• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1657-1663
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• 2017

Cosmetic patches have recently been developed as skin products for personal care owing to rapid advances in the technology of delivery of active ingredients, moisture, and adhesiveness to skin. Alginate and Spirulina are typical marine resources used in cosmetic products. This research involved the development of a Spirulina extract-impregnated alginate nanofiber cosmetic patch supported by a polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber cover (Spi/Alg-PCL NF patch). In addition to the ability of alginate to affect moisture and adhesiveness to skin, the impregnation of Spirulina extract strengthened those abilities as well as its own bioactive effectiveness. All fabrication processing steps were undertaken in aqueous solution. The three components (alginate, Spirulina extract, and PCL) had no detected cytotoxicity in human keratinocyte cell-based examination. In addition, wetting the pre-dried patch on the skin resulted in the Spirulina extract being released within 30 min. The results indicate the excellence of the Spi/Alg-PCL NF patch as a skin-care cosmetic device.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2008

This study investigated the effect of supplement of the pigment source in diets on body color for round tailed paradise fish Macropodus chinensis and the pale chub Zacco platypus. Fish (the round tailed paradise fish: 1.6 g/ fish, pale chub: 2.4 g/fish) were fed diets containing various pigment sources (Porphyra powder, Spirulina powder. yeast astaxanthin and paprika extract) twice a day for 6 weeks. Survival of all treatments was above 80%. Weight gain and total carotenoid contents of round tailed paradise fish fed the diet containing Porphyra powder was higher than that of fish fed the other diets. The apparent redness of skin and fin in round tailed paradise fish fed the diets containing paprika extract and yeast astaxanthin was better than that of fish fed the diets containing Porphyra powder, Spirulina powder and the control diet. Weight gain and total carotenoid contents of pale chub fed the diet containing paprika extract were higher than that of fish fed the containing Porphyra powder, yeast astaxanthin, Spirulina powder and the control diet. The apparent redness of skin and fin in pale chub fed the diets containing parika extract and yeast astaxanthin was better than that of fish fed the diets containing Porphyra powder, Spirulina and the control diet. The results of this study suggest that dietary supplementation with paprika extract and yeast astaxanthin can improve redness of skin and fin of round tailed paradise fish and pale chub.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.550-555
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• 2008

An efficient production method of spirulina extract was developed by enzymatic treatment using proteolytic enzymes. The suitable dosage of Tunicase, a cell lytic enzyme, was used to be 2.0% (w/w). To maximize solid recovery and spirulina extraction (SE) index, which indicates nucleic acid-related substances content, the dosage of Alcalase, commercially available pretense, was found to be 1.0% (w/w). By simultaneous treatments using optimal dosages of Tunicase and Alcalase, the highest SE index and solid recovery were obtained. The SE index and solid recovery of simultaneous treatments were notably enhanced by 100% ($11.4%\;{\rightarrow}\;22.8%$) and 56% ($45.2%\;{\rightarrow}\;70.7%$), respectively, than those of the non-treated extracts.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2004

This paper reviews the effects of Spirulina platensis and its extracts and phycocyanin, a blue photosynthetic pigment protein in Spirulina on the mucosal immune functions in humans and animals as follows: TEX>$\bullet$ IgA antibody response and other classes in mucosal immunity of mice treated with Spirulina platensis and its extract. $\bullet$ Effect of Spirulina phycocyanin ingestion on the mucosal antibody responses in mice. - Distinct effects of phycocyanin on secretory IgA and allergic IgE antibody responses in mice following oral immunization with antigen-entrapped biodegradable microparticles. $\bullet$ Influence of dietary Spirulina platensis on IgA level in human saliva. $\bullet$ A study on enhancement of bone-marrow cell-proliferation and differentiation by Spirulina platensis in mice: in vivo and in vitro study

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.799-804
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• 2003

