in the ex vivo experiment. In conclusion, NAOs can enhance immune function, increase proliferation of splenocytes, and increase cytokine production by activating macrophages in mice.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.75-88
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• 2001

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Kwakhyangjeonggisan (KJS) on the anti-allergic action. In the present study, we examined the effect of KJS on type I and type IV allergic reaction. KJS inhibited the systemic anaphylaxis induced by compound 48/80 and platelet activating factor (PAF), and inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) induced by anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-IgE and DNP-human serum albumin (HSA) in vivo. In addition, KJS dose-dependently inhibited the release of histamine from peritoneal mast cells in rat. Also, KJS inhibited the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) induced by SRBC and the contact dermatitis induced by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). KJS inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes, the subpopulation of B220+ cells and CD4+CD8-(Th) cells in splenocytes and the production of γ-interferon in serum and splenocytes. These findings suggest that KJS prevented the type I allergy by the inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and the type IV allergy by the inhibition of γ-interferon production and B lymphocytes subpopulation. These results indicate that KJS may be useful for the prevention and treatment of type I and type IV allergy related disease.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.282-286
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• 1998

To determine the immune effect of kimchi extracts in mice, 0.5mg/day of the extracts from kimchis, which were prepared with conventionally (general kimchi)and organically(organic kimchi) cultivated ingredients, were treated orally to male BALB/c mice. Following 1, 3 and 5 weeks of treatment , the Interleukin-2(IL-2) production in the presence (con-A-stimulated )or the absence(spontaneous)of con A 95 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) and the natural killer cell (NK) activity of the splenocytes were measured. The IL-2 production in most of treatments with methanol extract from general kimchi were significantly higher than those of control(p<0.05).And at the 3 weeks of treatment, the spontaneous or con A-stimulated IL-2 productions from splenocytes of mice treated with it increased more than those of control group, by 2.8 and 2.2 times, respectively. However, the longer the treatment with methanol extracts from organic kimchi showed the higher the enhancing effect on the IL-2 production. The spontaneous or con A-stimulatdIL-2 productions form splenocytes of mice treated with dicholoromethyane fraction from general kimchi also increased at 5 weeks of treatment compared to those of control group, by 2.7 and 2.5 times, respectively. The natural killer cell activity of splenocytes from mice treated with methano lextracts from general kimchi for 1 ~5 weeks significantly higher than that of control goup (p<0.01). The effect of methano extracts from general kimchi was the highest at 3 weeks of treatment, as same as in the IL-2 production. The enhancing effect of methano extracts from organic kimchi on the NK cell activity was the highest at 5 weeks of treatment . The NK cell activity of splenocytes from mice treated with dichloromethane fraction from general kimchi for 5 weeks was significantly higher than those in control and 3 weeks of treatment. These results showed that the effects of kimchi extracts on the IL-2 production and the NK cell activity in mice were profound in long term of treatment (3 and 5 weeks than 1 week) . We suggest that kimchi extracts might have an immune effect in part due to its enhancing action on the IL-2 production and the NK cell activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2019

Purpose: Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is known to have effective antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The main bioactive components of PG are saponins, and these could contribute to anti-inflammatory activity. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effect of PG. In this study, we aim to assess the anti-inflammatory response to Red PG Extract (RPGE) in splenocytes under ex vivo conditions. Methods: The cell viability of isolated splenocytes taken from mice was analyzed by performing a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The productions of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (specifically interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10)) were measured utilizing Griess reagent and ELISA, respectively. Results: We found that co-treatment with RPGE and Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) decreased isolated splenocyte proliferation as compared with that of the LPS-stimulated control. We also observed that RPGE markedly suppressed NO synthesis and IL-6 production that was induced by LPS. There were no significant differences of IL-10 production between co-treatment with RPGE plus LPS and treatment with LPS alone. Conclusion: When taken together, our data has shown that RPGE mitigates LPS-induced inflammation in splenocytes isolated from mice. Further research is surely needed to confirm the anti-inflammation effects of RPGE in an in vivo model.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.626-632
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• 2000

Brazilin, an active principle of Caesalprenia sappan, was examined for its immunopotentiating effects in multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induced type diabetic mice. Brazilin was intraperitoneally administered for 5 consecutive days to MLD-STZ induced type 1 diabetic mice. Delayed type hypersensitivity, Con A-induced proliferation of splenocytes and mixed lymphocyte reaction, which had been decreased in diabetic mice, were significantly recovered by the administration of brazilin. Brazilin increased IL-2 production without affecting suppressor cell activity. Con A-induced and IL-2-induced expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors were also enhanced by brazilin. These results indicate that brazilin augments cellular immune responses, which are suppressed in the MLD-STZ induced type I diabetic mice, by increasing IL-2 production and responsiveness of immune cells to IL-2.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1404-1408
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• 2003

The combined effects of water-soluble fraction of Moschus (ME) and anti-tumor drug mitomycin C on the proliferation of human tumor cell-lines were estimated by MTT colorimetric assay. ME inhibited the proliferation of Hep G2, A540, HeLa, KHOS-NP and Balb/c 3T3 cells. Also, ME increased the cytotoxicity of mitomycin C on Hep G2, A549 and HeLa cells. In addition, ME enhanced the cell viability of murine splenocytes and human lymphocytes at the concentration of 100㎍/㎖. These results indicate that ME inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cells and increases the cytotoxicity of mitomycin C without cytoxicity on immune cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.262-269
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• 2005

Kamiinsamyangyoung-tang(KIT) has been widely used to treat amenorrhea and bradymenorrea caused from vital energy and blood deficit. KIT was composed of Insamyangyoung-tang, Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum and Hominis Placenta. The aim of this study is to investigate effect of KIT on Immune response and Blood formation. We investigated thymocytes, splenocytes population, ${\gamma}$-interferon, IL-2, IL-4, NO and phagocytic activity. We found that KIT had no effect on the Th and Tc cell population of thymocytes, Th cell population of splenocytes and ${\gamma}$-interferon quantity was decreased. KIT decreased the formation of Nitric Oxide from abdominal macrophage, on the other hand, it had no influence on the quantity of IL-2, IL-4.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.318-318
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• 1994

Addition of AAF to murine splenocytes culture produced a dose-related suppression of lymphoproliferative response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The time course of the suppression showed that a significant inhibition was occured after a 18 hr AAF treatment. Total protein kinase C activity in splenocytes was decreased to 72% of control level after a 18 hr AAF treatment. Phosphorylation of a PKC specific 80 kDa protein was increased by LPS and AAF down-regulated LPS-induced PKC activity. LPS-induced phosphorylation of overall proteins in membrane and cytosolic fraction were also decreased by the treatment of AAF. A significant increase of PKC activity in membrane fraction was noticed within 10 min of AAF treatment compared to LPS alone and then gradually decreased to LPS level in 60 min. Meanwhile, PKC activity in cytosolic fraction was increased slightly in 10 min by the treatment of AAF and then decrease to 80% LPS level in 30 min. These results suggested that suppressive effect of AAF on LPS-induced lymphoproliferative response may be associated with the down-regulation of PKC and other susceptible kinases in spleen cells.