In order to verify the occurrence of an estrogenic compound in natural products, the estrogenic activity was measured using an in vitro detection system. For this system, human breast cancer cell line MCF7 was transfected using an estrogen responsive CAT reporter plasmid. Estrogenic activities of photosynthetic algae spirulina and sea lettuce were evaluated using this system. Estrogenic activities of a $500\mug/ml\; and\; 50 \mug/ml$ ethanol extracts of spirulina were as much as that of $10^{-8}$M standard solution (17$\beta$-estradiol) and activity of $5\mug/ml$ ethanol extract of spirulina was as much as that of $10^{-10}$ M standard solution. However, no significant estrogenic activity was observed using sea lettuce extract. Estrogenic activities of marine animals, such as star fish and shrimp, were also evaluated using this system, however, no significant estrogenic activity was observed in these extracts. In this result, it is confirmed that spirulina extract possesses estrogenic compound.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1852-1857
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina maxima treated with ultrasonication and water extraction process. S. maxima extracted via ultrasonication showed low cytotoxicity (16.90%) in a normal human cell line, CCD-986sk. Especially, S. maxima ultrasonication extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activities (46.82%) compared to water extract (31.30%) at $100^{\circ}C$. In addition, ultrasonication extract showed a high amount of flavonoids (21.60 mg/g) and total phenols ($8.36{\mu}g/mL$). Nitric oxide production by 1.0 mg/mL of S. maxima ultrasonication extract strongly inhibited ($1.3770{\mu}M$), whereas water extract showed lower inhibition ($1.5784{\mu}M$). TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 cytokines were effectively inhibited by 1.0 mg/mL of S. maxima ultrasonication extract, which shows strong antioxidant activities. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the ultrasonication process increase anti-inflammatory activity of S. maxima extract.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.71-71
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary pigment sources on shell color of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Three replicate groups of the abalone, average weight 173 mg, were fed the diets containing various pigment sources such as Porphyra powder, Spirulina, yeast astaxanthin and paprika extract for 16 weeks. Survival and weight gain were not affected by dietary pigment sources (P>0.05). Shell color of abalone fed diets containing Porphyra powder and Spirulina was approached to yellow-red and orange which are similar to shell color of wild abalone. However, shell color of abalone fed the diets containing yeast astaxanthin and paprika extract were similar to that of control diet showing bright green. Porphyra powder and Spirulina contain not only fat-soluble pigment such as chlorophyll and carotenoids but also water-soluble pigment such as phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. These results would be useful information to change shell color of abalone in aquaculture.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2008

It is known that Spirulina extracts have strong antioxidant activities since it contains diverse antioxidants such as phycocyanian, ${\beta}$-carotene, vitamin E and other carotenoids. In order to enhance antioxidant activity of Spirulina, Spirulina extracts were fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum P23 and Bacillus subtilis TP6. The resulting fermented supernatants were analyzed for their antioxidant activities by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydiazyl) method. The results indicated that fermentation process significantly enhanced total antioxidant activities. Increased levels of UV-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 were reduced back to normal level even by treatment of all three of the Spirulina extracts. The result suggested that the fermentation process enhanced the anti-inflammatory activities at least ten times higher than the simple extract. Zymography is used to determine the expression of UV-induced MMP. Spirulina extracts fermented by Bacillus subtilis TP6 were found to suppressed the expression of MMPs. Also treatment with the fermented Spirulina extracts resulted in an increase of collagen synthesis in vitro. In conclusion, the fermented Spirulina extracts are expected to be used as anti-aging cosmeceuticals.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 2021

Excessive glutamate can cause oxidative stress in neuronal cells and this can be the reason for neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of Spirulina maxima hot ethanol extract on mouse hippocampal HT22 cell of which glutamate receptor has no function. HT22 cells were pre-treated with S. maxima sample at a dose dependent manner (1, 10 and 100 ㎍/ml). After an hour, glutamate was treated. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, Ca²⁺ influx, decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential level and glutathione related assays were followed by then. S. maxima ethanol extract improved the cell viability by suppressing the ROS and Ca²⁺ formation, retaining the mitochondrial membrane potential level and protecting the activity of the antioxidant enzymes compared with group of vehicle-treated controls. These suggest that S. maxima may decelerate the neurodegeneration by attenuating neuronal damage and oxidative stress.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.304-307
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• 2007

An efficient production method of spirulina extract was developed by enzymatic treatment using cell lytic and proteolytic enzymes. The suitable dosage of Tunicase, a cell lytic enzyme, was found to be 2.0% (w/w). Proteolytic enzymes were screened to obtain high solid recovery and spirulina extraction (SE) index, which indicates nucleic acid-related substances content. Among the seven tested proteases, Esperase was selected and optimal dosage of this enzyme was 2.0% (w/w). The solid recovery and SE index of simultaneous treatment and co-treatment using optimal dosages of Tunicase and Esperase were greatly similar, respectively. However, co-treatment had the effect of shortening total hydrolysis time. The SE index and solid recovery of co-treatment were significantly enhanced by 75% $(11.4{\rightarrow}20.0)$ and 45% $(45.2%{\rightarrow}65.3%)$, respectively, than those of the non-treated extracts.